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Bone marrow suppression", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/0zmRoYouOrZTVOvHEbet1736148363.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:704px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Classification of Neutrophil</strong></p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"183\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/0zmRoYouOrZTVOvHEbet1736148363.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Class I</strong>: Myelocytes and neutrophils with indented or horseshoe-shaped nuclei. (5%)</li>\n<li><strong>Class II</strong>: Neutrophils with bilobed nuclei. (35%)</li>\n<li><strong>Class III</strong>: Neutrophils with tri-lobed nuclei. (41%)</li>\n<li><strong>Class IV</strong>: Neutrophils with four-lobed nuclei. (17%)</li>\n<li><strong>Class V</strong>: Neutrophils with five or more lobes in their nuclei. (2%)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Toxic Conditions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fewer cells in Classes IV and V indicate a left-sided shift</li>\n<li><strong>Active <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d98ce2d3616927772013bfc3e0528\">tuberculosis</span> often shows a left shift.</strong> <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Other infections showing a left shift may have superimposed tuberculosis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extrinsic Factors Influencing Arneth Count</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Certain drugs, tissue extracts, and hormones.</li>\n<li>Trauma , various forms of radiation.</li>\n<li>Induction of anesthesia.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Infections and Arneth Count</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Acute progressive infections: Notable left shift. (Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>As infection subsides: Less marked left shift, may shift to the right.</li>\n<li>Chronic infections: Other features like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3a521c75816927771913d4e993e2d\">lymphocytosis</span> come into range.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Normal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"000d23188716927771936c5f2fe74e\">Neutrophil</span> Distribution</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>N1 and N3 constitute most neutrophils in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> blood.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a8c935a41692777191610f6aacb4\">Marrow</span> Stimulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Presence of younger neutrophils (N1 and N2) indicates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b9831f3aa169277718395d7361df6\">bone marrow</span> (shift to the left).</strong> <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a8c935a41692777191610f6aacb4\">Marrow</span> Suppression</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Presence of older cells (N4 and N5) indicates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b7c55fbdd16927771990b50bda606\">suppression</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b9831f3aa169277718395d7361df6\">bone marrow</span> (shift to right)</strong> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypersegmented Neutrophil</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Seen in megaloblastic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53bee2a41216927771814d7ec3a67f\">anemia</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c66705291e1692777203ed3498a606\">folate</span> and vitamin B12 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> (shift to right)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about platelets are true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alpha granules contain clotting factors and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Splenectomy causes a decrease in the platelet count", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Interleukins IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-7 are involved in stimulating platelet production", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thrombopoietin is produced exclusively by megakaryocytes and regulates platelet production", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Alpha granules contain clotting factors and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:710px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Platelets</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>General Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small, granulated, non-nucleated discs important for hemostasis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Size</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1-4 µm in diameter</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Concentration in Blood</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>150,000 - 450,000/µL</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Half-life</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~4 days</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Distribution</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>60-75% in circulation; the remainder mainly in the spleen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Splenectomy Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes an increase in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e7032bae7f1692777195d693722e54\">platelet</span> count (thrombocytosis) (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thrombopoietin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Produced by liver and kidneys; regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e7032bae7f1692777195d693722e54\">platelet</span> production (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Membrane Receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>For collagen, ADP, von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cytoplasmic Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Actin, myosin, glycogen, lysosomes and granules</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Granules</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Alpha granules:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"845fedd06d16927771989597afa034\">Soluble</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42f1e4deb8169277718412c0681a54\">coagulation</span> proteins (vWF, <strong>Factor V, II</strong>), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b1931a185169277718065e3fa42dd\">adhesion</span> molecule, growth factor (IGF, <strong>PDGF</strong>, TGF-β, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e7032bae7f1692777195d693722e54\">platelet</span> factor 4), Integrin, Cytokines <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Dense granules: </strong>ADP, ATP, Calcium, Serotonin</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Response to Injury</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adhere to exposed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> and von Willebrand factor; release <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd69fc99d41692777188cc051aafa5\">granule</span> contents upon activation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deficiency Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thrombocytopenic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0acd34c758169277719644923511e5\">purpura</span> (easy bruising, multiple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d446e62c6c1692777199896fc1d4b9\">subcutaneous</span> hemorrhages)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Interleukins</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>IL-1, IL-3, IL-6, IL-11 stimulate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e7032bae7f1692777195d693722e54\">platelet</span> production</strong> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factors increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e7032bae7f1692777195d693722e54\">platelet</span> synthesis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inflammation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b084a2ed0d1692777200e64e4a9b54\">thrombopoietin</span> and IL-1, IL-3, IL-6, IL-11</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following coagulation factors is crucial for initiating the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Factor II", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Factor III", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Factor V", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Factor VII", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Factor III", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:661px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clotting Factor </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Synonyms </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Half life </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>I</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibrinogen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Clot formation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3-5 days</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>II (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Prothrombin </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a137b7092a16927772025412d4ef05\">fibrinogen</span> to fibrin</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Activates platelets</strong></li>\n<li>Also has <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4665fdd0a0169277718100f58eb0d5\">anti</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> activity</li>\n<li>Has growth factor and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ac01cc0c31692777185cae5f28175\">cytokine</span> like activities</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>60 hours</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>III (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tissue thromboplastin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Initiator of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"810de80cac1692777187a436b4315b\">extrinsic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">pathway</span> of coagulation</strong></li>\n<li>Activates factor VII</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>IV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Calcium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Convert X to Xa</li>\n<li>Convert <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94b02f097916927771962072dbeeac\">prothrombin</span> to thrombin</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>V (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Proaccelerin; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ccff55377d16927771919dd7f8a964\">labile</span> factor; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2180aada141692777180202a266deb\">accelerator</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a8bcc07ca16927771882f63452d6e\">globulin</span> (Ac-G)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Activate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94b02f097916927771962072dbeeac\">prothrombin</span> to thrombin</strong></li>\n<li>Participates in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> of X</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>12 hours</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>VII (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Serum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94b02f097916927771962072dbeeac\">prothrombin</span> conversion <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2180aada141692777180202a266deb\">accelerator</span> (SPCA); proconvertin; stable factor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Activates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f8846c9a0516927772020622977113\">factor IX</span> and X</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3.5 hours</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>VIII</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Antihemophilic factor(AHF); <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19055449421692777181db15eea693\">antihemophilic</span> globulin(AHG); <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19055449421692777181db15eea693\">antihemophilic</span> factor A</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activates factor X</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>8 - 12 hours</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>IX</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plasma <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b51982d06169277720063c9420fbb\">thromboplastin</span> component (PTC); <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19055449421692777181db15eea693\">antihemophilic</span> factor B ; christmas factor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activates factor X</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>18 - 24 hours</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stuart factor; Stuart-Prower factor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Conversion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94b02f097916927771962072dbeeac\">prothrombin</span> to thrombin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>34 - 40 hours</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XI</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plasma <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b51982d06169277720063c9420fbb\">thromboplastin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401e45366416927771815b9706c778\">antecedent</span> (PTA); <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19055449421692777181db15eea693\">antihemophilic</span> factor C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activates factor IX</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>45 hours</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XII</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hageman factor; glass factor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activates factor XI</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XIII</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibrin- stabilizing factor; Laki-Lorand factor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crosslinks fibrin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10 days</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prekallikrein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fletcher factor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contact <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> of blood coagulation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>35 hours</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b2df2436bf1692777193d90e9c0132\">molecular weight</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a5a9ed11316927771908c2cd1482c\">kininogen</span> (HMW-K)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fitzgerald factor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Non <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11d4157da4169277718762144a4fe7\">enzymatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a416d7580c1692777184952da793d1\">cofactor</span> in contact activation</li>\n<li>Act as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"19161e178d16927772005ad3117625\">thiol</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe13bbded1169277719694883c6ba4\">protease</span> inhibitor</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>150 hours</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Platelets phospholipid</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>PL</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Temporary hemostasis</li>\n<li>Synthesis <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"14693f062c16927772024df5839c43\">factor V</span> and XI</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4 days</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:685px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deficiency of Factor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>I</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Afibrinogenemia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Depletion during pregnancy with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"84f13673191692777196762b18e036\">premature</span> separation of placenta; also <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"488a4efe7d16927771840c9e29f164\">congenital</span> (rare)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypoprothrombinemia (hemorrhagic tendency in liver disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> synthesis, often due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71c2092f15169277720243eb1590b0\">vitamin K</span> deficiency</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>V</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Parahemophilia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Congenital</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>VII</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypoconvertinemia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Congenital</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>VIII</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hemophilia A<br/>\n\t\t\t(classic hemophilia)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Congenital <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359a8718a61692777185568ac80abb\">defect</span> in the gene on the X <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7157c1f59916927771846116d74646\">chromosome</span> coding for factor VIII; inherited as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be55956e7d1692777198ea58cc47f0\">sex-linked</span> characteristic.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>IX</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hemophilia B<br/>\n\t\t\t(Christmas disease)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Congenital</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stuart-Prower factor deficiency</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Congenital</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XI</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>PTA deficiency</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Congenital</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>XII</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hageman trait</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Congenital</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the incorrect statement:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Platelet concentrates have a shelf life of up to 8 days at +22°C ± 2°C", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Red cell concentrates stored with CPDA-1 have a shelf life of 35 days", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Plasma stored at temperatures colder than –25°C has a shelf life of up to 3 years", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Red cell concentrates stored with CPD have a shelf life of 28 days", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Platelet concentrates have a shelf life of up to 8 days at +22°C ± 2°C", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width:654px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Blood constituents</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Preservative/</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Shelf life </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Uses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Temperature </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Red cells </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Citrate-citric acid- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> (ACD) / 21 days</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Blood transfusion</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>+4°C ± 2°C</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Citrate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"baf8b019b01692777186c856f83721\">dextrose</span> (CPD) / 28 days (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>CPDA-1(CPD with adenine) / 35 days (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>CPD+ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8fabe131a916927771802a448a329c\">Additive</span> solution / 42 days</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Platelets</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Plasma / <strong>5-7 days</strong><br/>\n\t\t\t(5 days preferred due to bacterial risk) <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Platelet therapy</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>+22°C ± 2°C</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Plasma</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>CPD,ACD, Buffered Citrate/ 3 years if frozen/ 3 months</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Stable <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> factors (FII, FVII, FIX, FX, fibrinogen)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>+4°C ± 2°C</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Labile <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> factors (FV, FVIII)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>3 years if colder than -25°C (Option C) </strong>/ 3months if stored at -18°C to -25°C</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient needs an urgent blood transfusion. The image below shows the results of the patient’s blood group typing test. Based on the agglutination patterns observed, identify the patient's blood group?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "O positive(O+ve)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A positive (A-ve)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "AB positive (AB+ve)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "B positive (B+ve)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. AB positive (AB+ve)", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/n1XLSxIemwlNeB0o4Tj11736153374.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BMRlwb9LtGBRfbUvFdYh1736153216.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:620px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blood type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Antigens on RBC</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Antibodies in Plasma</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Genotypes </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Frequency </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>O</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anti-A and Anti-B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>OO</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>47%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anti-B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>OA or AA</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>41%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anti-A</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>OB or BB</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>9%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AB</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A and B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AB</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:579px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Common Rh antigens</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C, D, E, c, d and e</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Detection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Only in red cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>D antigen</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Most antigenic, defines <strong>Rh positive</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>No D antigen</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rh negative</strong>; Forms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b6f55186c9169277718191685b18b3\">anti-D</span> agglutinins upon exposure to Rh+ cells <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Prevalence</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>85% of whites Rh+ve ,15% Rh-ve</p>\n<p>Over 99% of Asians Rh+ve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anti-D <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d7a12cab116927771811a0079086d\">antibody</span> formation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Requires exposure (transfusion or feto-maternal blood transfer) to D-positive red cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transfusion reaction onset</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Requires massive exposure to Rh <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"782b31281a1692777181708484c1d1\">antigen</span> to produce enough agglutinins for significant <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cbb73554631692777200444a9ea263\">transfusion</span> reaction to develop</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A pediatrician is reviewing the development of hematopoiesis in a fetus at various stages of gestation. They are particularly interested in understanding the shifts in hematopoietic activity locations as the fetus develops. At which gestational age does the bone marrow become the primary site of hematopoiesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "3-6 weeks", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "6-8 weeks", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Around 20 weeks", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "At birth", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. At birth", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/aLsb7GS2Aixt4g4Ir2mu1736148047.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:643px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Points</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Mesoblastic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Yolk sac, PSP, AGM</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Yolk sac: Multilineage differentiating capabilities (starts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf1b7e7049169277720354c306d716\">functioning</span> by the 2nd week of gestation).</li>\n<li>Non-yolk <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ae5630de16927771988a866d1dea\">sac</span> regions: Para Aortic splanchnopleura (PSP) and aorta-gonad <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ff935e9af1692777192576a7fa964\">mesonephros</span> (AGM) regions.</li>\n<li>PSP: Gives rise to B-cell progenitors.</li>\n<li>AGM: Contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25a049eb321692777195ee5ad55371\">pluripotent</span> stem cells.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Hepatic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Liver, spleen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>2nd <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c20f0f1dd169277720029d29458d5\">trimester</span> of pregnancy.</li>\n<li><strong>Liver: </strong>Hematopoiesis starts at the 5th week, peaks at the 5th month, and ceases at birth.</li>\n<li><strong>Spleen: </strong>Hematopoiesis mainly in the 2nd trimester, less than liver.</li>\n<li><strong>Postnatal:</strong> <strong>Normally does not occur in liver and spleen</strong> unless demand is high (extramedullary hemopoiesis).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Medullary</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Bone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a8c935a41692777191610f6aacb4\">marrow</span> (medullary hemopoiesis).<br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Marrow cavities appear by the 5th month (around 20 weeks) of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> life, and become hemopoietic.<strong> (Option C)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Initial phase:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b9831f3aa169277718395d7361df6\">Bone marrow</span> exclusive for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f56da4c63c1692777188101e40d3ba\">granulocytic</span> and megakaryocytic proliferation.</li>\n<li>Erythropoiesis starts in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b9831f3aa169277718395d7361df6\">bone marrow</span> towards the end of the 3rd trimester, and continues throughout life.</li>\n<li><strong>Postnatal:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13462e331b169277718839226c071b\">Hemopoiesis</span> confined to bone marrow, <strong>extramedullary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13462e331b169277718839226c071b\">hemopoiesis</span> abnormal.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Stage of Life</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Stage of Hemopoiesis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Primary Sites</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Embryonic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Mesoblastic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Yolk sac,</p>\n<p>PSP (Paraaortic splanchnopleura),</p>\n<p>AGM (Aorta-gonad-mesonephros) regions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Fetal (2nd Trimester)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Hepatic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Liver, spleen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Fetal (3rd Trimester)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Medullary</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Bone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a8c935a41692777191610f6aacb4\">marrow</span> (initially <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f56da4c63c1692777188101e40d3ba\">granulocytic</span> and megakaryocytic)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Postnatal (Birth Onwards)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Medullary</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Bone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8a8c935a41692777191610f6aacb4\">marrow</span> (vertebrae, ribs, sternum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f991d64bc81692777195b12eec7a84\">pectoral</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cd6eb19341692777195d83aafdcb3\">pelvic</span> girdles, skull)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Abnormal Postnatal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Extramedullary</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Liver, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a4861c8d71692777199aeb1d55c85\">spleen</span> (in case of increased demand for blood cells)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A researcher is studying the behavior of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and wants to understand the mechanisms that regulate their self-renewal during tissue repair. Which type of stem cell division increases the stem cell pool during tissue repair?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Asymmetric division", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Symmetric division", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Terminal differentiation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lateral inhibition", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Symmetric division", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/uAsrtwZe6toEyes74zYs1736148123.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanisms / Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Signaling Pathways</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Self-Renewal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produces at least one daughter cell with stem cell properties</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Symmetric and Asymmetric Division</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Wnt, Notch, TGF-β</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Differentiation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produces specialized cell types</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transcription Factors, Microenvironmental Signals</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Wnt, Notch, TGF-β</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Both Pathways</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Balance between self-renewal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55a682d72e16927771865bb4855ba3\">differentiation</span> to maintain stem cell pool and tissue function</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Interplay of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"810de80cac1692777187a436b4315b\">extrinsic</span> factors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stem Cell Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Example</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Totipotent Stem Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can generate the entire organism,<strong> including the placenta.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Single cell from the 8-cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30bf2366951692777187735fffe4b4\">embryo</span> stage.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pluripotent Stem Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can generate the entire organism <strong>except the placenta.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cells from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c53ef2f424169277719061a7a3fc0f\">inner cell mass</span> of the blastocyst.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Multipotent Stem Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> only one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e129d23033169277719185ba334bac\">lineage</span> of cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hematopoietic stem cells that give rise to various blood cell types.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements best describes the Burst Forming Unit-Erythroid (BFU-E) in the process of erythropoiesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is a mature red blood cell that participates in oxygen transport", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It is a type of stem cell that can differentiate into any blood cell type", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It is an early progenitor cell in erythropoiesis that gives rise to CFU-E", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "It is a precursor cell in erythropoiesis that directly produces reticulocytes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. It is an early progenitor cell in erythropoiesis that gives rise to CFU-E", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/l3cBk2piYtd3fdtdJRMn1736148217.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding erythropoietin is not true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is majorly produced by the liver", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Major stimulus for its production is hypoxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It acts on JAK-STAT pathway", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The maximum erythropoietin receptor density is seen on CFU-E", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. It is majorly produced by the liver", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "How many oxygen atoms can one molecule of hemoglobin bind?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "6", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "8", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 8", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the primary protein responsible for binding and transporting free heme in the bloodstream?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Haptoglobin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Albumin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hemopexin", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Transferrin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hemopexin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old female with asthma presents with persistent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Which interleukin is most directly involved in the activation of eosinophils in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "IL-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "IL-4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "IL-5", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "IL-10", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. IL-5", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/sxbqUSreO2CD9AjDeIcC1736148295.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 22 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 9 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following describes the chloride ion exchange in red blood cells, where bicarbonate ions are exchanged for chloride ions to maintain electrical neutrality?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Haldane effect", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Root effect", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bohr effect", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Chloride shift", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Chloride shift", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:606px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Chloride shift</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Reverse <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7dbd0ab551692777184f9b1a73c6d\">chloride</span> shift</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tissues</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lungs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CO₂ enters RBCs, forming H₂CO₃ → H⁺ + HCO₃⁻. HCO₃⁻ exits in exchange for Cl⁻</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CO₂ exits RBCs. HCO₃⁻ re-enters RBCs in exchange for Cl⁻</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on RBCs</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chloride influx causes water influx, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3d212ebd316927771996e0c472d4a\">swelling</span> RBCs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chloride efflux balances HCO₃⁻ re-entry, CO₂ is released</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Impact on haematocrit</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e114d4cdc169277718882a0a01076\">hematocrit</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8790b4667016927771979066e8958c\">RBC</span> swelling</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primarily facilitates CO₂ release, indirectly affecting hematocrit</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following factors causes a rightward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increase in CO₂", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increase in O₂", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decrease in CO₂", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decrease in temperature", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Increase in CO₂", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/NAGQk0B2wtbH5rgNp2oY1741087175.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:606px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bohr Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18fb34ab321692777186e9bc95a726\">dissociation</span> curve to the right in response to increases in blood CO2 and H+ levels has a significant effect by enhancing the release of O2 from the blood in the tissues and enhancing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db3aca8a9a16927771948a3ff7512d\">oxygenation</span> of the blood in the lungs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increase in CO<sub>2</sub>: CO<sub>2</sub> diffuses from tissues into the blood, forming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95585a69c21692777183b817f72e70\">carbonic acid</span> (H₂CO₃), dissociating into H+ and HCO<sub>3</sub>-. This increase in H+ lowers blood pH.</li>\n<li>Decrease in pH: Lower pH shifts the oxygen-haemoglobin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18fb34ab321692777186e9bc95a726\">dissociation</span> curve to the right, causing haemoglobin to release O2 more readily.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effects in Tissues</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Higher CO2 and lower pH cause haemoglobin to release O2, delivering more O2 to metabolically active tissues.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effects in Lungs</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Expelling CO2 in the lungs decreases blood CO2 levels and increases pH, shifting the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18fb34ab321692777186e9bc95a726\">dissociation</span> curve to the left and allowing haemoglobin to bind O2 more readily for transport.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factors Influencing the Bohr Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased CO2 concentration</li>\n<li>Increased blood temperature</li>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5eb010f3041692777182726fdec300\">2,3-bisphosphoglycerate</span> (BPG) concentration: BPG binds to haemoglobin, reducing its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"227269f3ec1692777180d76a7898dd\">affinity</span> for O2 and promoting O2 release.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Erythropoietin is secreted by which of the following organs? A. Liver B. Kidney C. Muscle D. Heart\"", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "AB", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "BC", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ABC", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Only B", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. AB", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A – AB\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is required for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcium", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Magnesium", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Potassium", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sodium", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Calcium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/LGLlYA9ubtCtzFZUWGjT1747988161.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What would be the duration for preserving red blood cells (RBCs) using Acid Citrate Dextrose (ACD) for storage, when phosphate is added alone and when adenine and phosphate are added together to ACD?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "35 days and 42 days", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "21 days and 35 days", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "28 days and 45 days", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "35 days and 28 days", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 21 days and 35 days", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Preservative</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Storage Period</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Citrate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"baf8b019b01692777186c856f83721\">Dextrose</span> (CPD)</p>\n<p>Acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3569209ba41692777184f88db9316d\">Citrate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"baf8b019b01692777186c856f83721\">Dextrose</span> (ACD)</p>\n<p>Acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3569209ba41692777184f88db9316d\">Citrate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"baf8b019b01692777186c856f83721\">Dextrose</span> Formula A (ACD-A)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Up to 21 days</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Citrate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"baf8b019b01692777186c856f83721\">Dextrose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"701cef29c216927771801e7d1a7c0f\">Adenine</span> (CPDA-1)</p>\n<p>Citrate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"baf8b019b01692777186c856f83721\">Dextrose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"701cef29c216927771801e7d1a7c0f\">Adenine</span> (CP2D)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Up to 35 days</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3569209ba41692777184f88db9316d\">Citrate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"baf8b019b01692777186c856f83721\">Dextrose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"701cef29c216927771801e7d1a7c0f\">Adenine</span> (ACDA)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Up to 35 days</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Additive Solution 1 (AS-1)</p>\n<p>Additive Solution 2 (AS-2)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Up to 42 days</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Optisol</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Up to 7 days</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the blood group determined by the agglutination test depicted below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "B positive", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A positive", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "O positive", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "AB positive", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. O positive", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GLzJNrExrxZBDczpEUBK1691507708.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Blood Group</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Antigens Present on Red Blood Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Antibodies Present in Plasma</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>A positive</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>A antigen</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Anti-B antibodies</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>B positive</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>B antigen</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Anti-A antibodies</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>AB negative</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>A and B antigens</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>O negative</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not synthesized by the liver?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Albumin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Coagulation factors", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Acute phase proteins", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Immunoglobulin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Immunoglobulin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Product</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Albumin</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Maintains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d369be246169277719451754ab37a\">oncotic</span> pressure, transports substances,regulates fluid balance</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Coagulation Factors</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Essential for blood clotting(e.g., fibrinogen, prothrombin, factors VII, VIII, IX, X)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Bile</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Aids in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47d4bcce081692777186a1aafdde1a\">digestion</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> of fats, fat-soluble vitamins, and cholesterol</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Synthesis of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> from various sources,helps maintain blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Urea</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Product of protein metabolism, excreted in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> as a waste product</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Acute Phase Proteins</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Involved in the immune response, inflammation,and tissue repair (e.g., C-reactive protein,haptoglobin, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ffaec13de169277719828374cfda0\">serum</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51ad856e041692777181f80c9d507a\">amyloid</span> A)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Lipoproteins</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Transport of lipids (e.g., LDL, HDL)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Cholesterol</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Essential for the formation of cell membranes,synthesis of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a48ce797cd1692777199efc43b3e4c\">steroid</span> hormones</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Bile Acids</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Aid in fat <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47d4bcce081692777186a1aafdde1a\">digestion</span> and absorption,help solubilize cholesterol</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Fatty Acids</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Synthesis of lipids, energy production and storage</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin D</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Synthesis of active <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> of vitamin D(calcitriol)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Blood Proteins</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<ol>\n<li>Synthesis of various blood proteins,including <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> factors, albumin, etc.</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "cGMP is the second messenger of", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Somatostatin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Angiotensin II", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ADH", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "NO (nitric oxide)", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. NO (nitric oxide)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "At what stage does erythropoietin first demonstrate effectiveness in the formation of red blood cells?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Burst forming units", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "CFU-GM", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Late erythroblast stage", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Normoblast stage", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Burst forming units", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Burst forming u\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 19 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 16 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which layer of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for receiving input sensory signals and sending them to other layers?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Layer I", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Layer III", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Layer IV", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Layer VI", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Layer IV", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lnf8BFcrXVaXcq4q4iWS1736159445.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:654px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>I- Molecular layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Receives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70d4f989c31692777193372189cfbb\">nonspecific</span> input signals from lower brain centers.<br/>\n\t\t\tControl the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3892cfe03616927771872f834cf855\">excitability</span> of stimulated areas.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>II- External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f63eb15be169277718848d4b4978b\">granular</span> layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Receives <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70d4f989c31692777193372189cfbb\">nonspecific</span> input and sends axons to the opposite <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> callosum.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>III- External <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3b981dbf916927771961c29f24614\">pyramidal</span> layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Sends axons to related <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"721937292f1692777185048f04ce29\">cortical</span> areas on the opposite side through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> callosum.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>IV- Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f63eb15be169277718848d4b4978b\">granular</span> layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>The primary layer for receiving input <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> signals, which then spread to the surface and deeper layers.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>V- Internal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3b981dbf916927771961c29f24614\">pyramidal</span> layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Sends large axons to distant nervous system parts like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> ganglia, brain stem, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord.<br/>\n\t\t\tControls signal transmission.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>VI- Fusiform/ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"61bad3c5dc1692777196997698f068\">polymorphic</span> layer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Sends axons to the thalamus.</p>\n<p>Regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3892cfe03616927771872f834cf855\">excitability</span> of incoming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> signals.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Bs7f1NW3FzjNVTqJxQ6s1745841897.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents to the clinic with difficulty feeling the precise location of a stimulus on their skin and reports problems distinguishing between different textures and shapes. Additionally, they are having trouble detecting rapid changes in vibrations. Which of the following somatosensory pathways is most likely affected in this patient, given their symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lateral Spinothalamic Tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anterior Spinothalamic Tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Corticospinal Tract", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:705px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensory Modalities</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Touch: Provides precise <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e485bb67f81692777191dfee6366cc\">localization</span> and fine gradations of intensity.</li>\n<li>Vibration: Detects rapid changes in stimulus through phasic sensations.</li>\n<li>Proprioception: Contributes to the sense of body position and movement.</li>\n<li>Pressure: Allows for the perception of fine degrees of pressure intensity.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterolateral System</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B &amp; C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d8e2766f01692777199d05e5ab2d4\">Spinothalamic</span> Tract:</strong> Transmits sensations of pain and temperature (warmth and cold).</li>\n<li><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d8e2766f01692777199d05e5ab2d4\">Spinothalamic</span> Tract: </strong>Carries <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e7d9ee9a751692777185de5098800a\">crude</span> touch and pressure for general skin contact, along with tickle, itch, and sexual sensations.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NTczjoOzqmRbqRni7NaJ1745842802.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45 Y/o man presents with numbness and loss of proprioception in his right leg and lower torso. Upon examination, the physician notes a loss of vibration sense and two-point discrimination in the affected areas. MRI shows a lesion in the medulla. Which of the following nucleus is most likely affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Nucleus cuneatus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Nucleus gracilis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Nucleus ambiguus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Nucleus gracilis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4e5uWt4CoJS1T2QVgc2x1736159531.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:616px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Sensory receptors → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">Spinal</span> cord (dorsal roots) → Brain (somatosensory cortex)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>First-order neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Originate in mechanoreceptors, and enter <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> roots</li>\n<li>Pseudo-unipolar neurons with cell bodies in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> root ganglion</li>\n<li>Split into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> branches:</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Medial branch: Travels up <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> column to brain</li>\n<li>Lateral branch: Synapses in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> horn, forming local reflexes, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b023a99c41692777199f0afcc23f6\">spinocerebellar</span> tracts</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Fibers from lower thoracic, sacral, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> regions (T7-T12, L, S) ascend to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> without synapsing, forming the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f06ed0fab169277720273078a8258\">fasciculus</span> gracilis</li>\n<li>Fibers from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> and upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> regions (C, T1-T6) ascend to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> without synapsing, forming the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f06ed0fab169277720273078a8258\">fasciculus</span> cuneatus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Second-order neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Synapse in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> (cuneate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> for upper body, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"776c5be31e1692777188c8916fba20\">gracile</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> for lower body)</li>\n<li>Cross to opposite <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2fd6b3cdf516927771836603ca8c63\">brain stem</span> side, travel to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c5f024f21169277720046ac004a34\">thalamus</span> (medial lemniscus)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Third-order neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Synapse in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c5f024f21169277720046ac004a34\">thalamus</span> (ventrobasal complex)</li>\n<li>Project to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> (postcentral gyrus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> cortex)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KsaROHolaA1nZHLWqHqC1745856245.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with a loss of pain and temperature sensation on the left side of the body, below the level of a spinal cord lesion. Upon examination, the patient also exhibits impaired sensation of crude touch and itch on the same side but fine touch and proprioception sensations are intact . Which sensory pathway is most likely affected in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterolateral Pathway", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Corticospinal Tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Spinocerebellar Tract", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Anterolateral Pathway", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/UCworATyH6DZJzhRxQLP1736159721.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JLwTD3v6yXCsjlKxPxst1736159760.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Origin and Path</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sensory signals enter the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> roots; and originate from nociceptors, thermoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>First Order Neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Afferent fibers with cell bodies in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> root <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2804c808516927771887dda93e56c\">ganglia</span> (DRG); terminate in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> horn.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Second Order Neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cell bodies in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c3dc02043169277719144ed88d0d2\">laminae</span> I, II, and V of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> horn; axons cross the midline and ascend in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a5df583551692777181550518132c\">anterolateral</span> funiculus.</li>\n<li>Synapses with VPL of the thalamus</li>\n<li><strong>Crude Touch Fibers</strong> -Form the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d8e2766f01692777199d05e5ab2d4\">spinothalamic</span> tract.</li>\n<li><strong>Pain and Temperature Fibers</strong> - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">Form</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d8e2766f01692777199d05e5ab2d4\">spinothalamic</span> tract.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Third Order Neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Originate from VPL, midline, and intralaminar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> of the thalamus; project to specific <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> areas.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Termination Points</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Reticular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> of the brainstem; Thalamus: Ventrobasal complex (tactile signals) and intralaminar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> (pain signals).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WXB9UM52D9kF65n76X4r1745856457.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes the sensory and motor deficits in Brown-Séquard Syndrome?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Contralateral loss of pain and temperature; ipsilateral loss of proprioception and vibration.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature; contralateral loss of proprioception and vibration.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ipsilateral loss of all sensations at the lesion; contralateral motor loss below the lesion.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Contralateral loss of vibration and fine touch ; ipsilateral loss of temperature, and crude touch.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature; ipsilateral loss of proprioception and vibration.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/UpKC7mSR60x131YSC5Vs1727333607.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EcbIUBqsYXsEk818uaBr1736159969.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/A3lo6pwKnGI7wE7mfMza1736159892.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/yR3WBJqeevZaENupQUft1736159853.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:765px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Condition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Findings</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Brown-Séquard Syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hemisection of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord.<br/>\n<img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Niels Olson\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY-SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cord-en.png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1770\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/UpKC7mSR60x131YSC5Vs1727333607.png\" width=\"1999\"/></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ipsilateral loss of all sensation at the level of the lesion; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca762506461692777190f12b43bb1a\">ipsilateral</span> LMN signs (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d28003a82c1692777202475273e346\">flaccid</span> paralysis) at the level of the lesion;</li>\n<li>Ipsilateral UMN signs below the level of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5e7bb15851692777191b39417c26a\">lesion</span> (due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a218fdbabf1692777185a2d48a9e1c\">corticospinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> damage);</li>\n<li>Ipsilateral loss of proprioception, vibration, and fine touch below the level of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5e7bb15851692777191b39417c26a\">lesion</span> (due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> column damage);</li>\n<li>Contralateral loss of pain, temperature, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e7d9ee9a751692777185de5098800a\">crude</span> touch below the level of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5e7bb15851692777191b39417c26a\">lesion</span> (due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d8e2766f01692777199d05e5ab2d4\">spinothalamic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> damage);</li>\n<li>If a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5e7bb15851692777191b39417c26a\">lesion</span> occurs above T1, it may present with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca762506461692777190f12b43bb1a\">ipsilateral</span> Horner syndrome due to damage of the oculosympathetic pathway.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">Spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> Occlusion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Spinal cord <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77aed446d2169277719007f42bf052\">infarction</span> sparing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> horns and columns.</li>\n<li>Watershed area mid-thoracic;</li>\n<li>Artery of Adamkiewicz supplies <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8b56a7bfa81692777182e6e1d7d503\">ASA</span> below T8.</li>\n<li>Can follow aortic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2c92eaffe16927771819978aa5666\">aneurysm</span> repair.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Niels Olson\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC BY-SA 3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cord-en.png\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"3657\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/EcbIUBqsYXsEk818uaBr1736159969.png\" width=\"4167\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Presents with UMN signs below <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5e7bb15851692777191b39417c26a\">lesion</span> (corticospinal tract),</li>\n<li>LMN signs at the level of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5e7bb15851692777191b39417c26a\">lesion</span> (anterior horn), and</li>\n<li>Loss of pain and temperature sensation below the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5e7bb15851692777191b39417c26a\">lesion</span> (spinothalamic tract).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tabes Dorsalis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Degeneration/demyelination of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> columns and roots caused by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9831f4be811692777200e41d827a02\">Treponema</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21d1ab68e116927771947438d672b8\">pallidum</span> (tertiary syphilis).</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1950\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/A3lo6pwKnGI7wE7mfMza1736159892.png\" width=\"2908\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Progressive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0842a8a59f1692777182f44d334dda\">ataxia</span> (impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dfc9bfb34d1692777196105fe5da3c\">proprioception</span> and poor coordination); Positive Romberg sign; Absent deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> reflexes (DTRs);</li>\n<li>Seen in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16b76d1d1c1692777200240efcb0e2\">terminal</span> stage of syphilis</li>\n<li>Associated with shooting pain, Argyll Robertson pupils, and Charcot joints.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Syringomyelia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A fluid-filled, gliosis-lined <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> within the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord,</li>\n<li>Often associated with Chiari I malformation.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1684\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/yR3WBJqeevZaENupQUft1736159853.png\" width=\"2476\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>“Cape-like” loss of pain and temperature sensation in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"625feb7e3a1692777183aa9d923cfd\">bilateral</span> upper extremities (due to damage of fibers crossing in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> white commissure);</li>\n<li>LMN deficits if <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> horns are affected;</li>\n<li>Most lesions occur between C2 and T9.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/f79USnZr1wtDg9cFEH8u1745856672.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding removal of each somatosensory area is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Somatosensory Area I: complete loss of pain and temperature sensations.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Somatosensory Area II: inability of precise localization of sensations", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Somatosensory Association Areas: inability to recognize two sides of an object", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Somatosensory Area I: enhance ability to judge the shape of an object", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Somatosensory Association Areas: inability to recognize two sides of an object", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vZTGtzrJA2K5CFxus9LZ1736160167.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:711px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Somatosensory Area I</strong><br/>\n<strong>(SSA 1)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Somatosensory Area II (SSA 2)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Somatosensory Association Area</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Postcentral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"231fafb8e116927771888a0efe57f1\">gyrus</span> (Brodmann's areas 3, 1, and 2).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior wall of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c76557c9e1169277719955ac4ecac7\">Sylvian</span> fissure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brodmann's areas 5 and 7, located in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> behind SSA I</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Representation and localisation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>High <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e485bb67f81692777191dfee6366cc\">localization</span> of body parts.</li>\n<li>Nose, lips, mouth and face laterally; head, neck, shoulder and lower body part medially</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Poor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e485bb67f81692777191dfee6366cc\">localization</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Face is represented anteriorly, arms centrally and legs posteriorly</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Combines information from the primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> area, leading to complex sensations, such as feeling an object like a knife or ball.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primary area for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> sensation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less known functions; Relies on input from SSA I</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decipher deeper meanings of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> information from SSA</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensory Information</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receive inputs from thalamic and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"721937292f1692777185048f04ce29\">cortical</span> areas</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Signals enter from brain stem, SSA I and from other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> areas (visual and auditory)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives signals from SSA I, thalamus,visual <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> cortex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect of Excision</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>B/L excision</strong> of leads to:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Loss of precise <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e485bb67f81692777191dfee6366cc\">localization</span> of sensations</li>\n<li>Inability to judge pressure against the body, weight, texture, or shape of the object (astereognosis) <strong>(Option D).</strong></li>\n<li>Pain and temperature senses preserved but poorly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8fb8df140b1692777191702bbc9358\">localized</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Removal of parts of SSA II does not affect the response of neurons in SSA I</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>U/L removal</strong> leads to:</p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Amorphosynthesis</strong>: Difficulty recognizing objects on one side. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Hemineglect:</strong> Denial of the existence of the opposite side of the body.</li>\n<li><strong>Constructional apraxia:</strong> Difficulty in constructing a picture.</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/M34gRW0sYTKbriRqozv91745857004.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes the representation in motor and sensory homunculus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hand and digits have large cortical representation in the motor homunculus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Feet represented at the bottom of both the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Trunk and back have large cortical representation in both homunculi", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cortical representation is proportional to the size of the body part in both homunculi", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hand and digits have large cortical representation in the motor homunculus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/31WkmHZ14grp9iPPUlsd1736160870.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KNQAhNChigowj71r5AEZ1736160777.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:679px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor Homunculus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensory Homunculus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Precentral gyrus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Postcentral gyrus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Representation </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Feet at the top of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"231fafb8e116927771888a0efe57f1\">gyrus</span> <strong>(Option B);</strong> face at the bottom</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Legs on top and head at the bottom of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"231fafb8e116927771888a0efe57f1\">gyrus</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cortical Representation (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proportionate to the skill involved in fine, voluntary activities</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proportional to the number of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> receptors that sense muscle position and changes in muscle length</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Large Representation Areas (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hand, digits <strong>(Option A), </strong>lips, jaw, and tongue (areas involved in speech and hand movements) </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Face (especially lips), </p>\n<p>Hand (especially digits) <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Small Representation Areas</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trunk and lower limb</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trunk and lower limb</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Specialization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large area for lips, jaw, and tongue due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f6a1a27412169277719899677ef99d\">specialization</span> in speech (vocalization of the cortex)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Large area for face mainly lips) due to speech</li>\n<li>Large area for hand(mainly digits) due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> sensations from areas involved in skilled activities</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nJoU1eHeC4sHwrk2nQ8K1745857396.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old man recently had his right leg amputated below the knee. Weeks after surgery, he feels sensations and pain in the missing leg area, sometimes triggered by touching his thigh. Which statement best explains the patient's condition and suggests a treatment?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Brain reorganization of cortical brain area &amp;amp; Spinal cord stimulation may help.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Infection at the amputation site causes pain &amp;amp; Antibiotics should be prescribed.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Reorganization at spinal cord neuronal connection leading to pain.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pain is due to rejection of the prosthetic limb &amp;amp; Discontinue use immediately.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Brain reorganization of cortical brain area &amp; Spinal cord stimulation may help.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9WWqNiLyKBvaieVgxgy21745857788.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which law explains the phenomenon of phantom limb pain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Muller's Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energy", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bell-Magendie Law", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Law of Projection", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Weber-Fechner Law", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Law of Projection", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/GuFnLaMuTVLqegK7AoT71745858204.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45 Y/o right-handed woman presents with difficulty in performing coordinated movements and a lack of fluidity in her actions, particularly when performing tasks that require the integration of both hands, such as typing or playing the piano. Which of the following brain regions is most likely implicated in her condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Primary Motor Cortex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Premotor Cortex", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Supplementary Motor Cortex", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cortical Association Areas", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Supplementary Motor Cortex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VIHKNjkhZJICdNCvRK9A1736161043.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> is located in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> lobe.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Motor Cortex:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Corresponds to Brodmann Area 4</li>\n<li>It lies in the first <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4284e28bc116927771855465f4438c\">convolution</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> lobes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> to the central sulcus</li>\n<li>Responsible for executing voluntary movements and controlling <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a1904b3421692777203c57357933e\">fine motor skills</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Premotor Cortex:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Corresponds to Brodmann area 6</li>\n<li>Lies 1-3 cm <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> to the primary motor area</li>\n<li>Responsible for setting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115643fed616927771961316effc71\">posture</span> before movement<strong> (Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Supplementary Motor Cortex:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lies mainly in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> fissure</li>\n<li>Responsible for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5cce80cb00169277718310c4eccb27\">Bimanual</span> coordination<strong> (Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cortical Association Areas:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Commands for voluntary movements originate in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"721937292f1692777185048f04ce29\">cortical</span> association areas<strong> (Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Vlh2ZeyvU8a6jL5Q0UJu1745858412.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the major contributor to the corticospinal tract in terms of percentage of descending fibers?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Primary motor cortex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Premotor cortex", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Supplementary cortex", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Somatosensory area", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Somatosensory area", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jWw2HjvjrVXldU4xOltT1736161191.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/89VGBuVU6LqD3pik6ieN1745858612.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not true regarding extrapyramidal tracts?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "They are descending tracts", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The tectospinal tract functions through gamma motor neurons", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts are excitatory and inhibitory, respectively", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The rubrospinal tract is involved in the lateral motor pathway", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The tectospinal tract functions through gamma motor neurons", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:700px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tract</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reticulospinal tract</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vestibulospinal tract</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tectospinal tract</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rubrospinal tract</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reticular activating system</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e8b3c606051692777201faf2a1a357\">vestibular</span> nuclei</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bbc05a9c216927771844ff032232d\">colliculus</span> of the midbrain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Red nucleus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Two types:</p>\n<p>Pontine (excitatory) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a36e18386169277719259641cf29b\">medullary</span> (inhibitory) tracts <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p>They are involved in maintaining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115643fed616927771961316effc71\">posture</span> and modulating muscle tone via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49be0416121692777188dc8944b7bc\">gamma</span> motor neurons<strong> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It controls <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6f57b5b771692777181839b51f6ee\">antigravity</span> muscles, such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> limb extensors, to control <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115643fed616927771961316effc71\">posture</span> and balance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Controls head and eye movements</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Controls <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> limb muscles</p>\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> excites <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> motor neurons and inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> motor neurons</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XPH0aQMw6O0vzsKGQkVq1745858985.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following extra-pyramidal tracts contributes to the lateral motor pathway?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vestibulospinal tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Rubrospinal tract", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Reticulospinal tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tectospinal tract", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Rubrospinal tract", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wyaaVsz2W8n6ZNUyXY5R1736161313.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:598px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lateral motor pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medial motor pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Comprises of:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corticospinal tract<strong> </strong></li>\n<li>Rubrospinal tract</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Reticulospinal tract</li>\n<li>Vestibulospinal tract</li>\n<li>Tectospinal tract</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathway and control</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Terminates in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c94b3faab16927771861e13308510\">dorsolateral</span> area of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4baa7caf471692777188e7f07ce90e\">gray matter</span> and controls <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> muscles</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Terminates in ventromedial area of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4baa7caf471692777188e7f07ce90e\">gray matter</span> and controls <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01591f7f591692777182ef8aa2360c\">axial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> muscles</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fine, skilled, voluntary motor movements</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Maintaining erect posture</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/e5CVZOAgzovJ3Gl3tpbc1745859123.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 60 y/o man presents with complaints of weakness and difficulty walking. Upon examination, he is found to have grade 1 power in right leg muscle and an exaggerated knee-jerk reflex. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lower motor neuron lesion of the L4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lesion below the L4 segment", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lesion of the Left internal capsule", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lesion of the right internal capsule", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Lesion of the Left internal capsule", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:541px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>UMN Lesion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>LMN Lesion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Atrophy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Severe (loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae7ad52281692777200ef75a10716\">trophic</span> factor)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fasciculation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypertonia (spasticity &amp; rigidity)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypotonia (Decreased)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hyperactive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypoactive or absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle group affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regional</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Segmental/distal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Babinski sign</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Positive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/HtGnW1Hz54KyZVygiIqn1745859523.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old man complains of difficulty moving his arms and states that they feel \"stiff.\" Upon examination, both arms show increased resistance to passive movement. The resistance is present throughout the range of motion and does not change with the speed of movement. What is the most likely cause of the patient's symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lower motor neuron lesion", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cerebellar lesion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lesion of the pyramidal tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lesion of the extrapyramidal tract", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Lesion of the extrapyramidal tract", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:606px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spasticity </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rigidity</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Velocity-dependent resistance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Velocity-independent resistance</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lesion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3b981dbf916927771961c29f24614\">pyramidal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lesion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2952dfc311692777187fa773bcc9f\">extrapyramidal</span> tract</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Finding</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Resistance increases with speed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Resistance is continuous and does not vary with the speed of movement</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Example</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Clasp-knife spasticity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lead pipe rigidity, cogwheel rigidity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Associated with</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weakness</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypertonia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gmcjUYv0LmnSQ4mnUpme1745254510.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 17 y/o male is brought after being struck by a car. He is unconscious and exhibiting abnormal posturing. His arms are stiffly extended, his forearms are pronated, his wrists and fingers are flexed, and his legs are extended with his toes pointed inward. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decorticate rigidity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decerebrate rigidity", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cerebellar ataxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Spinal shock", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Decerebrate rigidity", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/bcSabeJd7zmAAWftw3H51736161528.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:733px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Decerebrate Rigidity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Decorticate Rigidity</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A state of severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"68f7148c4e1692777189074a8370ef\">hypertonia</span> characterized by extension of all four limbs.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A state in which the upper extremities are flexed and the lower extremities are extended.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Damage to the lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d26464df7216927771923483619265\">midbrain</span> and upper pons</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Damage to the upper midbrain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a533b2d59f1692777196694dbb1b2a\">pontine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b6b1f44cb1692777197afef785626\">reticular</span> system causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92c42574616927771946db516e33e\">overactivity</span> of this system, which excites <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6f57b5b771692777181839b51f6ee\">antigravity</span> muscles.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rubrospinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8265e091151692777187f264d73f3b\">excitation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> muscles in the upper extremities results in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> due to damage above the red nucleus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posture</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arms adducted and extended</p>\n<p>Forearms pronated</p>\n<p>Wrists and fingers flexed</p>\n<p>Legs extended</p>\n<p>Feet <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> flexed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arms adducted and flexed</p>\n<p>Wrists and fingers flexed</p>\n<p>Legs extended</p>\n<p>Plantar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of the feet</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2fd6b3cdf516927771836603ca8c63\">brain stem</span> damage; poor prognosis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Better <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e580b4033e169277719609af594c16\">prognosis</span> than decerebrate rigidity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UMnCrI26sKNS6nTg5eln1745859795.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 26 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. 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The subthalamic nucleus (STN) uses glutamate as its principal neurotransmitter to excite the globus pallidus internus (GPi).", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/AUko6UbnotAV2G5hBcvt1744996112.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement correctly describes the effect of each basal ganglia pathway?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The direct pathway decreases inhibitory output from the internal segment of the globus pallidus.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The indirect pathway decreases inhibitory output from the internal segment of the globus pallidus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The direct pathway increases inhibitory output from the external segment of the globus pallidus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The indirect pathway increases inhibitory output from the external segment of the globus pallidus.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. The direct pathway decreases inhibitory output from the internal segment of the globus pallidus.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:630px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Direct Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Indirect Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates motor activity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Suppresses motor activity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Input</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Excitatory input from the cerebral cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Excitatory input from the cerebral cortex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Target</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Striatum (caudate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and putamen)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Striatum (caudate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and putamen)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Striatum Output</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibits internal segment of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"86c230abe316927771889bbef8df5d\">globus</span> pallidus (GPi)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibits external segment of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"86c230abe316927771889bbef8df5d\">globus</span> pallidus (GPe)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GPi/SNr Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> of thalamus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> of thalamus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thalamus Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased thalamic activation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased thalamic activation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">Cortex</span> Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enhanced motor activity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced motor activity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subthalamic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> (STN)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not directly involved</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> from GPe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PLuuA84wLdefAeZutKAT1744996886.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old man presents with resting tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. His symptoms have progressively worsened over the past year. Based on the clinical presentation, which of the following is the most likely underlying pathology?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the striatum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Degeneration of serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IFhyg03cuKfTWPWTGgrK1744997121.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement correctly describes the cerebellar structure and its nuclei?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior and posterior lobes regulate posture and balance", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flocculonodular lobe coordinates fine motor skills.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dentate nucleus is key in motor planning and execution.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Granule cells are the primary output neurons of the cerebellar cortex.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Dentate nucleus is key in motor planning and execution.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/AipkUn2GenvNKncpNWSm1736069836.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hug67sW4m3JCrBULAOhK1744997424.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of the mossy fibers in the internal circuitry of the cerebellum?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Transmit motor commands to the cerebellum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Provide excitatory input to granule cells.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Relay sensory information to the deep cerebellar nuclei.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "inhibit the activity of the deep cerebellar nuclei.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Provide excitatory input to granule cells.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/kso47M3b6yVT5KXtWBcf1736070001.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/b9qzkXhcifKjKUcRgR5y1744997665.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the functional divisions of the cerebellum is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The vestibulocerebellum controls balance and eye movements.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Spinocerebellum coordinates axial and proximal limb movements", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cerebrocerebellum handles movement planning and programming", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The flocculonodular lobe coordinates fine motor movements.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. The flocculonodular lobe coordinates fine motor movements.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/0VRTxLDrExHzDVS1iQ4u1736070183.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functional Division</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spinocerebellum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coordination of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01591f7f591692777182ef8aa2360c\">axial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> limb movements <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coordinates and smoothens voluntary movements, particularly those involving the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01591f7f591692777182ef8aa2360c\">axial</span> body and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> limbs.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Central portion of the cerebellum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cerebrocerebellum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Planning and programming of movements <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in motor planning and timing, especially for complex, precise movements.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral parts of the cerebellar hemispheres</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vestibulocerebellum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Balance and eye movements</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Modulates motor commands to maintain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115643fed616927771961316effc71\">posture</span> and balance.</p>\n<p>Integrates information from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e8b3c606051692777201faf2a1a357\">vestibular</span> system to coordinate head and eye movements.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Flocculonodular lobe</p>\n\t\t\t </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flocculonodular Lobe</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Balance and eye movements</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Part of the vestibulocerebellum, responsible for balance and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d52b8551541692777187be85e4bb2f\">equilibrium</span> of the body.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><br/>\n\t\t\tFlocculonodular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> </td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/yjYZIDADupQAhdl1Y3Ny1744998319.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 72-year-old man presents with uncoordinated movements and difficulty in performing rapid alternating tasks, speech difficulty, and experiences rapid, tremulous eye movements. Which of the following features is not typically associated with cerebellar disease?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypertonia", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dysarthria", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ataxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Rebound Phenomenon", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hypertonia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypotonia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased muscle tone, often on the same side as the cerebellar lesion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ataxia <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uncoordinated movements, often leading to a \"drunken\" gait.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dysdiadochokinesia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to perform rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b5a7ceea716927771815e7283e571\">alternating</span> movements, such as flipping the hands back and forth.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dysmetria (Past pointing)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Movements that overshoot or undershoot the intended target.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intention tremor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tremors occurring when moving toward a target</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dysarthria <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Jumbled speech due to lack of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3820ba101416927771858fe257e119\">coordination</span> in the muscles involved in speech</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nystagmus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid, tremulous eye movements</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rebound Phenomenon <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Limb jerking back after resistance is suddenly removed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decomposition of movement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can't move multiple joints simultaneously.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> deficit</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not typically present in cerebellar diseases.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PAAkHg4o3syrJFY7X8PG1744998597.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the parts of the Papez circuit with their correct functions: Part of Papez Circuit Function 1) Cingulate Gyrus A) Conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory 2) Parahippocampal Gyrus B) Controls heart rate, blood pressure, cognitive and emotional processing 3) Hippocampus C) Responsible for controlling recent memories of the brain 4) Mammillary Body and Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus D) Spatial memory, the memory of three-dimensional space", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 - A, 2 - B, 3 - D, 4 - C", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 - B, 2 - D, 3 - A, 4 - C", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1 - D, 2 - C, 3 - A, 4 - B", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1 - C, 2 - A, 3 - B, 4 - D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1 - B, 2 - D, 3 - A, 4 - C", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/ElIYDw2kJ4LcOiPhaGxD1736514427.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:608px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Part of Papez Circuit</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Cingulate Gyrus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Controls heart rate, blood pressure, cognitive and emotional processing.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Parahippocampal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"231fafb8e116927771888a0efe57f1\">Gyrus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"433fcc5f441692777187d3963abc73\">Entorhinal</span> Cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Spatial memory, the memory of three-dimensional space.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Hippocampus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Responsible for the conversion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"904d09486e1692777198e653e46672\">short-term memory</span> to long-term memory.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Mammillary Body and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> of Thalamus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Responsible for controlling recent memories of the brain.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ec4qI86U1GPZUOGOYnd71744998988.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the amygdala is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Controls emotions and motivations", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Connected with the prefrontal cortex &amp;amp; hippocampus for emotional memory processing", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Damage can result in a loss of sexual behaviour.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The prefrontal cortex develops working memory", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Damage can result in a loss of sexual behaviour.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a3b591e581692777181a270cc1ca1\">Amygdala</span> Circuit</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Amygdala</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Controls emotions and motivations.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Prefrontal Cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Responsible for the development of working memory <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Hippocampus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Converts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"904d09486e1692777198e653e46672\">short-term memory</span> to long-term memory</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0s74axTmhzWSnvtkHC2x1745082775.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 24-year-old man is brought to the emergency room after a motor vehicle accident. He displays significant behavioral changes including placing non-food objects in his mouth, increased sexual advances towards staff, and appears to have no fear when approached by the medical team. Which of the following brain structures is MOST likely to be damaged in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cerebellum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Amygdala", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hippocampus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Parietal lobe", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Amygdala", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/O37ZbXHNaWXlpAwBcWMs1745083098.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following nuclei has a function of thermoregulation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Medial preoptic nuclei", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lateral nuclei", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Para-ventricle nuclei", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Arcuate nuclei", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Medial preoptic nuclei", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/QPithgoMDtsxiTfzsagU1736070986.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mzq9zrKTzMfQGgeV6du81745083401.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old man presents with significant behavioral changes following a traumatic brain injury. He experiences frequent unprovoked outbursts of anger and aggression, triggered by minimal stimuli, along with emotional blunting and decreased pleasure. Based on his presentation, which brain region is MOST likely affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hippocampus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Medial forebrain bundle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Central gray area", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ventromedial hypothalamus", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Ventromedial hypothalamus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:731px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Centres</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function/Response</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Reward Centers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a3b45f45fc1692777203eceaf9f4d3\">forebrain</span> bundle</p>\n<p>Lateral and ventromedial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> of the hypothalamus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral hypothalamus: Strong <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> leads to rage; weaker <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> induces reward</p>\n<p>Plays a dual role in both aggressive and rewarding behaviours</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Punishment Centers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The central grey area surrounding the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95b84bf8de16927771812bd9541daf\">aqueduct</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddc0e11a441692777199100d8d8778\">Sylvius</span> in the mesencephalon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elicits potent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5dd5f335f01692777182e69ef6557f\">aversive</span> responses</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Rage Centers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a71c8cfa8216927771955861218d80\">periventricular</span> zone of the hypothalamus</p>\n<p>Lateral hypothalamus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intense <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> triggers rage responses: Defensive posturing, aggression, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">autonomic</span> responses like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a73478dd6616927771953eb7601560\">piloerection</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e419fd4e241692777196d038d1b71a\">pupil</span> dilation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibitory Mechanisms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventromedial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> of the hypothalamus</p>\n<p>Hippocampi</p>\n<p>Anterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fae243395d16927771917dbd1992e9\">limbic</span> cortex: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> cingulate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f46588d97c16927771882c69136596\">gyri</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f19bcf4f616927771997e75b6d847\">subcallosal</span> gyri</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Suppress or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b3de87b7c16927771901326efbcd2\">inhibit</span> rage responses</p>\n<p>Maintain emotional control and regulate aggressive behaviors</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FtMaG29dvzVpJL71Cs0y1745083897.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a patient experiencing severe hemorrhage resulting in isotonic fluid loss, which of the following accurately describes the role of osmoreceptors and their effect on the thirst mechanism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased blood osmolality stimulates the supra-optic nucleus to secrete ADH", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Angiotensin II indirectly stimulates the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Osmoreceptors in the OVLT and MnPO are stimulated by decreased blood osmolality", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Stimulated SFO osmoreceptors increase ANP secretion, which reduces ADH.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Angiotensin II indirectly stimulates the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/iSUGcR7u6vWQ9WmfySA81736071149.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ctIl8XpUzUjvkrHPaJBT1745084970.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true about the control of feeding?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Both orexigenic and anorexigenic signals are present in the pre-ventricular nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Leptin, Peptide YY and CCK are all orexigenic signals", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "POMC Fragmentation produces alpha MSH promotes food intake", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Orexin peptide produced from the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus plays an essential role in regulating sleep", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Orexin peptide produced from the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus plays an essential role in regulating sleep", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/yNb5PrOFeFQ9ms9BL4VE1736071469.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/AdGdK65JMsDumjFtvG391745085696.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement best describes the center-surround model of the basal ganglia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The direct pathway broadly inhibits motor actions, while the indirect pathway facilitates specific actions.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The direct pathway facilitates specific motor actions, while the indirect pathway suppresses competing actions.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The indirect pathway reduces inhibitory output from the GPi, while the direct pathway increases inhibitory output.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both pathways uniformly facilitate all motor actions", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The direct pathway facilitates specific motor actions, while the indirect pathway suppresses competing actions.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/ATYtr2k9EMWfLpcwy73M1736071689.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pFK2ew3GmWe3aAaW9X3p1745085937.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about climbing and mossy fibers is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Climbing and mossy fibers provide the primary input to the cerebellar cortex", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The Vestibulocerebellar serves as the pathway for climbing fibers.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mossy fibers are the terminal endings of the olivocerebellar tracts.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mossy fibers use aspartate to provide excitatory signals to the Purkinje cells.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Climbing and mossy fibers provide the primary input to the cerebellar cortex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Source/Tracts</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fiber Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotransmitter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Olivocerebellar tracts</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Climbing Fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aspartate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proprioceptive input from the entire body</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vestibulocerebellar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mossy Fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutamate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives information from the labyrinth.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spinocerebellar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mossy Fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutamate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives information from the Muscle spindle, the Golgi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">Tendon</span> Organ.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cuneocerebellar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mossy Fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutamate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives information from the Muscle spindle, Golgi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">Tendon</span> Organ.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tectocerebellar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mossy Fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutamate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives information from visual &amp; auditory.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pontocerebellar</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mossy Fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutamate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives information from the motor &amp; other parts of the cerebral cortex.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/aCQHaotk2fJEhbXIdwkh1744998028.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 26 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 11 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following statements about EEG (Electroencephalogram) is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "EEG measures the summated version of EPSP and IPSP generated in the brain.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "EEG records the dendritic potentials of pyramidal neurons.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Positive dendritic potentials are known as EPSP (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential) and negative dendritic potentials are known as IPSP (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential).", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "D) Electrocorticography (ECOG) is the measurement of electrical activity specifically in the cerebral cortex by placing electrodes on the surface of scalp.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. D) Electrocorticography (ECOG) is the measurement of electrical activity specifically in the cerebral cortex by placing electrodes on the surface of scalp.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TUgABEdcxQrqeeWyABVh1727327534.png"], "explanation": "\n<p><strong>Educational Objective:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>➤ EEG Function: Records electrical activity from the brain's surface, detecting dendritic potentials, not action potentials. EEG Components: Captures the summated EPSPs and IPSPs. Pyramidal Neurons: Major contributors to the signals detected by EEG.</li><li>➤ EEG Function: Records electrical activity from the brain's surface, detecting dendritic potentials, not action potentials.</li><li>➤ EEG Components: Captures the summated EPSPs and IPSPs.</li><li>➤ Pyramidal Neurons: Major contributors to the signals detected by EEG.</li><li>➤ Pyramidal Neurons:</li><li>➤ Electrocorticography (ECOG): Involves placing electrodes directly on the cerebral cortex, not over the scalp, to measure electrical activity.</li><li>➤ Electrocorticography (ECOG):</li></u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1GJyiwgi5sdafEA47Ulr1745919073.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following EEG wave types with their respective frequency ranges and associated activities. Type of Wave Frequency Range (Hz) Activity During 1) Beta A) 8-13 i) Deep sleep 2) Alpha B) 14-30 ii) Relaxation, eyes closed 3) Theta C) 2-4 iii) Alert and active thinking 4) Delta D) 5-7 iv) Light sleep, emotional stress in adults", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 - B - iii, 2 - A - ii, 3 - D - iv, 4 - C - i", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 - C - i, 2 - B - iii, 3 - A - ii, 4 - D - iv", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1 - B - iii, 2 - D - iv, 3 - A - ii, 4 - C - i", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1 - A - ii, 2 - C - i, 3 - D - iv, 4 - B - iii", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1 - B - iii, 2 - A - ii, 3 - D - iv, 4 - C - i", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of Wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Frequency Range (Hz)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Activity During</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Beta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>14-30</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alert and active thinking</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alpha</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>8-13</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Relaxation, eyes closed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Theta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5-7</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Light sleep, emotional stress in adults</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Delta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2-4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep sleep</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p><strong>Educational Objective:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>➤ Beta Waves: High frequency, associated with alertness and active thinking. Alpha Waves: Prominent during relaxation and eyes-closed states. Theta Waves: Associated with light sleep and emotional stress, not deep sleep.</li><li>➤ Beta Waves: High frequency, associated with alertness and active thinking.</li><li>➤ Alpha Waves: Prominent during relaxation and eyes-closed states.</li><li>➤ Theta Waves: Associated with light sleep and emotional stress, not deep sleep.</li><li>➤ Delta Waves: Lowest frequency, highest amplitude, associated with deep sleep.</li></u\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xwdwbJv3gyNklTV4LDW71745920385.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What type of waves are going to be seen if the patient is evaluated on EEG during deep sleep?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sleep spindles", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "K-Complexes", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Theta waves", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Delta waves", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Delta waves", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/1GY0hDfOkwmp0hqxpwga1736095734.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stage of Sleep</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stage N1 Sleep</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Light sleep, easy to wake up, characterised by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ccb50023dc1692777200804b8475ca\">theta</span> waves. <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stage N2 Sleep</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deeper than stage N1, the presence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e5f0b77751692777198ff32ae6295\">sleep spindles</span> and K-complexes, is still relatively easy to wake up. <strong>(Option A</strong><strong> and</strong> <strong>B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stage N3 Sleep</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deepest sleep, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7d3133242169277718518c059ad55\">Delta</span> waves (low frequency and high amplitude), very difficult to wake up.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>REM Sleep</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid eye movements, high brain activity, associated with dreaming, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\">Beta</span> wave pattern</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mUTTtW1fyrbnZPIY5LSQ1745860074.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about REM and NREM sleep is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "During NREM sleep, there is an increase in parasympathetic outflow, leading to lower heart rate and blood pressure.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Muscle tone is completely lost during REM sleep, and the body is effectively paralyzed.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "During deeper stages of NREM sleep, the subject is difficult to arouse by sensory stimuli.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "During REM sleep, the subject is easily aroused by sensory stimuli.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. During REM sleep, the subject is easily aroused by sensory stimuli.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>NREM Sleep</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>REM Sleep</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Autonomic Outflow</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f19a37b5916927771941ba9f5ef49\">parasympathetic</span> outflow, leading to lower heart rate and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"263ee5444e1692777183a7e8e704da\">blood pressure</span> <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> outflow</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle Tone and Reflexes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intact during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5f5be62a316927771937064da1866\">NREM</span> sleep</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complete loss of muscle tone (muscle atonia) during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7bdd34850816927771973c86f95b79\">REM</span> sleep<strong> </strong><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arousability</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Difficult to arouse in deeper stages (Stages 3 and 4) <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More difficult to arouse compared to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5f5be62a316927771937064da1866\">NREM</span> sleep by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> stimuli, but may awaken spontaneously.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Eye Movement </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(EOG)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absence of rapid eye movement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Presence of rapid eye movement</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Brain Electrical Activity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not associated with PGO (Ponto-Geniculo Occipital) spikes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Associated with PGO spikes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dreaming Activity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dreams uncertain; memorized if dreams occur</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vivid dreams; not memorized</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/StVWBF7kfdFfpU6lDKHA1745860238.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old woman presents with severe insomnia, reporting that she has been unable to sleep for several days. Neurological examination reveals a lesion in the basal ganglia and adjacent anterior hypothalamus. Which of the following statements about the mechanisms of sleep is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The wake-promoting area is located in the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus and releases histamine.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The sleep-promoting area is located in the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus and releases GABA.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decreased levels of adenosine at basal forebrain stimulate the sleep-promotion.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The awake state has increased NE, serotonin, and reduced levels of acetylcholine, while the opposite is true for the state of sleep", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Decreased levels of adenosine at basal forebrain stimulate the sleep-promotion.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/JY8DEi3yVGehaDUjGhuT1736095965.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotransmitter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Awake State</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>REM State</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>NREM Sleep</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Norepinephrine &amp; Serotonin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acetylcholine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GABA &amp; Histamine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low GABA, High Histamine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High GABA, Low Histamine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High GABA, Low Histamine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RYZiKBopNJ2KhA1TDUXG1745921018.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match each sleep disorder with the correct stage of sleep in which it most commonly occurs Sleep Disorder Stage of Sleep a) Somnambulism 1) Stage 2 NREM b) Nocturnal enuresis 2) REM Sleep c) Narcolepsy 3) End of REM Sleep d) Sleep Paralysis 4) Stage 3 and 4 (NREM)", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a-4, b-2, c-1, d-3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "a-3, b-2, c-1, d-4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "a-3, b-1, c-2, d-4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer B) a-4, b-1, c-2, d-3</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:606px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stage of Sleep</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sleep disorder </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stage 3 and 4 NREM</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Somnambulism (Sleepwalking):</strong> Occurs during the deeper stages of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5f5be62a316927771937064da1866\">NREM</span> sleep, specifically stages 3 and 4.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nocturnal enuresis: </strong>Occurs in stages 3/4. Common in childhood, due to the failure of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> regulation of micturition.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stage 1 &amp; 2 NREM</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sleep Talking (Somniloquy):</strong> This can occur in any stage of sleep but is most common in stages 1 and 2 of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5f5be62a316927771937064da1866\">NREM</span> sleep.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bruxism (Teeth Grinding): </strong>Primarily occurs during stage 2 of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5f5be62a316927771937064da1866\">NREM</span> sleep.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The transition from stage 3 to 4 NREM</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Night Terrors:</strong> Typically occur during the transition from stage 3 to stage 4 of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5f5be62a316927771937064da1866\">NREM</span> sleep. Unlike nightmares, individuals usually do not remember night terrors.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>REM Sleep</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Narcolepsy: </strong>Involves sudden onset of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7bdd34850816927771973c86f95b79\">REM</span> sleep. Individuals with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbfc20ef7d16927771932766891ec8\">narcolepsy</span> often experience excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden muscle weakness (cataplexy), sleep paralysis, and hallucinations at the onset or end of sleep. The disorder is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d0fca798b1692777191b6cd41880f\">linked</span> to a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e28fd027b416927771932bc23ba0a5\">neurotransmitter</span> <strong>orexin</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nightmares:</strong> Occur during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7bdd34850816927771973c86f95b79\">REM</span> sleep and involve vivid, disturbing dreams that can cause fear and anxiety. Unlike night terrors, <strong>nightmares are often remembered</strong> in detail upon waking. They can be <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3978e9614f1692777200abbe4cfa34\">triggered</span> by stress, anxiety, or trauma.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vXCqjEWStCGpKX3ya48T1745921513.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old patient presents with complaints of memory issues. He can recall general knowledge about the world, such as facts about historical events, but has difficulty remembering personal experiences, such as what he had for dinner last night or his activities from last weekend. Based on these symptoms, which of the following best describes the types of explicit memory affected in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Impaired semantic memory with intact episodic memory", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Intact semantic memory with impaired episodic memory", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Impaired procedural memory with intact working memory", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Intact procedural memory with impaired working memory", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Intact semantic memory with impaired episodic memory", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NRbCr3QT5G8kw4Y5ldHV1745921907.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 62-year-old woman who had a stroke several months ago reports that she is having difficulty with tasks she used to perform automatically. She struggles to remember how to ride her bicycle, a skill she previously performed with ease. She also mentions difficulty in learning new motor tasks. Based on these symptoms, which type of implicit memory is most likely affected in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Procedural memory", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Priming", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Associative learning", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Semantic memory", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Procedural memory", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ylpET4A6ZtuUdySRncI11745922186.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which type of learning involves the process by which humans and animals learn to behave in such a way as to obtain rewards and avoid punishments?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Classical conditioning", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Operant conditioning", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Observational learning", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Habituation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Operant conditioning", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/rr0ostw2iVlTHJYPI7991727330413.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/XDYG193HOjNFQBkp0HZO1736096324.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nWSwAYeEEphqqhjj4tS41745861011.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for working memory?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Prefrontal cortex", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Neocortex", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ventral hippocampus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Amygdala", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Prefrontal cortex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/oyxhjnAC4x188HcHFkBa1745860463.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about synaptic plasticity and memory formation is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Long-term potentiation (LTP) primarily occurs at glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Long-Term Depression (LTD) involves a significant influx of calcium into the postsynaptic neuron.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "LTP leads to the phosphorylation of AMPA receptors, enhancing their activity and strengthening the synapse.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "LTD is mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptors and involves dephosphorylation of AMPA receptors, leading to synaptic weakening.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Long-Term Depression (LTD) involves a significant influx of calcium into the postsynaptic neuron.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/eis9Xk8lgMVPWydlN9FY1745860754.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 21 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 6 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A patient reports difficulty switching between movements and experiences uncontrollable hand movements. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dysdiadochokinesis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Intentional Tremor", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Metamorphosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Resting Tremor", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Dysdiadochokinesis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypotonia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased muscle tone, often on the same side as the cerebellar lesion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ataxia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uncoordinated movements, often leading to a \"drunken\" gait.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dysdiadochokinesia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inability to perform rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b5a7ceea716927771815e7283e571\">alternating</span> movements, such as flipping the hands back and forth.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dysmetria (Past pointing)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Movements that overshoot or undershoot the intended target.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intention tremor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tremors occurring when moving toward a target</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dysarthria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Jumbled speech due to lack of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3820ba101416927771858fe257e119\">coordination</span> in the muscles involved in speech</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nystagmus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid, tremulous eye movements</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rebound Phenomenon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Limb jerking back after resistance is suddenly removed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decomposition of movement</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can't move multiple joints simultaneously.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> deficit</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not typically present in cerebellar diseases.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What nerve fibers are responsible for the transmission of proprioception?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A alpha", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "A beta", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A gamma", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A delta", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A alpha", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:780px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"8\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Classification of nerve fibres - Erlanger and Gasser and Lloyd-Hunt </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Fiber Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Erlanger-Gasser Classification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Lloyd-Hunt Classification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Myelination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Conduction Velocity (m/s)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Diameter (µm)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Sensitivity to Blockade</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aα</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aα</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Ia, Ib</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Myelinated</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Proprioception, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> motor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>70-120</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>12-20</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Pressure - Most susceptible</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aβ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aβ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Touch, pressure</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>30-70</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>5-12</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Pressure - Intermediate.</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aγ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aγ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Motor to muscle spindles</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>15-30</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>3-6</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aδ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aδ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Pain (fast), temperature (cold)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>12-30</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>2-5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Preganglionic autonomic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>3-15</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>&lt;3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Hypoxia - Most susceptible</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C<br/>\n\t\t\t(Dorsal Root)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>IV</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Unmyelinated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Pain (slow), temperature (warm)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>0.5-2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>0.4-1.2</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Local anesthetics - Most susceptible</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C (Sympathetic)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Postganglionic sympathetic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>0.7-2.3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>0.3-1.3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following substances causes a bitter taste that deters us from consuming toxic substances?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Aldehyde", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Amino acids", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Alkaloids", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hydrogen ions", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Alkaloids", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a characteristic of decerebrate rigidity according to the Herrington classification?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rigidity occurs in all the muscles of the body", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increase in the rate of discharge of the γ efferent neuron", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased excitability of the motor neuron pool", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mid-collicular lesion can lead to decerebrate rigidity", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Rigidity occurs in all the muscles of the body", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dX3cKlr1fVTHJ3IKyb4i1745932926.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:733px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Decerebrate Rigidity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Decorticate Rigidity</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A state of severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"68f7148c4e1692777189074a8370ef\">hypertonia</span> characterized by extension of all four limbs.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A state in which the upper extremities are flexed and the lower extremities are extended.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Damage to the lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d26464df7216927771923483619265\">midbrain</span> and upper pons</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Damage to the upper midbrain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a533b2d59f1692777196694dbb1b2a\">pontine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b6b1f44cb1692777197afef785626\">reticular</span> system causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92c42574616927771946db516e33e\">overactivity</span> of this system, which excites <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6f57b5b771692777181839b51f6ee\">antigravity</span> muscles.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rubrospinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8265e091151692777187f264d73f3b\">excitation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> muscles in the upper extremities results in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> due to damage above the red nucleus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Posture</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arms adducted and extended</p>\n<p>Forearms pronated</p>\n<p>Wrists and fingers flexed</p>\n<p>Legs extended</p>\n<p>Feet <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> flexed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arms adducted and flexed</p>\n<p>Wrists and fingers flexed</p>\n<p>Legs extended</p>\n<p>Plantar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of the feet</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2fd6b3cdf516927771836603ca8c63\">brain stem</span> damage; poor prognosis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Better <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e580b4033e169277719609af594c16\">prognosis</span> than decerebrate rigidity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which lobe is affected by a lesion that results in a deficit in hand-eye coordination?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Parietal lobe", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Frontal lobe", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Temporal lobe", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Occipital lobe", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Parietal lobe", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/9m6l7WHpUzp9rS9Fxgti1747059275.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:531px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Brodmann Area</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1, 2, 3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> cortex; processes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff110f2cb71692777200a3483aa670\">tactile</span> information.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primary motor cortex; controls voluntary movements.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>5, 7</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Somatosensory association areas; integrate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> input.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>6</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Premotor/supplementary motor areas; plan movements.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>17</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primary visual cortex; processes visual data.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>18, 19</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Visual association areas; advanced visual processing.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>22</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Wernicke's area; facilitates language comprehension.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>44, 45</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Broca's area; involved in speech production.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which sensory receptors are accountable for tactile discrimination among the options provided? Merkel disc Ruffini end organ Pacinian corpuscle Meissner’s corpuscle", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 and 4 are correct", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "2 is correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "3 is correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None are correct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1 and 4 are correct", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/wk6x8P5Oi0y1CAGJwvOW1747059492.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/4GWv0l5cuLXt3NsdE2EJ1747059710.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/5MZ6IXOU1mQyWQ0n0cch1747059790.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/1KF4l4M4p2Rudt9LgbKh1747059864.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\"><img alt=\"Meissners \" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"12619\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"May2025\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/notes/wk6x8P5Oi0y1CAGJwvOW1747059492.png\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\"><img alt=\"Merkel \" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"12622\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"May2025\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/notes/4GWv0l5cuLXt3NsdE2EJ1747059710.png\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\"><img alt=\"Pacinian \" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"12623\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"May2025\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/notes/5MZ6IXOU1mQyWQ0n0cch1747059790.png\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<figure class=\"caption_element\"><img alt=\"Ruffini endings\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"12624\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"May2025\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/notes/1KF4l4M4p2Rudt9LgbKh1747059864.png\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Discriminatory touch, Stroking</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Texture, Edges, Braille</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pressure, Vibration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sustained pressure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapidly adapting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slowly adapting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapidly adapting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slowly adapting</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 16 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 28 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 30-year-old patient reports that rubbing the injured area provides him temporary relief from pain. According to the gate-control theory of pain, what is the primary mechanism behind this relief?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased activation of nociceptive C fibers to reduce pain perception", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Simultaneous activation of innocuous cutaneous mechanoreceptors", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Aα and Aβ fibers inhibit pain signals from C fibers in the ventral horn of spinal cord", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inhibition of Aa and Aß fibers reduces the transmission of pain signals to the brain", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Simultaneous activation of innocuous cutaneous mechanoreceptors", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:716px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Target/Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Opioids</strong><br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Reduce pain by acting at multiple levels of the nervous system.</li>\n<li>They act at <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">Spinal</span> Cord, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">Dorsal</span> Root Ganglia, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c51baf41771692777195b4b3432d4b\">Periaqueductal</span> Grey (PAG)</li>\n<li>Opioids <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b3de87b7c16927771901326efbcd2\">inhibit</span> pain transmission by activating receptors, reducing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> influx, and promoting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e28fd027b416927771932bc23ba0a5\">neurotransmitter</span> release.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>TRPV1 Receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Targeted by capsaicin, involved in sensing heat and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d21dd5d3116927771907405b181bc\">inflammatory</span> pain; can <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18973785f016927771867c53c72dce\">deplete</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5b6dd01d6169277719947def8d8d3\">substance P</span> to reduce pain.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Blocked by local anesthetics like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1e7b24ec0d16927771912170997efa\">lidocaine</span> and mexiletine, crucial for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> generation in nociceptors.</li>\n<li>The Nav1.8 subtype is a target for chronic pain management.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Voltage-Gated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">Calcium</span> Channels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blocked by drugs like ziconotide, gabapentin, and topiramate, reducing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e28fd027b416927771932bc23ba0a5\">neurotransmitter</span> release in pain pathways.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>NMDA Receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Antagonists co-administered with opioids to prevent tolerance development, prolonging <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e22dbf6c52169277719441ac94a69e\">opioid</span> effectiveness.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/n2G36BEd0Pap1EdVsAaX1745825946.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Action potentials in an afferent fiber from a mechanoreceptor of a single sensory unit is recorded in response to pressure stimulus. Which of the following principle is shown here:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Labelled line principle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Weber-Fechner Law", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Frequency coding principle", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Concept of specific nerve energy", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Frequency coding principle", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5zkVoU80m4Ifzbrwf7FR1727425263.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yCZ0JcIAuDwmuov7vNi91727425180.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KwjemRIWiZ2yTzAzueCK1746207509.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "The receptive fields (shown as red areas on fingertips) and firing rate of four different types of mechanoreceptors supplied by FA1, FA2, SA1 and SA2 afferent are shown here. The figure marked with B is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pacinian corpuscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Meissner’s corpuscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Merkel’s disc", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ruffini’s ending", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Merkel’s disc", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/SdnOQAUJaVQvDqp3DnvE1727424707.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/K2Nwz4ZNaHsn0xRBtjS21727424788.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ftx3RwXrhE3xKGQJ1cM71727424972.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/w9z5oAukWW9Bvr1SkZWX1745841401.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with paraplegia uses thigh stimulation to manage bladder and bowel control, leading to involuntary evacuation. Which reflex is being utilized?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Righting reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mass reflex", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hopping reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Placing reflex", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Mass reflex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:702px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Key Points</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Mass Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Excessive activity in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord causing massive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9dd87431ba1692777186ecfb21d258\">discharge</span> in large portions of the cord. <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Results from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> of large numbers of reverberating circuits in the cord at once.</li>\n<li>Can last for minutes</li>\n<li><strong>Stimulus:</strong> strong pain stimulus or excessive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52edf0af4d1692777202dd1a490884\">filling</span> of a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d837e66d6a1692777202dc9564a29a\">viscus</span> (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6cfda323816927771839cc83e376d\">bladder</span> or gut).</li>\n<li><strong>Effects:</strong> Strong <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0338b655da16927771984b872baabb\">spasm</span> in skeletal muscles, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0705e4cf081692777187f4d2b512aa\">evacuation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0fce15e71f1692777184feb9af5303\">colon</span> and bladder, increased arterial pressure, profuse sweating.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Righting Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Reflex involving uncoordinated movements to raise the body to a standing position when laid on the side. <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Demonstrates complex reflexes associated with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115643fed616927771961316effc71\">posture</span> integrated in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord.</li>\n<li>Animals with a healed transected <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> cord can right itself from lying position and even walk using both forelimbs and hindlimbs.</li>\n<li>Consists of:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Labyrinthine Righting Reflex,</li>\n<li>Neck Righting Reflex,</li>\n<li>Body Righting Reflex,</li>\n<li>Limb Righting Reflex,</li>\n<li>Optical Righting Reflex.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Hopping Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Short steps taken by an individual to balance the body when pushed laterally. <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Helps maintain balance and stability after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> push.</li>\n<li>Impaired following decortication.</li>\n<li>Indicates that motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> is the center for integration of hopping reactions.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Placing Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Placing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32656dc8ba1692777202fc49f9ed13\">feet</span> firmly on the ground to attain and maintain a new stable position after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> push. <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ensures stability after the initial balance provided by the hopping reaction.</li>\n<li>Impaired following decortication.</li>\n<li>Indicates that motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> is the center for integration of placing reactions.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6Wi8wpe5utg4ygniuHHY1745840704.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 20 years old man is brought to the emergency room after stepping on a nail while walking barefoot. Upon examination, the following observations are made, Which of the following best describes the reflex pathways involved in this scenario? Right foot: Immediately withdraws upon being touched. Left foot: Planted firmly on the ground.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Monosynaptic stretch reflex Polysynaptic crossed extensor reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Polysynaptic flexor reflex Monosynaptic stretch reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Polysynaptic flexor reflex Polysynaptic crossed extensor reflex", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Polysynaptic flexor reflex Monosynaptic stretch reflex", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Polysynaptic flexor reflex Polysynaptic crossed extensor reflex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GfoWh1gMNhLoCq1MtXbn1727424409.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:762px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Withdrawal Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Flexor Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Crossed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">Extensor</span> Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A protective <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20f478f55f1692777197e351415f8f\">reflex</span> that causes withdrawal of a limb or body part from a stimulus.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A withdrawal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20f478f55f1692777197e351415f8f\">reflex</span> in which the primary response is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> of a limb.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A component of the withdrawal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20f478f55f1692777197e351415f8f\">reflex</span> that occurs in the opposite limb.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Receptor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nociceptors (e.g., pain receptors)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nociceptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nociceptors in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5d9f72801692777185eb596f3d64\">contralateral</span> limb are indirectly activated.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Afferent Fiber</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Group III and IV (pain) and Group II (pressure)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Group III and IV (pain) and Group II (pressure)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Signals are relayed from the stimulated side.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Synapses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Polysynaptic <strong>(Options A, D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Polysynaptic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Polysynaptic <strong>(Option B ruledout)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Efferent Fiber</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-motor neurons to flexors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-motor neurons to flexors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>α-motor neurons to extensors</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Response</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flexion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca762506461692777190f12b43bb1a\">ipsilateral</span> limb or body part to move it away from the stimulus.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contraction of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3674af39031692777202252504982a\">flexor</span> muscles and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5bc49d94df16927771975eae86de9f\">relaxation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45f9bc42ac16927771871c9dc2970a\">extensor</span> muscles in the stimulated limb.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extension of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a5d9f72801692777185eb596f3d64\">contralateral</span> limb.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It is a protective mechanism, absence or weakness of this can indicate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord injury or dysfunction.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Part of the withdrawal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20f478f55f1692777197e351415f8f\">reflex</span> and essential for rapid response to painful stimuli.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Provides support and balance during withdrawal of the opposite limb.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FxQCGQZZWpBD2xNV9rN11745840466.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30 years old woman presents with a history of multiple sclerosis. Upon examination, she exhibits ankle clonus when the examiner briskly dorsiflexes her foot. What is the most likely cause of clonus in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypoactive stretch reflexes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased GABAergic activity", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hyperactive muscle spindles", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Suppressed Golgi tendon organ", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hyperactive muscle spindles", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Mk44oQC4XMlEOX7l1QBW1727424127.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:616px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>CLONUS</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Regular, repetitive, rhythmic contractions of a muscle subjected to sudden, maintained stretch</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Increased γ-motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17d10546871692777193f302d45980\">neuron</span> activity leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4984a52790169277718964edf53641\">hypersensitive</span> muscle spindles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Hypersensitivity to stretch triggers rhythmic contractions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Common Sites</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Ankle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d3cc5b04f16927771848eaf4788a0\">clonus</span> initiated by brisk, maintained <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4883591b16927771863aa94323f0\">dorsiflexion</span> of the foot, leading to rhythmic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7a430f3a9169277719510c13f434d\">plantar</span> flexion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Associated Conditions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Damage to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> motor pathways</li>\n<li>Traumatic brain injury</li>\n<li>Brain tumors</li>\n<li>Strokes</li>\n<li>Multiple sclerosis</li>\n<li>Spinal cord injury</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Renshaw Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inhibitory interneurons receiving <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"082e153b9316927771872bec02a55d\">excitatory</span> input from α-motor neurons</li>\n<li>Damage leads to loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> control, contributing to clonus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Reflexes Involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stretch reflex</li>\n<li>Inverse stretch reflex</li>\n<li>Interplay in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4984a52790169277718964edf53641\">hypersensitive</span> muscle spindles contributes to clonus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>↳ Reference:</li><li>↳ Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th Edition, Page 690.</li><li>↳ Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th Edition, Page 229.</li></u\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/yMy4VRtLjHIguddzbNPf1745840234.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35 year old weightlifter is lifting a heavier weight than usual and feels a sudden, intense muscle contraction in his biceps, the muscle suddenly relaxes, preventing a potential muscle tear. Which reflex is responsible for this protective muscle relaxation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inverse stretch reflex", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Withdrawal reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stretch reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Crossed extensor reflex", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Inverse stretch reflex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5WcnWbrTV5tnmI4f80Na1727423783.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/rOYM13zkWVivgkIDLFly1727423828.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:558px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stretch <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20f478f55f1692777197e351415f8f\">Reflex</span> </strong><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inverse Stretch Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Receptor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle Spindle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Golgi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">Tendon</span> Organ</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle Stretch</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle Tension</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Response</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle Contraction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle Relaxation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maintain Muscle Length, Posture</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protect from Excessive Force</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Monosynaptic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Polysynaptic</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fxVkj2pobUJbCGPVDKSx1745839873.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45 year old weightlifter is attempting a deadlift. As he lifts the weight, he feels a sudden, intense pain in his hamstring muscle and immediately drops the weight. What is the role of the Golgi tendon organ in this scenario?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "To directly cause muscle contraction", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "To prevent muscle damage by causing reflex inhibition of the contracting muscle.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "To increase the sensitivity of muscle spindles", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "To send information about muscle length to the brain", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. To prevent muscle damage by causing reflex inhibition of the contracting muscle.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:664px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Golgi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> organ</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location and Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Muscle tendons.</li>\n<li>Encapsulated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> receptors.</li>\n<li>Around 10-15 muscle fibers are connected.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tension in the muscle, as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"014b1a7b931692777197f57251720d\">reflected</span> by tension in the tendon.</li>\n<li>Sudden, strong muscle contractions increase tension in the tendon</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Control and prevent excessive muscle tension.</li>\n<li>Operates as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"267c66363316927771936565b4c6a4\">negative feedback</span> system.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reflex Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>When stimulated, signals are transmitted to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord, triggering the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"459918ac4616927771903ea16da4c9\">inverse</span> stretch <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20f478f55f1692777197e351415f8f\">reflex</span> (also called autogenic inhibition).</li>\n<li>The signal activates an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63df06f31b1692777190673978e046\">interneuron</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63df06f31b1692777190673978e046\">interneuron</span> inhibits the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e1987f81169277719209260ba0f1\">motor neuron</span> of the respective muscle, causing relaxation, this is a bisynaptic pathway.</li>\n<li>This protects the muscle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> from excessive tension that might cause tearing.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Afferent Fiber</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Golgi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> organ to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord via large, fast-conducting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c394ca98f16927772011608de92c6\">type Ib</span> nerve fibers.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vs Muscle spindle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc5f7fef0e169277719952d19a4532\">spindle</span> - muscle length. <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n<p>Goldi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> organ - muscle tension.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>↳ Reference:</li><li>↳ Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th Edition, Page 690-691.</li></u\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KtR0z9fjdU3IwMzELgdg1745839627.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 28 year old man presents with experience of prolonged episodes of tingling and numbness in his right arm. A reflex hammer test on the patient's patellar tendon noted a weaker than normal knee-jerk reflex and decision to use the Jendrassik maneuver to enhance the reflex response was taken. Which of the following is directly activated by the Jendrassik maneuver?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "α-motor neuron", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "γ-motor neuron", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Golgi tendon organ", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Extrafusal muscle fiber", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. γ-motor neuron", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:744px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle contraction</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Direct </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Indirect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occurs when α-motor neurons are directly stimulated.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occurs when the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b29ccecb161692777193d427e0921f\">muscle spindle</span> is activated, leading to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> of α-motor neurons via the stretch <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20f478f55f1692777197e351415f8f\">reflex</span> pathway.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Monosynaptic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Monosynaptic</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Purpose</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Voluntary movements</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involuntary, provides <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"230353e02716927771856d1c802356\">damping</span> to smooth muscle contractions.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Example</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Picking up an object.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maintaining posture, reacting to unexpected changes in load on a muscle (e.g., catching a ball).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zRCzJtet6iw6A8PknbMm1745835336.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes the sequence of events in the stretch reflex pathway?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Spinal cord → Muscle spindle → α-motor neuron → Muscle contraction", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Muscle spindle → Spinal cord → α-motor neuron → Muscle contraction", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spinal cord→ α-motor neuron →Muscle spindle →Muscle contraction", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Muscle spindle →α-motor neuron → Spinal cord → Muscle contraction", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Muscle spindle → Spinal cord → α-motor neuron → Muscle contraction", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/uVx6hRA6MkPNBUZ3npIK1727423079.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BCkQHrlBIAlbUcC6GzXJ1727423194.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Je3XY5fWgjwkUn0bLqW11745828063.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45 year old man presents with complaints of muscle weakness and difficulty maintaining balance. Upon examination, the physician notices that the patient has diminished reflexes. Which of the following nerve fibers is responsible for transmitting information about the velocity and length of muscle stretch from the muscle spindle to the spinal cord?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type Ib fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type II fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Aγ fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Type Ia fibers", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Type Ia fibers", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VEJTKAHsyKpM294lzKpO1727422846.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:792px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Afferent (Sensory)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Efferent (Motor)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fiber Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45d7632a0216927771898df908d43b\">Ia</span> fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type II fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aγ fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>γ-dynamic (γ-d) fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>γ-static (γ-s) fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large, rapidly conducting fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Smaller <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> fibers that innervate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"609d38284a1692777193f6cb13f87f\">nuclear chain</span> fibers.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Smaller motor fibers that innervate the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f60d91deb71692777190095a270a43\">intrafusal</span> fibers.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Excite <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"15234f02fb16927771935cdd44b55f\">nuclear bag</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f60d91deb71692777190095a270a43\">intrafusal</span> fibers.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Excite <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"609d38284a1692777193f6cb13f87f\">nuclear chain</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f60d91deb71692777190095a270a43\">intrafusal</span> fibers.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transmit information about <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">velocity</span> and length of muscle stretch.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transmit information about <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e0dce452a1692777198212234f2f0\">static</span> length of the muscle.</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adjusts sensitivity of the muscle spindle.</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enhance the dynamic response (sensitivity to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">velocity</span> of muscle stretch).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enhance the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e0dce452a1692777198212234f2f0\">static</span> response (sensitivity to steady-state muscle length).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Annulospiral (primary) endings wrapped around the center of dynamic and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e0dce452a1692777198212234f2f0\">static</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"15234f02fb16927771935cdd44b55f\">nuclear bag</span> fibers and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"609d38284a1692777193f6cb13f87f\">nuclear chain</span> fibers.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secondary endings located adjacent to the centers of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e0dce452a1692777198212234f2f0\">static</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"15234f02fb16927771935cdd44b55f\">nuclear bag</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"609d38284a1692777193f6cb13f87f\">nuclear chain</span> fibers.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gamma motor neurons in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> horns of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord.</p>\n<br/>\n\t\t\t </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hdd1fVYePpUrsAjh0lUG1745827676.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 32 years old man came for an evaluation of muscle spasms and difficulty with fine motor tasks. Upon examination, the patient has hyperactive deep tendon reflexes and experiences a persistent tremor during voluntary movements. Which of the following types of intrafusal muscle fibers, would most likely cause this hyperactive deep tendon reflex?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dynamic nuclear bag fibers", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Static nuclear bag fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Nuclear chain fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Extrafusal fibers", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Dynamic nuclear bag fibers", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/c2rCac2Py0RvMwNmVC3d1727422598.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/F82dFRLxrJxeMCgyIWaW1727422654.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:572px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Types of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f60d91deb71692777190095a270a43\">intrafusal</span> fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nuclear Bag Fiber</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Respond to changes in muscle length (stretch).</li>\n<li><strong>Two subtypes: dynamic and static.</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dynamic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"15234f02fb16927771935cdd44b55f\">Nuclear Bag</span> Fiber</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detects <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ddd195e9a1692777197bb3f135c2e\">real-time</span> shortening/lengthening of a muscle (i.e., the velocity).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Static <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"15234f02fb16927771935cdd44b55f\">Nuclear Bag</span> Fiber</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detects sustained/maintained length of a muscle but plays no role in detecting velocity. <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nuclear Chain Fiber</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Thinner and shorter than <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"15234f02fb16927771935cdd44b55f\">nuclear bag</span> fibers and lack a definite bag.</li>\n<li>Static response of the muscle spindle, providing information about the steady-state muscle length. <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/p2tKSs5C9P5mUizd1x461745826973.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "The muscle spindle is primarily involved in detecting changes in?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Muscle tension", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Muscle length", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Skin stretch", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Joint pressure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Muscle length", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:616px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc5f7fef0e169277719952d19a4532\">Spindle</span> Receptor</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Encapsulated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> receptors in skeletal muscle, attached to tendons.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc5f7fef0e169277719952d19a4532\">spindle</span> contains 3 to 12 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f60d91deb71692777190095a270a43\">intrafusal</span> muscle fibers.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensory Endings</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulated by stretching.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Types of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">Sensory</span> Endings</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">Afferent</span> Endings (Annulospiral)</strong>: Sensitive to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">velocity</span> of muscle length change (dynamic response).</p>\n<p><strong>Secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">Afferent</span> Endings (Flower-Spray)</strong>: Sensitive to steady-state muscle length (static response).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Types of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49be0416121692777188dc8944b7bc\">Gamma</span> Motor Neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gamma-Dynamic (γ-d)</strong>: Excites <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"15234f02fb16927771935cdd44b55f\">nuclear bag</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f60d91deb71692777190095a270a43\">intrafusal</span> fibers. <strong>Gamma-Static (γ-s)</strong>: Excites <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"609d38284a1692777193f6cb13f87f\">nuclear chain</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f60d91deb71692777190095a270a43\">intrafusal</span> fibers.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Regulating Muscle Length</strong>: Provides feedback to regulate muscle length. <strong>Damping</strong>: Smoothens muscle contractions and prevents jerkiness. <strong>Stabilizing Body Position</strong>: Maintains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"115643fed616927771961316effc71\">posture</span> and balance by informing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord and motor centers about muscle length.</p>\n<p><strong>Higher Motor Control</strong>: Information is transmitted to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9c41a58d816927771847775d63d96\">cerebellum</span> and cerebral cortex.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/HpP1SZemtcjYPtPeRqkd1745689195.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35 y/o presented after a car accident and complained of severe pain. They administered morphine, knowing it acts on the descending pain modulation system. Which of the following brain regions and neurotransmitters are correctly paired and activated by morphine?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Periaqueductal grey (PAG) neurons - endorphins in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Periventricular nucleus neurons - norepinephrine in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Periaqueductal grey (PAG) neurons - directly release serotonin in the nucleus raphe magnus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Periventricular nucleus neurons - enkephalins in the rostral ventromedial medulla.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Periaqueductal grey (PAG) neurons - endorphins in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:694px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Brain Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotransmitter Released</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Periaqueductal grey (PAG)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Endorphins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dorsal horn of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibits pain transmission by activating enkephalin-containing interneurons.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nucleus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"127f1d277616927771975f15621776\">raphe</span> magnus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activates neurons that release serotonin.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rostral ventromedial medulla</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activates neurons that release norepinephrine.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Periventricular region (PV)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Endorphins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Raphe Magnus nucleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activates neurons that release serotonin.</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B and D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mLtpLz0zPj8IL4v4ImG41745826470.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A researcher is studying the sensory perception abilities of different body parts in humans. She observes that some areas of the body can detect finer details and small differences in stimuli better than others. Which of the following statements best explains the reason behind the high sensitivity and discriminatory abilities in certain body areas?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Small receptive fields and low receptor density.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Large receptive fields and high receptor density.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Small receptive fields and high receptor density.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Large receptive fields and low receptor density.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Small receptive fields and high receptor density.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:711px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Classification of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">Sensory</span> Receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Specific Receptor</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mechanoreceptors</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detect mechanical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">compression</span> or stretching of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> or adjacent tissues</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff110f2cb71692777200a3483aa670\">Tactile</span> Sensibilities (epidermis and dermis)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Free nerve endings,</li>\n<li>Expanded tip endings (Merkel's discs)</li>\n<li>Spray endings,</li>\n<li>Ruffini's endings,</li>\n<li>Encapsulated endings (Meissner's corpuscles, Krause's corpuscles)</li>\n<li>Hair end-organs</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep Tissue Sensibilities</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Free nerve endings,</li>\n<li>Expanded tip endings,</li>\n<li>Spray endings,</li>\n<li>Ruffini's endings,</li>\n<li>Encapsulated endings (Pacinian corpuscles),</li>\n<li>Muscle endings (Muscle spindles, Golgi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> receptors)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hearing</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sound receptors of cochlea</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Equilibrium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vestibular receptors</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arterial Pressure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Baroreceptors of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> sinuses and aorta</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thermoreceptors</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detect changes in temperature (cold or warmth)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cold</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cold receptors</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Warmth</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Warm receptors</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nociceptors (pain receptors)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detect physical or chemical damage in the tissue</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Free nerve endings</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Electromagnetic Receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detect light on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17d8978bd1692777197621051012f\">retina</span> of the eye</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vision</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Rods</li>\n<li>Cones</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chemoreceptors</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detect various chemical changes including taste, smell, blood oxygen levels, osmolality, and CO2 concentration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Taste</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receptors of taste buds</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Smell</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receptors of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30cac2b1a216927771941c69ff66a3\">olfactory</span> epithelium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arterial Oxygen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receptors of aortic and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> bodies</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Osmolality</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neurons in or near <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3dde02391916927771996b65bee336\">supraoptic</span> nuclei</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood CO2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receptors in/on the surface of the medulla, aortic and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> bodies</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood Glucose, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">Amino</span> Acids, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">Fatty</span> Acids</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receptors in hypothalamus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:547px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Receptive Field Size</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fingertips</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fine two-point discrimination, high precision</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Back</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Poorer two-point discrimination, low precision</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:605px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Area</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Receptor Density</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensitivity and Discrimination</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fingertips, Lips, Tongue</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Greater sensitivity, fine detail discrimination</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Back, Forearm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less sensitivity, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28606fa66a169277718407469e7e7c\">coarse</span> discrimination</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xKHdoBurkn0cbutV65td1745753688.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old patient develops a persistent burning pain in the left arm following a thalamic stroke. Which of the following statements about thalamic pain syndrome is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Due to damage to the thalamus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Can result from both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Typically short-lived and resolves within a few months", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Antidepressants and anticonvulsants are commonly used for treatment", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Typically short-lived and resolves within a few months", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:675px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Definition </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thalamic pain syndrome or Dejerine Roussy syndrome or Central post-stroke pain</strong> is a rare central <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f14d4173d816927771937aaa53dc91\">neuropathic pain</span> syndrome that occurs after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77aed446d2169277719007f42bf052\">infarction</span> of the ventro-posterolateral thalamus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Aetiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vascular lesions affecting the central <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> system, most commonly ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Damage to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d8e2766f01692777199d05e5ab2d4\">spinothalamic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c5f024f21169277720046ac004a34\">thalamus</span> disrupts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> processing, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"458e050fdc16927771809854c9fd53\">abnormal</span> pain perception<strong> (Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Epidemiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prevalence ranges from 8% to 46%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Onset</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Typically within the first six months post-stroke, but can develop after ten years also</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sharp, burning and stabbing pain with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d1062330a51692777189800e67ca67\">hyperalgesia</span> and allodynia;</li>\n<li>Pain is described as pricking, aching, freezing, shooting, etc.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Based on history, clinical examination, and imaging: CT/MRI to confirm stroke</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pharmacological:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Antidepressants,</li>\n<li>Anticonvulsants,<strong> (Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Opioids,</li>\n<li>NMDA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> antagonists</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Non-Pharmacological:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Transcutaneous electrical nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> (TENS),</li>\n<li>Repetitive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53d1321235169277720009a5ac7833\">transcranial</span> magnetic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> (rTMS),</li>\n<li>Deep brain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> (DBS)</li>\n<li>Motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> stimulation</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Prognosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Poor</li>\n<li>Persistent and potentially life-long pain<strong> (Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Complications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Reduces quality of life</li>\n<li>Depression or anxiety</li>\n<li>Sleep disturbance</li>\n<li>Drug dependence</li>\n<li>Poor social interactions</li>\n<li>Increased suicide risk</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/T6JZiYY5NnUzFF6BNqRp1745756640.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement correctly explains the localization capability of the paleospinothalamic pathway for pain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The pathway allows precise localization of pain to specific points on the body", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The pathway localizes pain only to major body parts, such as an arm or leg, due to its diffuse connectivity.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The pathway is responsible for localizing temperature changes in the body.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The pathway can localize pain to exact muscle groups involved in movement", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The pathway localizes pain only to major body parts, such as an arm or leg, due to its diffuse connectivity.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TJEQAWRShoY37bejWLkk1727421561.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fiber type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type C fibers and some Aδ fibers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transmits slow-chronic pain from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afa972a5f216927772010d0889cf4e\">type C</span> fibers and some type Aδ fibers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First Order Neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enter <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord, terminate in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2c3dc02043169277719144ed88d0d2\">laminae</span> II and III of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> horns (Substantia gelatinosa), signals then pass to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9864ad42b21692777191febeee1002\">lamina</span> V</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Second Order Neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cross to the opposite side of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> commissure.</li>\n<li>Ascend in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a5df583551692777181550518132c\">anterolateral</span> pathway</li>\n<li>The majority terminate in :</li>\n</ul>\n<ol>\n<li>Reticular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> of medulla, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e4684038e16927771967a14f73f37\">pons</span> and mesencephalon</li>\n<li>Tectal area of mesencephalon</li>\n<li>Periaqueductal grey region</li>\n</ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Only 10-25% reach thalamus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thalamic Termination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intralaminar and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fca8e80d221692777201c2f3961e87\">ventrolateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> (medial nuclear group) and into certain portions of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32b8d1e25c1692777189a123d50ec1\">hypothalamus</span> and other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> regions of brain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Third Order Neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arise from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> nuclear group in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c5f024f21169277720046ac004a34\">thalamus</span> and project to various <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"721937292f1692777185048f04ce29\">cortical</span> areas including <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fae243395d16927771917dbd1992e9\">limbic</span> cortex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Localization Capability</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Poor; pain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8fb8df140b1692777191702bbc9358\">localized</span> to major body parts such as arm or leg <strong>(Option B)</strong>, not specific point on arm or leg<strong> (Option A,C and D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotransmitters</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glutamate (fast, short-lived)</li>\n<li>Substance P (slow, prolonged)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Special Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Keeps person awake via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b6b1f44cb1692777197afef785626\">reticular</span> formation projection</li>\n<li>Evokes emotional experience of pain via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fae243395d16927771917dbd1992e9\">limbic</span> system connections</li>\n<li>Mediates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">autonomic</span> responses via hypothalamic connections</li>\n<li>Affects arousal, emotional, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">autonomic</span> responses of pain</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vqxneChuGXGfOShTyGT01745688935.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the correct statement about the neospinothalamic tract for pain:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It primarily carries slow pain sensations", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The first-order neurons terminate mainly in lamina II of the dorsal horn", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The neurotransmitter released by the Aδ fiber is glutamate", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "All fibers terminate exclusively in the reticular formation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The neurotransmitter released by the Aδ fiber is glutamate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/c7te13JQv2YCd0ER4ldi1727421318.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:706px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fiber Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aδ (A-delta) fibers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carries fast pain sensations, primarily mechanical and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">acute</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e316517c941692777200eb2671128d\">thermal</span> pain <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First-Order Neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Terminate mainly in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9864ad42b21692777191febeee1002\">lamina</span> I of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> horn of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Second-Order Neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cross to the opposite side of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> commissure.</li>\n<li>Ascend in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a5df583551692777181550518132c\">anterolateral</span> pathway.</li>\n<li>The fibers terminate mainly in the ventrobasal complex, and a few fibers also terminate in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> nuclear complex of the thalamus.</li>\n<li>Sparse projections to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d26464df7216927771923483619265\">midbrain</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b6b1f44cb1692777197afef785626\">reticular</span> formation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c51baf41771692777195b4b3432d4b\">periaqueductal</span> grey and hypothalamus<strong> (Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Third-Order Neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Originate from specific thalamic nuclei.</li>\n<li>The signals are then transmitted to other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> areas of the brain as well as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> cortex</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Localization of Pain</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fast pain is better localised than slow-chronic pain.</li>\n<li>Exact localisation requires simultaneous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff110f2cb71692777200a3483aa670\">tactile</span> receptors</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotransmitter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutamate (primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e28fd027b416927771932bc23ba0a5\">neurotransmitter</span> at Aδ fiber endings) <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Topographic Organization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>In <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lower body fibers placed laterally</li>\n<li>Upper body fibers placed medially</li>\n<li>Sacral segment fibers occupy most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> part</li>\n<li>Cervical segment fibers occupy most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> part</li>\n</ul>\n<br/>\n\t\t\t </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Special Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pain perception persists despite removing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> areas of the cerebral cortex, indicating that the brain stem, thalamus, and lower centers handle this function. The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> only helps in interpreting pain quality, not perception.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>↳ Reference:</li><li>↳ Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th Edition, Page 615, 616</li><li>↳ G. K Pal Comprehensive Textbook of Medical Physiology, 1st Edition, Page 1017, 1018</li></u\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ClHN7glbSTbr1QEcgDDA1745688509.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient reports severe pain when lightly touched with a cotton swab. This symptom is most consistent with?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Allodynia", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hyperalgesia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Analgesia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypoalgesia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Allodynia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:712px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Criteria </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyperalgesia </strong><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Allodynia</strong><strong> </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Exaggerated response to a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31e5bff13d16927771936b61ba35b7\">noxious</span> stimulus<br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Excessive response to mild or normally <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f4cf2eb2351692777190992f264326\">innocuous</span> stimulus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensitivity </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Both increases sensitivity of nociceptive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> fibers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Primary hyperalgesia:</strong> Excessive sensitivity of the pain receptors.<br/>\n<strong>Eg :</strong> Extreme sensitivity of sunburned skin (results from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fe92aaac71692777198234aaa055a\">sensitization</span> of pain receptors due to local tissue products like histamine, prostaglandins)<br/>\n\t\t\t\t </li>\n<li><strong>Secondary hyperalgesia:</strong> It is the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eb1d0cae18169277720258152c1896\">facilitation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> transmission .<br/>\n<strong>Eg:</strong> Lesions in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord or thalamus</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The exact cause is unknown. Likely involves error in neuronal conduction.</p>\n<p><strong>Eg</strong>: Painful sensation from a light touch which is never painful</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Association </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Both types of pain is seen in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f14d4173d816927771937aaa53dc91\">neuropathic pain</span> and causalgia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p><strong>Educational Objective:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>➤ Learning Objective:</li><li>➤ Hyperalgesia refers to an exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus. Allodynia refers to excessive response to mild or normally innocuous stimulus.</li><li>➤ Hyperalgesia refers to an exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus.</li><li>➤ Allodynia refers to excessive response to mild or normally innocuous stimulus.</li></u\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>↳ Reference:</li><li>↳ Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th Edition, Page 618 Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th Edition, Page 163 G. K Pal Comprehensive Textbook of Medical Physiology, 1st Edition, Page 1022 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537129/</li><li>↳ Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th Edition, Page 618</li><li>↳ Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th Edition, Page 163</li><li>↳ G. K Pal Comprehensive Textbook of Medical Physiology, 1st Edition, Page 1022</li><li>↳ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537129/</li><li>↳ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537129/</li></u\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/rNQvdqdy57to4jAUvx8B1745688163.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40 years old woman comes to the clinic complaining of severe, burning pain in her right hand following a chemical spill causing tissue damage at her workplace. Which of the following substances is responsible for her pain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dopamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Acetylcholine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Serotonin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bradykinin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Bradykinin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ofthEtja9FYWVtxclsez1745687888.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "The TRPA1 receptors are activated by all of the following nociceptive stimuli except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mechanical stimuli", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Heat", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cold", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Chemical stimuli", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Heat", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanical Nociceptors:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Respond to strong pressure (eg: from sharp objects)</li>\n<li>The receptors for mechanical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d7e9fdf401692777199f2038941b6\">stimuli</span> at free nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ae760ae1b169277718794068316b8\">ending</span> include:Transient <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">Receptor</span> Potential <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18272d512416927771818b454d67a2\">Ankyrin</span> 1 (TRPA1) (also for cold and chemical stimuli) <strong>(Option A, C &amp; D ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Mechanical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d7e9fdf401692777199f2038941b6\">stimuli</span> can also release ATP, which acts on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca1e4e5dc216927771960b038c8f50\">purinergic</span> receptors such as P2X and P2Y and cause pain</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thermal Nociceptors:</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Cold detection:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>TRP <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18272d512416927771818b454d67a2\">Ankyrin</span> 1 </strong>- It is sensitive when the temperature is &lt; 17°C and</li>\n<li><strong>TRP Melastatin 8 </strong>- It is sensitive when the temperature is between 8-28°C.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Heat detection:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>TRP Vanilloid 1(also detects acid and chemicals) (Option B ruled out)</strong> - Activated when temperature is &gt; 43°C, H+ ions and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ab4fa6081e1692777183e318ae2823\">capsaicin</span> (the active ingredient of chili).</li>\n<li><strong>TRPV2/V3/V4 </strong>- It is activated when temperature is &gt; 52°C.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chemical Nociceptors:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Both TRPA1 and TRPV1 detects chemical stimuli</li>\n<li>Nerve endings also have Acid-Sensing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">Ion</span> Channel (ASIC) receptors that detect H+ and cause acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3063c1d8b169277719018bf869980\">induced</span> pain</li>\n<li><strong>Bradykinin (most painful chemical stimuli)</strong>- B1 &amp; B2 receptors</li>\n<li><strong>Serotonin</strong>- 5HT receptors</li>\n<li><strong>Histamine</strong>- H3/H4 receptors</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/OfXYCNzGMeELUli3BzNQ1745687591.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Nociceptors have their cell bodies located in which of the following structures?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dorsal root ganglion", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ventral horn of the spinal cord", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lateral geniculate nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sympathetic ganglion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Dorsal root ganglion", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>↳ Reference:</li><li>↳ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10965/</li><li>↳ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470255/</li><li>↳ Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th Edition, Page 158</li></u\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/GwSBehAYErTgpWpNWl1x1745687358.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in fast pain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Substance P", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glutamate", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "GABA", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Serotonin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Glutamate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:618px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fast pain (First Pain)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Slow pain (Second Pain)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fiber Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aδ fiber</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Myelinated</li>\n<li>Large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afb15e4a331692777186e495b370a1\">diameter</span> (2-5 µm)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C fiber</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Unmyelinated</li>\n<li>Smaller <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afb15e4a331692777186e495b370a1\">diameter</span> (0.4 - 1.2 µm)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Body surface</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deeper tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Conduction velocity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Very rapid (~12- 35 m/s)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Very slow (~ 0.5 - 2 m/s)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotransmitter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glutamate <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Substance P<strong> (Option A Ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Rapid response</li>\n<li>Mediates the discriminative aspects of pain (localisation and intensity)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Delayed, dull, intense, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89275101301692777186567d1912a0\">diffuse</span> and unpleasant feeling associated with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31e5bff13d16927771936b61ba35b7\">noxious</span> stimulus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>↳ Reference:</li><li>↳ Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th Edition, Page 158</li></u\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nmZqvEFuetSjboqoriVt1745687204.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which type of receptor is known for its rapid adaptation to stimuli, making it particularly effective at detecting vibrations and rapid changes in pressure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Merkel cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Meissner's corpuscles", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ruffini endings", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pacinian corpuscles", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Pacinian corpuscles", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/CMjSr378U71lw0CSGFEy1727414219.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:528px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>In Rapidly Adapting Receptors</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is a faster mechanism.</li>\n<li>The receptors are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c771cf5a291692777202cf053d7550\">viscoelastic</span> in nature so that when a stimulus is applied to one side of the receptor, it is transmitted instantly by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf33f8775d169277720289f4026e23\">viscous</span> component to the same side of the central nerve fiber, eliciting a response</li>\n<li>Within a few seconds, the fluid in the receptors redistributes and the response is no longer elicited</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>In Slowly Adapting Receptors</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>It is a slower mechanism called accommodation</li>\n<li>This occurs directly in the nerve fiber.</li>\n<li>If there is a continued stimulus, then the tip of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> becomes accommodated to the stimulus.</li>\n<li>This occurs from the progressive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f7bf58a321692777190e32a914615\">inactivation</span> of sodium channels in the nerve fiber membrane.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:569px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rapidly adapting receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pacinian, Meissner’s and hearing organ</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Slow adapting receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Merkel’s, Ruffini’s and free nerve endings <strong>(Option A &amp; C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:569px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rapidly adapting receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pacinian, Meissner’s and hearing organ</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Slow adapting receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Merkel’s, Ruffini’s and free nerve endings</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/8BCflLXikPGCxaykWa0k1745755958.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A researcher is studying various sensory receptors and their responses to different stimuli. During an experiment with pacinian corpuscle, the researcher notes that the intensity of the initial electrical response in the receptor is proportionate with the mechanical pressure applied. What is the initial graded electrical response observed in sensory receptors upon stimulus application?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Action potential", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Receptor potential", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Synaptic potential", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Resting potential", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Receptor potential", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:457px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pacinian <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c014f0a121692777185a3c89b4e6a\">Corpuscle</span> Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"10\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanical Stimulation</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pressure deforms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b469f00d21692777191fa6681ef4c\">lamellae</span> surrounding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> nerve ending.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Ion Channels</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Deformation opens mechanically-gated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">ion</span> channels, mainly sodium (Na+).</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Sodium Influx</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rapid influx of Na+ generates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> potential.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Graded Response</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Larger <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be89985d2716927771855cf308c204\">deformation</span> (stronger stimulus) leads to a larger <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> potential.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Action Potential</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>If the potential reaches ~10 mV, an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> is generated at the first <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">Node</span> of Ranvier.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4RVtVvUTwMaPgt2e65Cv1745755725.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which type of mechanoreceptor is primarily responsible for two-point discrimination and the ability to read Braille by detecting fine touch and texture details on the fingertips?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Free Nerve Ending", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hair End Organ", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Iggo Dome Receptor", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ruffini Corpuscle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Iggo Dome Receptor", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/ArRTmV8If1JLpSgqK5Yv1744010454.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:713px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rapidly Adapting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff110f2cb71692777200a3483aa670\">Tactile</span> Receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Response</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Merkel’s Disc</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Underneath the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> of the skin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Detect continuous touch and pressure,</li>\n<li>Transmit strong initial signal and weaker sustained signal,</li>\n<li>Localise touch sensations (Two point discrimination),</li>\n<li>Determine texture</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transmit initially a strong response but partially adapting, then a continuing weaker response that adapts slowly.</li>\n<li>Extremely sensitive when grouped in a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> organ called touch domes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ruffini Corpuscles</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deeper layers of the skin and deeper internal tissues, joint capsules</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Important for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9016f36fd1692777198b0fd5e9c6d\">signaling</span> continuous states of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be89985d2716927771855cf308c204\">deformation</span> of tissue such as heavy prolonged touch and pressure</li>\n<li>Help to signal the degree of joint rotation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Very slow adapting, providing continuous feedback about <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be89985d2716927771855cf308c204\">deformation</span> and prolonged pressure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Free Nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ae760ae1b169277718794068316b8\">Ending</span> (Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Found everywhere in skin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detect touch and pressure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can detect even light contact</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/OJt5pVkn1T4Xl8vKTlwK1745754995.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which type of receptor is most likely responsible for detecting the rapid changes in pressure and vibrations in the patient's fingertips?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Meissner Corpuscles", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pacinian Corpuscles", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hair End Organ", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Warmth Receptors", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pacinian Corpuscles", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/bjUTTDqTVc52v7DHrD5V1744016172.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rapidly Adapting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff110f2cb71692777200a3483aa670\">Tactile</span> Receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adaptation </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pacinian Corpuscle</strong><br/>\n<strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Encapsulated nerve ending</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Detect tissue <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"316ac15070169277720221407d1017\">vibration</span> or other rapid changes in the mechanical state of tissues</li>\n<li>Stimulated by rapid local <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">compression</span> of the tissue</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Immediately beneath the skin and deep in the fascial tissues of the body</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adapts in a few hundredths of a second</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Meissner Corpuscle</strong><br/>\n<strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elongated, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e26ba9a1d41692777187d0ad03a8c1\">encapsulated</span> nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ae760ae1b169277718794068316b8\">ending</span> of a large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd79d3db911692777193c60304ef85\">myelinated</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> nerve fiber</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sensitive to movement of objects over the skin and low-frequency vibrations</li>\n<li>crucial for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6495ef882b169277719896942b51c3\">spatial</span> location discernment of touch sensations</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-hairy skin, particularly abundant in fingertips and lips.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adapts in a fraction of a second</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hair <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"538cf74db7169277718733eae9f221\">End Organ</span> </strong><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve fiber entwined at the base of each hair</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detects :</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Movement of objects on the body surface or</li>\n<li>Initial contact with the body</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hairy skin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adapts readily</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bvAvX0eyJLxgjzp4B7a01745754342.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient reports an unusual sensitivity to temperature changes, and you suspect a disorder related to thermoreceptor function. Which of the following statements accurately describes the nerve fibers involved in transmitting signals from thermoreceptors?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cold receptors: myelinated type C fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Warmth receptors: myelinated type Aδ fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cold receptors: myelinated type Aδ fibers", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Warmth receptors: myelinated type Aβ fibers", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Cold receptors: myelinated type Aδ fibers", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DHso7SUddvgjciDuBVdM1727405717.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transmission Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Speed</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cold Receptors</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Under the skin at spots</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type Aδ fibers (myelinated), some <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afa972a5f216927772010d0889cf4e\">Type C</span> fibers (unmyelinated) <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~20 m/sec (Aδ fibers)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Warmth Receptors<br/>\n<strong>(Option B&amp;D Ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Under the skin at spots</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Unmyelinated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afa972a5f216927772010d0889cf4e\">Type C</span> fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.4-2 m/sec</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:308px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of Nerve Fiber</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Temperature Range</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cold Receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10-40°C (peak ~24°C)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Warmth Receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>&gt;30°C (fade ~49°C)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cold Pain Fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Very cold temperatures</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heat Pain Fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Start ~45°C</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZaSOe2zabIOGfv54feZB1745754066.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 38 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 17 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following cells in the olfactory bulb lacks an axon?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Periglomerular cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mitral cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tufted cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Granule cell", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Granule cell", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/b76zrvnGijhCG81xvukV1736092712.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BCXPjeFePJrZVwYUuFE11745941148.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes the pathway of taste perception from the tongue to the brain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Taste signals from the taste buds are first transmitted to the gustatory cortex via CN VII, IX &amp;amp; X", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The taste receptors generate nerve impulses relayed to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "From the nucleus of the solitary tract, taste signals travel to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The gustatory cortex, responsible for taste perception, is located in the medulla oblongata,", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The taste receptors generate nerve impulses relayed to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/LTGQxCbg9nVagCeSIDdv1736095332.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Tc8d3DxdznBBPbMBUasL1745945762.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following regions is responsible for the perception of smell?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Piriform cortex", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Entorhinal cortex", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Amygdala", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior olfactory nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Piriform cortex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/sh030hh4vpgFf1xUuiKf1745942071.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 38-year-old man presents to the ophthalmology clinic with complaints of sensitivity to light and occasional blurriness in his vision. During the physical examination,When light is shone into his right eye, both pupils constrict normally andWhen light is shone into his left eye, only the left pupil constricts. Given these observations, which of the following connections of the pathway is most likely affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ciliary ganglion and sphincter pupillae", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Edinger-Westphal nucleus and ciliary ganglion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pretectal nucleus and Edinger-Westphal nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Optic tract and pretectal nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pretectal nucleus and Edinger-Westphal nucleus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tqUF8aTgBCoi8pnt29iE1727323463.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mNCoZvjf4TbabJVCfNg61745945349.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the labelled structures A, B, C, and D in the auditory pathway diagram.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A: Inferior colliculus, B: Superior olivary nucleus, C: Dorsal cochlear nucleus, D: Medial geniculate body", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A: Inferior Colliculus, B: Lateral lemniscus, C: Superior olivary nucleus, D: Ventral cochlear nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A: Inferior Colliculus, B: Lateral Lemniscus, C: Superior olivary nucleus, D: Trapezoid Body", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "A: Primary auditory area, B: Lateral lemniscus, C: Superior olivary nucleus, D: Spiral ganglion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. A: Inferior Colliculus, B: Lateral Lemniscus, C: Superior olivary nucleus, D: Trapezoid Body", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/7Au4pVYxlEwkv1pyplj91736094635.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/G6F0YutUlLHgTOjEsG8K1727323188.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/MG3T8AfUS6XiKx6dPOWp1736094860.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2TWgEcty0mMXMdrrxrkE1745944951.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about colour vision abnormalities is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Protanopia is the loss of L cones, resulting in green-blue vision only", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Deuteranopia is the loss of M cones, resulting in red-green vision only.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Loss of L and M cones has X-linked inheritance, occurring in about 1% of males.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Loss of S cones is rare and has autosomal inheritance via chromosome 7.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Deuteranopia is the loss of M cones, resulting in red-green vision only.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Color Vision Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cone Type affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Perceived vision</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inheritance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Protanopia </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Red defect)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L Cones</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Green-blue vision</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X-linked</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Deuteranopia</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Green defect)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>M Cones</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Red-blue vision</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>X-linked</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tritanopia</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Blue defect)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S Cones</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Red-green vision</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autosomal (linked to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7157c1f59916927771846116d74646\">chromosome</span> 7)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/91tdDVTgUjZY6FiQejOl1745944625.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is correct regarding the structure of the cochlea?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The cochlea is a part of the outer ear and contains the ossicles.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The cochlea is divided into three fluid-filled compartments: the scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The organ of Corti, which contains hair cells responsible for hearing, is located in the scala vestibuli.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The basilar membrane separates the scala media from the scala tympani and is responsible for transmitting sound waves directly to the auditory nerve.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The cochlea is divided into three fluid-filled compartments: the scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/M80McBavxeVNlbfX86vD1736094456.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following types of taste with their respective mechanisms. Type of Taste Mechanism 1) Salt A) Mediated by H+ ions. 2) Sour B) Mediated by T1R2 and T1R3 GPCRs 3) Sweet C) Mediated by T1R1 and T1R3 GPCRs 4) Bitter D) Mediated by Na+-selective channels. 5) Umami E) Mediated by T2R family GPCRs.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 - D, 2 - A, 3 - B, 4 - E, 5 - C", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 - D, 2 - A, 3 - E, 4 - B, 5 - C", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1 - D, 2 - A, 3 - C, 4 - E, 5 - B", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1 - D, 2 - E, 3 - B, 4 - C, 5 - A", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1 - D, 2 - A, 3 - B, 4 - E, 5 - C", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:608px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of Taste</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Receptor Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Salt</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ionotropic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">Receptor</span> (ENaC)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mediated by Na+-selective channels</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sour</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ionotropic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">Receptor</span> (H+)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mediated by H+ ions.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sweet</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Metabotropic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">Receptor</span> (GPCR)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mediated by T1R2 and T1R3 GPCRs.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bitter</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Metabotropic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">Receptor</span> (GPCR)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mediated by T2R family GPCRs.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Umami</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Metabotropic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">Receptor</span> (GPCR)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mediated by T1R1 and T1R3 GPCRs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qsmdLs06NppunpeIfQxd1745944224.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the location and the number of taste buds approximately present in the image given below", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Up to 100, two lateral ends of the tongue", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Up to 5, base of the tongue", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Up to 100, tip of the tongue", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Up to 25, base of the tongue", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Up to 100, two lateral ends of the tongue", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/yADLRJLoZBs5Xw1BHL0x1736093608.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NkAYT6A0YJaely3gwbx91745941627.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the visual pathway, which of the following correctly identifies the first, second, and third-order neurons and their respective locations?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "First-order: Bipolar cells in the retina; Second-order: Ganglion cells in the retina; Third-order: Neurons in the LGN of the thalamus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "First-order: Photoreceptor cells in the retina; Second-order: Bipolar cells in the retina; Third-order: Ganglion cells in the retina.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "First-order: Bipolar cells in the retina; Second-order: Ganglion cells in the retina; Third-order: Neurons in the superior colliculus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "First-order: Photoreceptor cells in the retina; Second-order: Ganglion cells in the retina; Third-order: Neurons in the LGN of the thalamus.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. First-order: Photoreceptor cells in the retina; Second-order: Ganglion cells in the retina; Third-order: Neurons in the LGN of the thalamus.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/sLsa5LeY1c0orAthGfWW1736086432.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:750px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Photoreceptors </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Rods and cones)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transmit signals to the outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"946db798c6169277719544d7b31041\">plexiform</span> layer.</li>\n<li>They connect with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df4ae006fe1692777183604169e9b2\">bipolar</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f4a4d02ec169277718995b05c1d26\">horizontal</span> cells.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Horizontal Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transmit signals horizontally in the outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"946db798c6169277719544d7b31041\">plexiform</span> layer.</li>\n<li>Connect rods and cones to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df4ae006fe1692777183604169e9b2\">bipolar</span> cells.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bipolar Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transmit signals vertically from rods, cones, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f4a4d02ec169277718995b05c1d26\">horizontal</span> cells.</li>\n<li>Connect with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbd799518a169277718867e02de42f\">ganglion</span> cells and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"91407dbf141692777181d103817280\">amacrine</span> cells in the inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"946db798c6169277719544d7b31041\">plexiform</span> layer.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Amacrine Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transmit signals in two ways: directly from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df4ae006fe1692777183604169e9b2\">bipolar</span> cells to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbd799518a169277718867e02de42f\">ganglion</span> cells or horizontally within the inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"946db798c6169277719544d7b31041\">plexiform</span> layer.</li>\n<li>Connect axons of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df4ae006fe1692777183604169e9b2\">bipolar</span> cells to dendrites of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbd799518a169277718867e02de42f\">ganglion</span> cells or other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"91407dbf141692777181d103817280\">amacrine</span> cells.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ganglion Cell</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transmit output signals from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17d8978bd1692777197621051012f\">retina</span> to the brain via the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">optic</span> nerve.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Interplexiform Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Transmit <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> signals retrogradely from the inner to the outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"946db798c6169277719544d7b31041\">plexiform</span> layer.</li>\n<li>Control the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> spread of visual signals by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f4a4d02ec169277718995b05c1d26\">horizontal</span> cells, potentially enhancing visual contrast.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ap1W81Wl1HWCGorsxdQV1745926429.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary mechanism by which an odorant molecule leads to the depolarisation of an olfactory cell?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "close sodium ion channels", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Triggers the breakdown of cyclic adenosine monophosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Initiating a signalling cascade that ultimately opens sodium ion channels.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The odorant molecule is transported into the olfactory cell, where it directly depolarises", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Initiating a signalling cascade that ultimately opens sodium ion channels.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/aD4aPQxloTl0DrQE98gW1747715282.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/CIoOQo0lCit4Ai7m2Yeb1745940926.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about bipolar sensory neurons involved in the olfactory pathway is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Only first and second-order neurons are sufficient for olfaction to reach the level of the cerebral cortex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bypasses the thalamus and directly enters the cortex", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Each bipolar sensory neuron has 6-12 cilia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Olfactory bulb is the site where first-order neurons synapse with bipolar sensory neurons", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Olfactory bulb is the site where first-order neurons synapse with bipolar sensory neurons", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bipolar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> neuron</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Approximately 50 million in number.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supporting cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Secrete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26080f047a169277719334625cadef\">mucous</span> in which the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c3ceefdd5c16927771840391a4a4a4\">cilia</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df4ae006fe1692777183604169e9b2\">bipolar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> neurons are embedded.</li>\n<li>Chemicals encountered by the nose (smell) are first dissolved in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26080f047a169277719334625cadef\">mucous</span> before being detected by the receptors.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basal stem cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Responsible for regenerating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df4ae006fe1692777183604169e9b2\">bipolar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> neurons.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/DXlCCVYxHH0kegUbVbqf1745933287.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Arrange in order the mechanism of sound transmission i) Depolarization of hair cells ii) Bending of stereocilia iii) Production of neurotransmitter glutamate iv) K &amp;amp; Ca enter via the channel", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "iv, iii, ii, i", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "iv, i, ii, iii", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ii, i, iii, iv", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "ii, iv, i, iii", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. ii, iv, i, iii", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/UJn1iNAf3LBmt6J2kvhX1736091407.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/B2eFsDjW6SqMYO6eFwcu1745932532.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between outer and inner hair cells in the human cochlea?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Outer hair cells primarily send auditory signals to the brain, while inner hair cells are involved in amplifying sound.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inner hair cells are responsible for sending the majority of auditory information to the brain, whereas outer hair cells serve to amplify and fine-tune the sound vibrations.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both outer and inner hair cells have the same function of sending auditory signals to the brain.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Outer hair cells are fewer in number compared to inner hair cells and play a critical role in sound transmission.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Inner hair cells are responsible for sending the majority of auditory information to the brain, whereas outer hair cells serve to amplify and fine-tune the sound vibrations.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/Z6RLaiEdrrWjWP3aNkvB1736090799.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Outer Hair Cells (OHCs)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Inner Hair Cells (IHCs)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rows</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Three rows</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arranged in a single row</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cylindrical shape; contains prestin, a motor protein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flask-shaped; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"22ea8f4e9c16927771998a4ab4b042\">stereocilia</span> arranged in a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d02067c4b51692777191b8eec8b062\">linear</span> or slightly curved pattern</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amplify sound vibrations; enhance sensitivity and frequency selectivity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Convert sound vibrations into electrical signals sent to the brain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Change length (contract and elongate) in response to sound (electromotility)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stereocilia <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d8576d139169277718594452670bd\">deflection</span> opens <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">ion</span> channels, causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e28fd027b416927771932bc23ba0a5\">neurotransmitter</span> release</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Predominantly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> (motor) nerve fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Predominantly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> (sensory) nerve fibers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Role in Hearing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Act as mechanical amplifiers, increasing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c75de951316927771819cdfdbdd6a\">amplitude</span> of low-level sounds</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> receptors for hearing; transmit <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> information to the brain</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Damage Impact</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Loss leads to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> hearing sensitivity and clarity, especially for soft sounds</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Damage results in significant <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3f80e5bee1692777188f6eb1c4005\">hearing loss</span> due to impaired signal transmission</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dmPP2q7cKbNqVC3g5H5S1745929494.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old woman visits her ophthalmologist complaining of difficulty seeing in low-light conditions. She reports that her vision is fine during the day but deteriorates significantly at night. Based on your understanding of the visual pathway mechanisms in light versus dark conditions, which of the following best explains her symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased activity of rod cells in bright light.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased neurotransmitter release from photoreceptors in the dark.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased depolarisation of photoreceptors in the presence of light.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased cGMP levels in photoreceptors during darkness.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Increased neurotransmitter release from photoreceptors in the dark.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/kcOU4HFJLLiEdFUT2oeh1736089911.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/FVYnJ7hyeJn2dOuzsV341736090269.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KpVH9OUPNYyJibapTgRk1745928778.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements correctly differentiates between the structure of rods and cones in the human retina?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rods contain the photopigment iodopsin, whereas cones contain rhodopsin.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Rods are primarily responsible for colour vision, whereas cones are responsible for night vision.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Rods have a Elongated and cylindrical outer segment, whereas cones have a shorter and tapering outer segment.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Rods are concentrated in the fovea, whereas cones are distributed throughout the retina.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Rods have a Elongated and cylindrical outer segment, whereas cones have a shorter and tapering outer segment.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/PEUWkAQi2wg3D3ab2OCD1736089582.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/u8C4aW5a9NZFmZ49963i1736089599.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rods</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cones</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Outer Segment Shape</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elongated and cylindrical</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shorter and tapering</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disk Structures</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Numerous separate disks</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fewer, continuous infoldings</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Photopigment </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rhodopsin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Photopsins (iodopsins)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Light Sensitivity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High (sensitive to low light)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower (sensitive to bright light)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Color Vision</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No (monochromatic)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes (trichromatic)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vision Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Scotopic (night vision)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Photopic (daylight and color vision)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Distribution</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Throughout the retina, absent in the fovea</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Concentrated in the fovea, less in the periphery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Synaptic Terminal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spherule</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pedicle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Renewal of Disks</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Continuous shedding and renewal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Continuous, slower renewal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Connection to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df4ae006fe1692777183604169e9b2\">Bipolar</span> Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Many rods to one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df4ae006fe1692777183604169e9b2\">bipolar</span> cell</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>One <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c42c9fe83169277718486ee5a82e9\">cone</span> to one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"df4ae006fe1692777183604169e9b2\">bipolar</span> cell (in fovea)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PRLCzacskKxHhgsnfvFk1745928055.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best explains why rods are more sensitive to low light than cones?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Individual connections to ganglion cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "High convergence onto ganglion cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lower density in the retina", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Larger size of photoreceptors", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. High convergence onto ganglion cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Se4wjFkMeSfaslsYD2Rh1736233464.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/faZ3CzlnSUcJ43KUCaRs1745926640.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 27 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 21 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of glutamate at its receptors in the central nervous system?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It inhibits metabotropic receptors, activating a G-protein, thus increasing cAMP levels.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It stimulates NMDA receptors, resulting in an influx of calcium ions.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "It inhibits AMPA receptors, preventing sodium influx.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It stimulates kainate receptors, thus decreasing chloride ion permeability.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. It stimulates NMDA receptors, resulting in an influx of calcium ions.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:671px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subtype </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ionotropic receptors </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>AMPA</strong></p>\n<p>(Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Influx of Na+ and efflux of K+.</li>\n<li>It has a low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c7103a9b516927771955682b6aaa4\">permeability</span> for Ca2+.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produces fast <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"082e153b9316927771872bec02a55d\">excitatory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"978bd0e89f1692777196add72e1254\">postsynaptic</span> potential.</p>\n<br/>\n\t\t\t </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Kainate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Influx of Na+ and Ca2+</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aids in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"082e153b9316927771872bec02a55d\">excitatory</span> neurotransmission</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>NMDA receptor</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(N-methyl-D-aspartate)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Allows large influx of Ca2+ and Na+</p>\n<p><strong>Unique Features:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Glycine Binding: Essential for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> response to glutamate.</li>\n<li>Mg²⁺ Block: At normal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> potentials, the channel is blocked by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba366417791692777187229d34e597\">extracellular</span> Mg²⁺. This block is removed during depolarisation by adjacent AMPA and kainate receptors.</li>\n<li>EPSP: Slower than AMPA/kainate receptors-induced EPSP.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">synaptic</span> plasticity, memory, and learning and can cause <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"661cebc9c7169277718734a38fa71b\">excitotoxicity</span> in excess.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabotropic receptors </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Presynaptic</strong> (mGluR2-4,6-8):</p>\n<p>Involved in limiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ada5fcf7e416927771886ff24152ff\">glutamate</span> release.</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activation leads to changes in second messengers:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>IP3 and DAG: Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a621be29da16927771901bc91014d1\">intracellular</span> levels.</li>\n<li>cAMP: Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a621be29da16927771901bc91014d1\">intracellular</span> levels.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Modulate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">synaptic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7884953ee5169277719574e0b5dc23\">plasticity</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"66748a30e91692777193358c35b2b0\">neurotransmission</span> indirectly through second messengers.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Postsynaptic</strong> (mGluR1,5):</p>\n<p>Involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">synaptic</span> plasticity.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ionotropic receptors</li>\n<li>AMPA receptor</li>\n<li>Kainate receptor</li>\n<li>NMDA receptor</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Metabotropic receptors\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Presynaptic - (mGluR2-4,6-8)</li>\n<li>Postsynaptic - (mGluR1,5)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wtRofQlxNd5AfhtQwyZT1745666754.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "As illustrated below, in examining the effects of presynaptic inhibition and facilitation on action potentials, Ca²⁺ currents, and EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potential) ,which statement regarding the dashed line recordings is false? (solid lines for controls; dashed lines for inhibition/facilitation)", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It can be produced by opening of voltage gated K+ channel", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Produced due to enhanced Ca2+ entry in the presynaptic neuron.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The effect is produced by GABA", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Produced due to increases Cl− conductance", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Produced due to enhanced Ca2+ entry in the presynaptic neuron.", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/WBDKAUbnRiT9AVlrzgpu1736068917.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/V4SvuKVoejW6W9sQqAKu1736068963.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NJScYLjI33Vk8jGRBagt1736069036.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/27FWardAprbBZTnuBAW01745670897.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Feedforward Inhibition is seen in", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Renshaw cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cerebellum", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Basal Ganglia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hippocampus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cerebellum", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/W4Ls1uq14IOPxagZ5Lhv1736321778.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ytkn60BynJWnSCSK8u3O1736068794.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feedback Inhibition</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feedforward Inhibition</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibition where the output of a process inhibits its own production.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibition where an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"082e153b9316927771872bec02a55d\">excitatory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17d10546871692777193f302d45980\">neuron</span> directly inhibits another <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17d10546871692777193f302d45980\">neuron</span> in response to input.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong><strong> </strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60b935ac461692777187dd721f3464\">end product</span> of a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">pathway</span> inhibits an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> involved in the pathway.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>An <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"082e153b9316927771872bec02a55d\">excitatory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17d10546871692777193f302d45980\">neuron</span> activates an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17d10546871692777193f302d45980\">neuron</span> and then inhibits a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f5467ab59316927771863c852a23a6\">downstream</span> neuron.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong><strong> </strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It helps maintain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"50796581771692777189251fbe5ef1\">homeostasis</span> by regulating the production of substances.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anticipates and prevents excessive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8265e091151692777187f264d73f3b\">excitation</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> circuits.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Example</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> of an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> in a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">pathway</span> by its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60b935ac461692777187dd721f3464\">end product</span> (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> inhibiting phosphofructokinase).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>In the cerebellum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"082e153b9316927771872bec02a55d\">excitatory</span> inputs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b3de87b7c16927771901326efbcd2\">inhibit</span> output neurons to prevent overexcitation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZRK8391NRBa3bJkEj2kz1745600984.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In presynaptic inhibition, which neurotransmitter is most commonly responsible for inhibiting synaptic transmission at the presynaptic terminal?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glutamate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Serotonin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "GABA", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glycine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. GABA", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Indirect <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">Inhibition</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Direct <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">Inhibition</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Site of action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Presynaptic </strong>terminal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Postsynaptic </strong>neuron</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e28fd027b416927771932bc23ba0a5\">neurotransmitter</span> release.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hyperpolarises or shunts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"978bd0e89f1692777196add72e1254\">postsynaptic</span> neurons..</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main neurotransmitter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GABA (primarily)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GABA, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">Glycine</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Receptor types involved</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mainly GABA-B receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GABA-A, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6df8c5de5016927771881dc6865f2e\">Glycine</span> receptors</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spatial effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It can affect multiple synapses from the same axon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Localized to specific synapses</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Onset and duration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can be longer-lasting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Usually, rapid onset and offset</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KYzEZVA1v7tbVgF8hjng1745670592.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 28-year-old woman has fluctuating muscle weakness that worsens throughout the day. Tests show a decremental response to repetitive nerve stimulation, improvement with edrophonium, and antibodies against neuromuscular junction proteins. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decreased acetylcholine release from motor nerve terminals", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Reduced functional acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic membrane", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Antibodies blocking voltage-gated calcium channels on presynaptic terminals", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It is a presynaptic syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Reduced functional acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic membrane", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:664px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Myasthenia Gravis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06e07ce7821692777182e8ffd9676f\">autoantibody</span> target</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acetylcholine receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Voltage-gated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> channels <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced <strong>postsynaptic </strong>acetylcholine receptors<strong> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased <strong>presynaptic </strong>acetylcholine release <strong>(Options A and D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fatigue pattern</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Worsens with activity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Improves with brief exercise.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reflexes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal or mildly reduced</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced or absent may improve after exercise.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Repetitive nerve stimulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decremental response.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Incremental response.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Response to edrophonium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Improves symptoms.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Little to no improvement.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/C5oZxexHHmbBNd0khZ5N1745670298.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the correct sequence of events at the neuromuscular junction?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ca2+ influx → ACh release → End-plate potential → Muscle contraction", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "ACh release → Ca2+ influx → End-plate potential → Muscle contraction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "End-plate potential → Ca2+ influx → ACh release → Muscle contraction", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "ACh release → End-plate potential → Ca2+ influx → Muscle contraction", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ca2+ influx → ACh release → End-plate potential → Muscle contraction", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/7BI25iNl9nndOeNmUiEy1736068214.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ksWxsiiqSVukvTbn4dJW1745669920.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Slow Type inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is generated by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Opening of K+ channels", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Closing of K+ channels", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Opening of Cl- channels", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Opening of Na+ channels", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Opening of K+ channels", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:649px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>IPSP Type </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Channel </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Slow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8aeddf7d291692777190baca5b7dfc\">IPSP</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Opening of K+ Channel <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Autonomic ganglia, smooth muscles, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> muscles.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fast IPSP</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Entry of Cl- Channel <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>All parts of the CNS.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3nbKS4Mj2KBrGqEnqbqR1745669423.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary effect of an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) on a neuron's excitability?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increases the rate of Neurotransmitter release", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decreases membrane potential, closer to firing threshold", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increases membrane potential, farther from firing threshold", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "No effect on membrane potential", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increases membrane potential, farther from firing threshold", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PeZnuyYZZkk3aH26bLPr1745669073.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old male patient presents with neurological symptoms following a Cerebrovascular accident. Imaging confirms ischemic damage in the brain. Elevated levels of glutamate are found in the extracellular of the brain. Which of the following statements about glutamate-induced cytotoxicity is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cleared primarily by K+dependent systems in neurons", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Causes neuronal death by excessive Na+ influx", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cytotoxicity due to excessive Ca2+ influx", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Elevated Na+ stimulates astrocytes to remove glutamate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Cytotoxicity due to excessive Ca2+ influx", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/slofkbD9Kcmh69I5P91u1745668718.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "During the generation of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), which of the following movements of ions occur at the postsynaptic membrane?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Efflux of sodium ions", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Influx of calcium ions", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Influx of potassium ions", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Influx of chloride ions", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Influx of calcium ions", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/I1Ac4lCBeypltG1M6Fro1745667409.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which subtype of GABA receptors mediate fast inhibitory postsynaptic potentials through the entry of Cl- into neurons? GABA-A GABA-B GABA-C", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Receptor 1 and 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Receptor 2 and 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Receptor 1 and 3", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Receptor 1 and 3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:660px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Receptor subtype </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Subunit </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Distribution </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inotropic receptor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GABA- <strong>A</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pentamers of various combinations: 6 α, 4 β, 4 γ, 1 δ, 1 ε</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CNS</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activation allows <strong>Cl– entry</strong> into neurons, mediating fast <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"978bd0e89f1692777196add72e1254\">postsynaptic</span> potentials (IPSP)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GABA- <strong>C</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pentamers of three ρ subunits in various combinations</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Almost exclusively in the retina.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>G-protein coupled <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GABA- <strong>B</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No specific subunit composition</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CNS</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Linked via <strong>G-proteins</strong>: Gi inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7112e9ca411692777180a7c10a13a6\">adenylyl</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b638747a661692777185a6182d6e5f\">cyclase</span> to open the K+ channel, Go inhibits or delays Ca2+ influx.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XEZHgQXF1fI4iVTTqLwX1745667147.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 63-year-old male presents with a neurodegenerative condition involving impaired glutamate regulation. Which type of glial cell is primarily involved in glutamate regulation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Schwann cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Astrocytes", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ependymal cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Oligodendrocytes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Astrocytes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:580px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oligodendrocytes (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Form <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47fec911a316927771933b7607bdf0\">myelin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1a4a12fb416927771841c46faf6fb\">CNS</span> neurons.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Astrocytes (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Support and protect neurons, provide nutrition, and control levels of glutamate.</li>\n<li>It is of 2 types:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Fibrous astrocytes (found in white matter)</li>\n<li>Protoplasmic astrocytes (found in grey matter)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Schwann cells (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Form <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47fec911a316927771933b7607bdf0\">myelin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20af36db471692777196475a7cff98\">PNS</span> neurons.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NA9DOD7CNjEBLxfcSh2r1745600861.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following neurotransmitters with their site of production in CNS. A. Acetylcholine (ACh) 1. Raphe nuclei B. Norepinephrine (NE) 2. Nucleus basalis of Meynert C. Dopamine 3. Locus ceruleus D. Serotonin 4. Substantia nigra", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotransmitters</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Source</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acetylcholine (ACh)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nucleus <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"849623f7a71692777182fb29760194\">basalis</span> of Meynert</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Associated with Muscle contraction, Memory and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7bdd34850816927771973c86f95b79\">REM</span> sleep</li>\n<li>NT* for Sweat glands</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Norepinephrine (NE)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Locus ceruleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"882ef330fb16927772022093f7518f\">wakefulness</span> and alertness.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dopamine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Substantia nigra</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Destruction causes Parkinson’s disease.</li>\n<li>NT* of reward and addiction.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Serotonin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Raphe nuclei</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Regulation of mood, sleep, and appetite.</li>\n<li>The highest concentration is in Platelets, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c13e383a01692777187ae85e093b6\">enterochromaffin</span> cells, and myenteric plexus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/feoklxyD3yrLVilFv2W71745666161.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for inhibiting motor neuron activity at the level of the spinal cord to regulate muscle tone and reflexes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GABA", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glutamate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glycine", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Acetylcholine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Glycine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qfREmedNizIxipU9EgiA1745665875.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "25-year-old patient with generalized anxiety disorder presents with persistent insomnia. Which neurotransmitter is targeted to promote relaxation and reduce excitability?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glutamate and aspartate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dopamine and serotonin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Endorphins and substance P", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Excitatory</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibitory</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glutamate (Major <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"082e153b9316927771872bec02a55d\">excitatory</span> NT)</li>\n<li>Aspartate (Less common)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>GABA (Brain)</li>\n<li>Glycine (Spinal cord)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"082e153b9316927771872bec02a55d\">Excitatory</span> Post <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">Synaptic</span> Potential (EPSP)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fast EPSP: Due to Na or Ca Influx</li>\n<li>Slow EPSP: Due to K+ channel closure</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">Inhibitory</span> Post <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">Synaptic</span> Potential (IPSP)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fast IPSP: Due to Cl-Entry</li>\n<li>Slow IPSP: Due to K+ channel opening</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Class 1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Choline &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ade0969281692777180216b0c3d76\">Acetyl</span> CoA: </strong>Acetylcholine (ACh)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Class 2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Biogenic Amines: </strong>Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin, Histamine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Class 3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Amino Acid Neurotransmitters: </strong>Glutamate, GABA, Aspartate, Glycine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Class 4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Purines and Gases: </strong>ATP, NO, CO</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Peptide Neurotransmitters: </strong>Substance P, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25e4129fb91692777193bdac183218\">Neuropeptide</span> Y</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nEW7TlK4PjbJZgm5d3K61745665569.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40-year-old patient presents with severe muscle stiffness and spasms, including trismus and rigidity, after stepping on a rusty nail two weeks ago. Which toxin is responsible for these symptoms by interfering with neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Botulinum toxin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tetanus toxin", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Strychnine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Curare", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Tetanus toxin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AZywORYD5wvv9WfcDIBk1736066407.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zQUb47jH7Quu9yPuijOl1745664926.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which protein, essential for regulating neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction, prevents the premature fusion of synaptic vesicles?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Synaptobrevin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "SNAP-25", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Syntaxin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Complexin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Complexin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DMyqLA6iqAx4rseGimTt1736066265.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Lho9hUx6BNncsutE4W5h1745660783.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following types of vesicle at the synaptic terminal contain glutamate neurotransmitter ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Small clear vesicles", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Large dense-core vesicles", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Small dense-core vesicles", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Endosomes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Small clear vesicles", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:501px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Types of vesicles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotransmitters </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Small clear vesicles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acetylcholine, GABA, glutamate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Small dense core vesicles (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Catecholamines(eg:dopamine,epinephrine and norepinephrine)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Large dense core vesicles (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neuropeptides</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XD7glmGjgVEDCDhOHmQc1745660401.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A researcher studying the precision of synaptic connections between neurons focuses on how specific neurons target each other for communication. Which of the following concepts refers to the precise targeting of synaptic connections to ensure accurate neuronal communication?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Synaptic specificity", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Active zones", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Synaptobrevin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Postsynaptic density", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Synaptic specificity", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/y3EMmKTVEJekMUVMOYYu1736066027.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/HCcTEMbqeuO46R057Xmq1745660130.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A researcher studying synaptic transmission observes that communication at a particular synapse is both rapid and bidirectional. What is the most likely synapse?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Chemical synapse", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Axo Axonal synapse", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Axodendritic synapse", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Electrical synapses", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Electrical synapses", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/CnmZ7z1iws2OEaDC373U1736065874.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspects</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Electrical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a0ce16121692777199554dcff349\">synapse</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chemical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a0ce16121692777199554dcff349\">synapse</span> (</strong><strong>Option A</strong><strong>)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Occurrence</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rare</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Most common</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Width of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">synaptic</span> cleft</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Narrow</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Wide</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotransmitters</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gap junctions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Synaptic transmission</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No time delay</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Time delay is present</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transmission direction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bidirectional</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Unidirectional</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Component</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pre-synaptic and Post-synaptic membranes (connected by gap junctions)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pre-synaptic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7aa38569251692777184021705e8de\">cleft</span> and post-synaptic cleft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Types</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3 types:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Axodendritic <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Axoaxonal <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Axosomatic</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/em826uxdEwvgA14gav9b1745658946.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 52-year-old male patient complains of visual disturbances and difficulty walking. On detailed examination, the patient is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis that occurs due to demyelination of neurons. Which of the following cells is involved in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Microglia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Oligodendrocytes", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Schwann cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Astrocytes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Oligodendrocytes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Peripheral nervous system</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Central nervous system</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cells involved in Myelination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>One Schwann cell for one neuron.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>One <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"853eda0c8b16927771945a8590a405\">Oligodendrocyte</span> for multiple neurons.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Demyelinating disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Localised disease (e.g., Guillain-Barré Syndrome)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diffuse disease (e.g., Multiple Sclerosis)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Covering of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2488001c816927772014412348125\">unmyelinated</span> neuron</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Surrounded by the Schwann cell process.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bare (no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47fec911a316927771933b7607bdf0\">myelin</span> sheath)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/k1rSXmDHwml3gh2OeYzD1745658164.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 31 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 6 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following can be used to calculate cardiac output? A. ECHO B. Ventilation – perfusion scan C. Thermodilution D. Fick’s principle", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A, B, C, D", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B, A, D", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "B, C, D", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A, C, D", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. A, C, D", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Method</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Principle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Measurement Basis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Considerations</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Additional Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fick Principle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oxygen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c19af349e16927771825f314a4a84\">arteriovenous</span> difference</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oxygen content in blood</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Accurate in steady states</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cardiac output = <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72d435bfb11692777194f88fdb0bf3\">Oxygen Consumption</span> / (Arterial Oxygen Content - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">Venous</span> Oxygen Content)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Indicator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"409e887c94169277718652d5db3c32\">Dilution</span> Method</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Indicator concentration dilution</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Injected <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e8a3764ab516927771863f3212fc41\">dye</span> or tracer</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Requires precise indicator handling</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Measures <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"409e887c94169277718652d5db3c32\">dilution</span> of an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a367ebd0c169277719091155a5b0f\">injected</span> dye/tracer over time to calculate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Echocardiogram</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ultrasound <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33ba8d60fb16927772029d1067e602\">visualization</span> and flow velocity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stroke volume estimation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-invasive, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ddd195e9a1692777197bb3f135c2e\">real-time</span> data</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Estimates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7eed7d7e816927771995e0a067401\">stroke volume</span> from blood velocity, multiplied by heart rate for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44758fcec31692777184e24fa84582\">CO</span> calculation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thermodilution</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Temperature change due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a367ebd0c169277719091155a5b0f\">injected</span> fluid</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pulmonary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e5d34563e91692777183da2015189e\">catheter</span> insertion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gold-standard, ideal for high <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output states</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Measures temperature change in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> after injecting cold fluid.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Velocity Encoded MRI</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Magnetic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37b9856df8169277719716b550a15f\">resonance</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe3220767716927771892419444041\">imaging</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">velocity</span> encoding</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood flow velocity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-invasive, requires advanced equipment</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ce7bcb2f316927771938e0bea7f4d\">MRI</span> to measure <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">velocity</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output estimation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Impedance Cardiography</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Electrical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5506888d131692777189948dbb6f26\">impedance</span> changes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thoracic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5506888d131692777189948dbb6f26\">impedance</span> fluctuations</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sensitive to external factors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Measures electrical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5506888d131692777189948dbb6f26\">impedance</span> across the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30e8f90f0e16927772006cb55500e7\">thorax</span> to calculate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the formula used to calculate Stroke Volume (SV) in the context of cardiac physiology?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "SV = Heart Rate (HR) × Ejection Fraction (EF)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "SV = End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) - End-Systolic Volume (ESV)", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "SV = Cardiac Output (CO) / Heart Rate (HR)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "SV = Preload × Afterload", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. SV = End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) - End-Systolic Volume (ESV)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/92Nu6Kvoq0N3Jdtk1loi1745388155.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following jugular venous pressure (JVP) waves corresponds to the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A wave", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "C wave", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "X descent", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Y descent", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. C wave", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/zDDSWHkBZsmSgOlRibAE1745388995.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:900px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>a wave </strong><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Caused by atrial systole.</li>\n<li>Atrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> results in a temporary halt in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> inflow.</li>\n<li>Some blood flows back into the veins, causing a rise in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> pressure.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>c wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Arises from the increase in atrial pressure during isovolumetric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> contraction.</li>\n<li>Pressure is transmitted through the closed and bulging <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> valve.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>x <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9449b4d7a16927771867eb16e2878\">descent</span> </strong><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13941ea4ec1692777199fc8cfd1a7a\">systole</span> pulls the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> down</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>v wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corresponds to the rise in atrial pressure as blood fills the atria.</li>\n<li>Occurs during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11d448b6c4169277718635a922383c\">diastole</span> while the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> is still closed.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>y <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9449b4d7a16927771867eb16e2878\">descent</span> </strong><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Opening of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"397f16a7a71692777187ffffefa7e6\">emptying</span> of right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> into ventricle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The stroke volume depends on end-diastolic volume. This is best represented as?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Length–weight relationship", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Length–velocity relationship", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Length-tension relationship", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Length-viscosity relationship", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Length-tension relationship", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Arrange the following in the sequence in which they occur, after the 'p wave' in ECG: A- 'a' wave B- 1st heart sound C- Rapid filling of ventricles D- 't' wave", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ABCD", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "ABDC", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "CABD", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "ACBD", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. ABDC", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following events occur immediately when a person changes his/her posture from supine to standing?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decrease in firing from baroreceptor", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vagal output to cardiac fibers increase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mesenteric Vasoconstriction", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased cardiac contractility", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Decrease in firing from baroreceptor", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Baroreceptors in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> and aortic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> detect BP changes</li>\n<li>Increased BP <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad337177ee1692777199de941a0cda\">stretches</span> receptors, sending signals to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">glossopharyngeal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerves</li>\n<li>Medulla inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52abfe100916927772011ad20f3fda\">vasoconstrictor</span> center and stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fb29f3cd516927772017bd29c2581\">vagal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f19a37b5916927771941ba9f5ef49\">parasympathetic</span> center <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>It is a rapid negative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4502f66ca416927772038bba0b4198\">feedback loop</span> in which an elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"263ee5444e1692777183a7e8e704da\">blood pressure</span> causes the heart rate to decrease. Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"263ee5444e1692777183a7e8e704da\">blood pressure</span> decreases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5f69a877f0169277718282c4697572\">baroreflex</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> and causes heart rate to increase and to restore <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"263ee5444e1692777183a7e8e704da\">blood pressure</span> levels. <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Vasodilation of blood vessels</li>\n<li>Decreased heart rate and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> strength <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Reduced BP due to lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> resistance and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Importance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Maintains BP stability during activities like standing</li>\n<li>Fastest acting</li>\n<li>Tends to reset within 1-2 days for long-term regulation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 16 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 18 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following structures is repolarized last during ventricular repolarization?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Apical epicardial surface", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Posterobasal portion of the left ventricle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pulmonary conus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Endocardial surface", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Endocardial surface", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer:D) Endocardial surface</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Depolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Repolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Atrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> starts at the SA node</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Atrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40451a27bd1692777197d6c276d0bc\">repolarization</span> starts near the SA node</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Starts from the middle portion of</p>\n<p>the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> on the left side</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Starts from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> of the heart,</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricular depolarization:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Starts at the left side of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> septum</li>\n<li>Crosses to the right side through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> septum</li>\n<li>Spreads down to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> of the heart</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40451a27bd1692777197d6c276d0bc\">repolarization</span> occurs in the reverse direction</p>\n<br/>\n\t\t\t </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The endocardial surface depolarizes first and the epicardial last</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The epicardial surface repolarizes first and the endocardial last.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Depolarized last:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Posterobasal portion of the left ventricle</li>\n<li>Pulmonary conus</li>\n<li>The uppermost portion of the septum</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Repolarized last:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Septum</li>\n<li>Endocardial surface</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/U4Y1XneJgarrXHGWO5Vr1743074188.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes the effect of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) on heart rate regulation through nodal tissue?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "cAMP decreases heart rate by increasing potassium (K + ) conductance in nodal tissue.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "cAMP increases heart rate by enhancing the opening of L-type calcium channels and \"funny channels\" in nodal tissue.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "cAMP does not affect the heart rate as it does not influence the activity of \"funny channels\" or calcium channels.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "cAMP decreases the heart rate by inhibiting the activity of L-type calcium channels and \"funny channels.\"", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. cAMP increases heart rate by enhancing the opening of L-type calcium channels and \"funny channels\" in nodal tissue.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lnUvlo7E4FGXnBofIYxN1736154454.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/u0iFkdYujYxSY1yOSXew1743076415.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following accurately describes the unique properties of \"funny channels\" in the heart's nodal tissue?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "\"Funny channels\" open during depolarization and are primarily permeable to calcium (Ca 2+ ) ions.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "\"Funny channels\" close upon hyperpolarization and restrict sodium (Na + ) influx.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "\"Funny channels\" open upon hyperpolarization, allowing both sodium (Na + ) and potassium (K + ) ions to pass through.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "\"Funny channels\" are activated by parasympathetic stimulation, speeding up the heart rate.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. \"Funny channels\" open upon hyperpolarization, allowing both sodium (Na + ) and potassium (K + ) ions to pass through.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/X0QMIVqV5gdsLAcOl9wi1743076171.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55 y/o male presents with episodes of dizziness and palpitations. He has been prescribed a new medication to help control his heart rate recently. His ECG reveals a resting heart rate of 45 bpm. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely contributing to his slower heart rate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased activity of L-type Ca 2+ channels", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decreased \"funny current\" (I h )", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Enhanced sympathetic stimulation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Activation of T-type Ca 2+ channels", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Decreased \"funny current\" (I h )", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8dEvzeQ3mfCPF7Y1Jqll1736154354.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WbXFTbhucqBT0EYUqvsw1736154383.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7tx9LIJQ4PmkB5CbHeEl1743075922.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for the relaxation of myocardial cells?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Opening of L-type calcium channels", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Activity of the SERCA2 pump", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Blocking the sodium-calcium exchanger", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dephosphorylation of phospholamban", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Activity of the SERCA2 pump", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IpxnoRvgN5yhaUgWjc7H1736154257.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/h7MbZH1L1BDpj1w7HfW41736154297.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/h9V1OOyI06pyowDX3Ql71743075616.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "During the process of calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) in cardiac muscle cells, what triggers the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Depolarization directly triggers Ca2+ release from SR", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Influx of extracellular calcium through voltage-gated channels", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger directly triggers Ca2+ release from SR", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Troponin directly triggers Ca2+ release from SR", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Influx of extracellular calcium through voltage-gated channels", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/XlsmxMLcHzOd1OZRg8EL1736154158.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/E50ju5NQiyZSWkWfECj31736154212.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tkReEOMe0CwQkHpvayvV1743075227.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In which phase in a cardiac muscle cell does the closure of the Ca2+ channels and a Slow, delayed increase of K+ efflux occur?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Late rapid repolarization", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Depolarisation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Plateau phase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Initial rapid repolarization", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Late rapid repolarization", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/iymn6npVhFdefLY5ZElc1736154089.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:277px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>PHASES</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:347px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>OPENING AND <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">CLOSURE</span> OF CHANNELS</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:277px\">\n<p><strong>Phase 0- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">Depolarization</span> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:347px\">\n<p>Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:277px\">\n<p><strong>Phase 1- Initial rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40451a27bd1692777197d6c276d0bc\">repolarization</span> (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:347px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Closure of Na+ channels</li>\n<li>Opening of K+ channel </li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:277px\">\n<p><strong>Phase 2- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a4ced7da71692777195938424f299\">Plateau</span> phase</strong> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:347px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Slower but prolonged opening of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels </li>\n<li>Fast <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">Potassium</span> channels remain open</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:277px\">\n<p><strong>Phase 3- Late rapid repolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:347px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Closure of the Ca2+ channels </li>\n<li>Slow, delayed increase of K+ efflux </li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:277px\">\n<p><strong>Phase 4- Baseline</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:347px\">\n<p>Resting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">Membrane</span> Potential About −80 to −90 millivolts.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nzW5SNh2mukUHsQi5Lpo1743075007.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Given below is the action potential of a cardiac muscle fiber. Which of the following gives rise to Phase 2 depicted in the image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Closure of Na+ channels and opening of K+ channel", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Closure of the Ca2+ channels and a slow, delayed increase of K+ efflux", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Opening of slow L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and efflux of K+ though rectifier channels.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Opening of slow L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and efflux of K+ though rectifier channels.", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AqylZRv800tZZZM42XIw1736154016.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GUauTkMwNxI2pqZp0Olf1736154025.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:277px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>PHASES</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:347px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>OPENING AND <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">CLOSURE</span> OF CHANNELS</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:277px\">\n<p><strong>Phase 0- Depolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:347px\">\n<p>Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels<strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:277px\">\n<p><strong>Phase 1- Initial rapid repolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:347px\">\n<p>Closure of Na+ channels</p>\n<p>Opening of K+ channel <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:277px\">\n<p><strong>Phase 2- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a4ced7da71692777195938424f299\">Plateau</span> phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:347px\">\n<p>Slower but prolonged opening of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels </p>\n<p>K+ channel also remains open.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:277px\">\n<p><strong>Phase 3- Late rapid repolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:347px\">\n<p>Closure of the Ca2+ channels </p>\n<p>Slow, delayed increase of K+ efflux <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:277px\">\n<p><strong>Phase 4- Baseline</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:347px\">\n<p>Resting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">Membrane</span> Potential About −80 to −90 millivolts.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SythghRzOWBy8CVS7OOy1743074712.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly matches the resting membrane potential with the corresponding cardiac cell type in the given order: Purkinje cells, AV node, SA node, Ventricular myocytes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "-40, -60, -80, -90", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "-60, -60, -60, -90", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "-90, -60, -60, -90", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "-60, -90, -90, -60", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. -90, -60, -60, -90", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:597px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cardiac Myocytes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Resting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">Membrane</span> Potential</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Purkinje fibers and atrial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> myocytes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>−90 mV</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sinoatrial (SA) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d77b211e3a1692777182121ece27fc\">atrioventricular</span> (AV) nodes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>−60 mV</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mG3qsYHOQFKolLIoNzHy1743074463.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements correctly differentiates cardiac muscle from skeletal muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cardiac muscle cells are multinucleated, while skeletal muscle cells have a single, centrally located nucleus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cardiac muscle forms a functional syncytium with intercalated discs; skeletal muscle lacks these structures.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cardiac muscle contraction is voluntary and regulated by the somatic nervous system; skeletal muscle contraction is involuntary.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cardiac muscle primarily utilizes glycolytic pathways for energy; skeletal muscle relies solely on oxidative metabolism.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cardiac muscle forms a functional syncytium with intercalated discs; skeletal muscle lacks these structures.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cardiac Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Skeletal Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Structure and Organization</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Branched muscle fibers.</li>\n<li>Interconnected by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfd35769b016927771901681bcc115\">intercalated</span> discs.</li>\n<li>Forms a functional syncytium.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Elongated, cylindrical fibers.</li>\n<li>Arranged in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"635a7ea50e16927771944f08f17aed\">parallel</span> bundles.</li>\n<li>They lack branching and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfd35769b016927771901681bcc115\">intercalated</span> discs.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cellular Structure <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Single, centrally located nucleus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Multinucleated.</li>\n<li>Nuclei located peripherally.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intercellular Communication</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Intercalated discs with gap junctions.</li>\n<li>Enables rapid passage of ions and electrical signals.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Do not possess gap junctions.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">Contraction</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Involuntary.</li>\n<li>Regulated by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> system and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">autonomic</span> nervous system.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Voluntary.</li>\n<li>Controlled by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> nervous system.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contraction Duration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Longer duration.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Generally, it has a shorter duration, varying with muscle fiber type.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Energy <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6aee31718c16927772019237286270\">Utilization</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Primarily <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Utilizes both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e55eb31d591692777188cb1fad1f5e\">glycolytic</span> pathways.</li>\n<li>Depends on muscle fiber type and exercise intensity.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transverse <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ba1c48e851692777201a91713191e\">Tubule</span> System</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Larger T tubules.</li>\n<li>Located at the Z line.</li>\n<li>Forms a diad with a single cistern.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Smaller T tubules.</li>\n<li>Located at the A-I junction.</li>\n<li>Forms a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a0a43d74e16927772004473a05ae3\">triad</span> with two cisternae.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Calcium Handling</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Relies on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba366417791692777187229d34e597\">extracellular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> influx through T tubules.</li>\n<li>Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Predominantly depends on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gFX8rFmEIGZiZDXYrSqc1743009472.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following does NOT contribute to the high conduction velocity in Purkinje fibers?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "They are large diameter fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fast-type action potential", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "High density of gap junctions", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "High myofibril content", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. High myofibril content", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer:D) High &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d11328bb81692777193f4063f178f\"&gt;myofibril&lt;/span&gt; content</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cardiac tissue</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Conduction <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">velocity</span> (m/s)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>SA node</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.05</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Internodal pathways</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AV node</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.02-0.05</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>His bundle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Purkinje fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricular muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9h9c2PsRYdecYlDKPfBb1743876985.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "If the S-A node discharges at 0.00 seconds, when will the action potential normally arrive at the epicardial surface at the base of the left ventricle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "0.22sec", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "0.18sec", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "0.12sec", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "0.09sec", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 0.22sec", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>SA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">node</span> to AV node</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.03 seconds</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>AV <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">node</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b0057954d1692777183cde3b4afbf\">bundle</span> of His</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.10 seconds</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bundle of his to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> septum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.04 seconds</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Interventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> of the heart</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.03 seconds</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apex to the base of the heart</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.02 seconds</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Total</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>0.22 seconds</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/K9CONUe0ZwDesalVMWSW1743062496.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Arrange the following according to the conduction times (conduction delay) in the heart in ascending order (lowest time to highest time) a. SA node to AV node b. AV node to bundle of His c. Apex to the base of the heart d. Bundle of his to interventricular septum", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "c, b, a, d", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "c, a, d, b", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "b, a, d, c", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "d, a, b, c", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. c, a, d, b", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:466px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Apex to the base of the heart</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>0.02 seconds</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>SA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">node</span> to AV node</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>0.03 seconds</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Interventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d783117d991692777198108af42c05\">septum</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d7ea2751316927771816ceb31afee\">apex</span> of the heart</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>0.03 seconds</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bundle of his to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769fa5be3616927771906f8ae8b053\">interventricular</span> septum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>0.04 seconds</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>AV <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">node</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b0057954d1692777183cde3b4afbf\">bundle</span> of His</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>0.10 seconds</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wUnwfNHVYjNvJy71FXHs1743876743.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the name of the middle internodal bundle between SA node and AV node in the atrium of the heart?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bachmann's bundle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Wenckebach's bundle", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thorel's bundle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Kent bundle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Wenckebach's bundle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gDAlXmTG4mMQ9R3Iz7IH1736153901.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer:B) Wenckebach’s bundle</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tract of Bachman<strong> (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tract of Wenckebach</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Posterior</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tract of Thorel <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b0057954d1692777183cde3b4afbf\">bundle</span> branch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b0057954d1692777183cde3b4afbf\">bundle</span> branch</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Conducts impulse to the right ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Conducts impulse to the left ventricle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Exclusively innervates right ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Divides into</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anterior fascicle: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> portion of the left ventricle</li>\n<li>Posterior fascicle:posterolateral part of left ventricle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7NEaAGGO5WimQPbMr64F1743011088.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65 y/o patient with a history of complete heart block presents for follow-up. The patient's ECG shows an idioventricular rhythm with a ventricular rate of 30 beats per minute. What is the most likely location of the pacemaker driving the patient's idioventricular rhythm?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "SA node", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "AV node", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bundle of His", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Purkinje Fibres", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Purkinje Fibres", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Answer:D) Purkinje Fibres</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:648px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>SA Node</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>AV Node</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intrinsic Rhythmicity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>60-80 beats per minute(can go upto 100) (natural <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e70797a893169277719467eb262506\">pacemaker</span> of the heart) <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>40-60 beats per minute <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The upper wall of the right atrium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The lower wall of the right atrium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The primary pacemaker; initiates the heart's rhythmic contractions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Delays impulses from atria; ensures coordinated contractions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action Potential</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Calcium-driven, slower conduction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Prepotentials</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present - Slow, gradual depolarizations observed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parasympathetic Modulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acetylcholine decreases the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c2d898b0b1692777202c5d43d5e78\">firing</span> rate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ach decreases the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c2d898b0b1692777202c5d43d5e78\">firing</span> rate by hyperpolarizing nodal cells, increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> conductance, slowing the \"funny\" current (Ih), and reducing cAMP levels.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sympathetic Modulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Norepinephrine increases the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c2d898b0b1692777202c5d43d5e78\">firing</span> rate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Norepinephrine: Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c2d898b0b1692777202c5d43d5e78\">firing</span> rate by binding to β1 receptors, raising cAMP levels, and facilitating L-type <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> channel opening, accelerating depolarization.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Role in Heart Block</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fastest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> rate, so normally unaffected</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It can be a site of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5744dac7511692777186db6f8e0c28\">disruption</span> leading to heart block</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7APdMvR3U4cGue99UoY81743010916.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 68y/o male presents with episodes of dizziness and fainting. O/E, his heart rate is found to be irregular and bradycardic. ECG reveals complete heart block. Further evaluation shows that his ventricular rhythm is around 30 beats per minute. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Atrial fibrillation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "AV nodal block", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Infranodal block", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sick sinus syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Infranodal block", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complete Heart Block</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Interruption in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> system prevents atrial impulses from reaching ventricles.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Idioventricular Rhythm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Independent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> rhythm due to lack of atrial signals.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>AV Nodal Block</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricular rate ~45 beats per minute, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e70797a893169277719467eb262506\">pacemaker</span> in remaining nodal tissue.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Infranodal Block</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricular rate ~35 beats per minute, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e70797a893169277719467eb262506\">pacemaker</span> more peripheral; can be as low as 15 beats per minute.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stokes-Adams Syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Episodes of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21b3779eca1692777186ec4f369d76\">dizziness</span> and fainting due to periods of asystole, particularly in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c84d27695c1692777190b79260039a\">infranodal</span> block.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/sFk9c9JWPgJhEkLGEtcN1743010754.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55 y/o male heart transplant patient comes for a follow-up visit. He reports that he has been engaging in moderate exercise for about 30 minutes daily. Despite lacking sympathetic innervation to his transplanted heart, he notices an increase in his stamina and ability to exercise over time. Given the patient's condition, what physiological mechanism allows him to experience an increase in cardiac output during exercise?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased heart rate through parasympathetic withdrawal.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "An enhanced force of contraction via the Frank-Starling mechanism.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Parasympathetic stimulation reduces heart rate variability.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased heart rate through sympathetic stimulation to heart.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. An enhanced force of contraction via the Frank-Starling mechanism.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/kLv7FLSUEEfSLOiDtlkX1736153810.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Frank-Starling Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More heart muscle stretch during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52edf0af4d1692777202dd1a490884\">filling</span> leads to stronger contractions and higher stroke volume.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sympathetic Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lost in heart transplant patients; cannot increase heart rate through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> nervous system. <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parasympathetic Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lost in heart transplant patients; cannot decrease heart rate through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f19a37b5916927771941ba9f5ef49\">parasympathetic</span> nervous system. <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stroke Volume Increase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Achieved by increased force of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> in response to increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> return during exercise.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cardiac Output</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased primarily due to higher stroke volume, not heart rate.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Comparison to Healthy Individuals</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less increase in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output, relying on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7eed7d7e816927771995e0a067401\">stroke volume</span> rather than both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7eed7d7e816927771995e0a067401\">stroke volume</span> and heart rate.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2J9GVbeuPZWklm5pPg691743010386.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following characteristics primarily enables the SA node to act as the heart's primary pacemaker?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Presence of fast sodium channels", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Highest intrinsic firing rate among cardiac tissues", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lack of calcium channels", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inactivation by parasympathetic stimulation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Highest intrinsic firing rate among cardiac tissues", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:575px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Automaticity and Unique Properties of SA <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">Node</span> Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intrinsic Leakiness</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less negative resting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> potential due to sodium and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">ion</span> leakiness.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Funny Current (I<sub>h</sub>)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inward sodium current drives slow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> toward the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> threshold.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Calcium Current (I<sub>Ca</sub>)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Voltage-gated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> channels open at ~ -40 mV, causing rapid depolarization. <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fast Sodium Channels</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mostly inactivated, leading to a slower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> rate compared to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> cells. <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Influence of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">Autonomic</span> Nervous System </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sympathetic Stimulation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Norepinephrine increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e70797a893169277719467eb262506\">pacemaker</span> potential slope, accelerating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> and heart rate.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Parasympathetic Stimulation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acetylcholine decreases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e70797a893169277719467eb262506\">pacemaker</span> potential slope, slowing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> and heart rate <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dominance </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-left:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-right:1px solid #1f1f1f; border-top:1px solid #1f1f1f; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A higher <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c2d898b0b1692777202c5d43d5e78\">firing</span> rate depolarizes other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> tissues(AV nodes &amp; Purkinje fibers) before they reach their own threshold.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ElyCj3q8sO8Ox4lp4XWX1743009887.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 28 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 17 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "In the jugular venous pressure (JVP) waveform, which of the following statements accurately describes the \"c wave\"?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The \"c wave\" is caused by atrial systole", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The \"c wave\" arises from the increase in atrial pressure during isovolumetric ventricular contraction", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The \"c wave\" corresponds to the rise in atrial pressure as blood fills the atria", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The \"c wave\" is influenced by the fluctuations in venous pressure caused by respiration", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The \"c wave\" arises from the increase in atrial pressure during isovolumetric ventricular contraction", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OAb4e2Gm2ctJlzmntm5g1736153220.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>a wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Caused by atrial systole.<strong> (Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Atrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> results in a temporary halt in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> inflow.</li>\n<li>Some blood flows back into the veins, causing a rise in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> pressure.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>c wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Arises from the increase in atrial pressure during isovolumetric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> contraction. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Pressure is transmitted through the closed and bulging <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> valve.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>x descent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13941ea4ec1692777199fc8cfd1a7a\">systole</span> pulls the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> down</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>v wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corresponds to the rise in atrial pressure as blood fills the atria.<strong> (Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Occurs during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11d448b6c4169277718635a922383c\">diastole</span> while the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> is still closed.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>y descent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Opening of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"397f16a7a71692777187ffffefa7e6\">emptying</span> of right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> into ventricle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/940TDfAvXFg55jdsW5ll1743270300.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following accurately describes the differentiation pathway of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the production of granulocytes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "HSCs differentiate directly into granulocytes without intermediate stages.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "HSCs differentiate into common lymphoid progenitors, which then produce granulocytes.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "HSCs differentiate into common myeloid progenitors, which then give rise to granulocyte-monocyte progenitors.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "HSCs differentiate into megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors, which then produce granulocytes.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. HSCs differentiate into common myeloid progenitors, which then give rise to granulocyte-monocyte progenitors.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/iCZ92NEmEGZfU7vNFQel1736153345.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/So74zJZmVEXX8QX3WxdG1743320951.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old male presents to the emergency department with severe chest pain and shortness of breath. His blood pressure is 80/50 mmHg, heart rate is 110 bpm, and has cold, clammy skin and elevated JVP. ECG shows ST-segment elevations in lead II, III and aVF. The patient is also oliguric. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms and signs?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Myocardial infarction", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sepsis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adrenal insufficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cardiac tamponade", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Myocardial infarction", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:683px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Types of shock</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pathophysiology</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Causes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cardiac output</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cardiogenic</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inadequate pumping of the heart due to myocardial function.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acute myocardial infarction</li>\n<li>Heart failure</li>\n<li>Cardiac arrhythmias</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypovolemic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased amount of fluid in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> system</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acute hemorrhage</li>\n<li>Burn</li>\n<li>Metabolic: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f955f012f716927771801d01e7d163\">adrenal</span> insufficiency<strong> (Option C ruled out)</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5603ff98316927771865d7ae41f16\">diabetic</span> ketoacidosis</li>\n<li>Severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aaabe672c51692777186a829ebdc0c\">diarrhea</span> or vomiting.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distributive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sudden increase in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce3edddb5116927771844c030f3c1e\">compartment</span> capacity due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">acute</span> marked vasodilation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Neurogenic shock</li>\n<li>Anaphylactic shock</li>\n<li>Septic shock <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obstructive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obstruction to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b69bda4d21692777187109c85a27e\">ejection</span> of blood from the ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cardiac tamponade<strong> (Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Constrictive pericarditis</li>\n<li>Cardiac tumor</li>\n<li>Tension pneumothorax</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PCndZ8HaHUk3RUABaIuo1743320650.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which physiological mechanism best describes the Frank-Starling law of the heart?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The heart's stroke volume decreases as myocardial fiber length increases.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The heart's stroke volume is regulated primarily by sympathetic nervous system stimulation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The heart's stroke volume increases in response to increased end-diastolic volume due to the length-tension relationship of cardiac muscle fibers.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The heart's stroke volume remains unchanged regardless of changes in venous return, due to intrinsic pacemaker activity", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The heart's stroke volume increases in response to increased end-diastolic volume due to the length-tension relationship of cardiac muscle fibers.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EuBrexPs8zCcofaJJyYA1743320426.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old patient with heart failure is evaluated for changes in myocardial contractility. Which of the following statements best describes the impact of decreased contractility on the Frank-Starling curve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Shifts the curve upward and to the left, resulting in a greater stroke volume at any given preload.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Shifts the curve downward, resulting in a decreased stroke volume at any given preload.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Does not affect the Frank-Starling curve but increases the heart rate.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Shifts the curve upward and to the right, resulting in a decreased stroke volume at any given preload.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Shifts the curve downward, resulting in a decreased stroke volume at any given preload.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Positive Bowditch Effect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Seen in healthy hearts, related to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9f26a9f4c1692777198b89eb3c94c\">SER</span> Ca load alterations.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Negative Bowditch Effect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pathological, due to diminished SERCA protein expression, hallmark of heart failure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Clinical Significance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shift from increasing heart rate to beta-blockers for improved <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> function in heart failure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xin5NYITGbTceZwIDsLm1743319870.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old patient undergoes a blood transfusion, which results in a significant increase in blood volume. Which of the following best describes the physiological response to activation of the Bainbridge reflex due to an increase in blood volume?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decreased heart rate and decreased contractility", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increase in heart rate", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decreased heart rate and increased contractility", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "No change in heart rate or contractility", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Increase in heart rate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intrinsic Regulation: Frank-Starling Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extrinsic Regulation: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1c98736616927771820954b0a744\">Autonomic</span> Nervous System</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Additional Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Integration of Mechanisms</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mechanism</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased stretching of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> muscle leads to stronger contractions.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sympathetic: Increases heart rate and contractility. Parasympathetic: Decreases heart rate and minimally affects contractility.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Temperature changes impact <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> contractility.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Combines intrinsic, neural, and environmental factors to regulate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Visual Representation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricular function curves.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Effects</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Balances <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> return.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sympathetic: Boosts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output; Parasympathetic: Reduces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Moderate increase: Enhances contractility; Prolonged increase: Decreases contractility.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adjusts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output to meet <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> demands.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Examples</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sympathetic: Exercise or stress; Parasympathetic: Resting states.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Moderate: Exercise; Prolonged: Extended high temperatures.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pZO2memJtNiv0LZn76dN1743319470.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "According to the Fick principle, which of the following is essential for calculating cardiac output?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Measurement of the patient’s blood pressure before and after exercise", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Determination of the oxygen uptake by the lungs and the arteriovenous oxygen content difference", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Assessment of the patient’s heart rate and electrocardiographic findings", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Injection of a contrast dye and measurement of its concentration in the blood over time", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Determination of the oxygen uptake by the lungs and the arteriovenous oxygen content difference", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Method</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Principle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Measurement Basis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Considerations</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fick Principle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oxygen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c19af349e16927771825f314a4a84\">arteriovenous</span> difference</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oxygen content in blood</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Accurate in steady states</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Indicator <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"409e887c94169277718652d5db3c32\">Dilution</span> Method</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Indicator concentration dilution</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Injected <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e8a3764ab516927771863f3212fc41\">dye</span> or tracer</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Requires precise indicator handling</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Echocardiography</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ultrasound <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33ba8d60fb16927772029d1067e602\">visualization</span> and flow velocity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stroke volume estimation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-invasive, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ddd195e9a1692777197bb3f135c2e\">real-time</span> data</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thoracic Electrical Bioimpedance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Electrical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5506888d131692777189948dbb6f26\">impedance</span> changes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Impedance fluctuations</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sensitive to external factors</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/I2wwxWIrTCFGhXAh8Fae1743272289.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 42-year-old patient undergoes cardiac evaluation, and the following values are obtained: end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 140 mL, and ejection fraction of 48%. Which of the following best describes the patient's cardiac parameters?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The patient's ejection fraction is below the normal range, indicating reduced ventricular function.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The stroke volume is higher than normal, suggesting improved cardiac output.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The cardiac output is higher than average due to the increased EDV.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The cardiac output can be calculated accurately from the given values alone.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. The patient's ejection fraction is below the normal range, indicating reduced ventricular function.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:592px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parameter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Typical Value</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cardiac Output</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, reflecting its ability to meet the body's oxygen and nutrient demands.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Varies with demand</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stroke Volume</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The volume of blood ejected from each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">ventricle</span> per heartbeat.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~70-90 mL at rest</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Volume of blood in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">ventricle</span> at the end of diastole, just before contraction.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~130 mL at rest</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cardiac Index</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cardiac output adjusted for body size, expressed as liters per minute per square meter of body surface area, allowing for comparison across different body sizes.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~3.2 L/min/m²</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ejection Fraction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Percentage of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bf26b23a016927771862a4b699781\">EDV</span> ejected with each heartbeat, reflecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> function and efficiency.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>50%-70%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Um1aU05notFJLZxWnuEN1743272079.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old patient is undergoing evaluation of cardiac function, and a pressure-volume (PV) loop of the left ventricle is analyzed. From the PV loop, the following measurements are obtained: end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 140 mL and end-systolic volume (ESV) is 60 mL. What is the ejection fraction (EF) for this patient, and how is it calculated?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "30%, calculated as (EDV - ESV)/EDV", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "43%, calculated as (SV/EDV) * 100", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "57%, calculated as (EDV - ESV)/EDV", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "57%, calculated as (SV/EDV) * 100", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 57%, calculated as (SV/EDV) * 100", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wfMfqIIF5q2DUC1KUwRz1736153279.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parameter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Formula</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Normal Value</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stroke Volume (SV)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Volume of blood ejected from the left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">ventricle</span> with each heartbeat.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>SV = <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bf26b23a016927771862a4b699781\">EDV</span> - ESV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ejection Fraction (EF)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Percentage of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"437bfd6ffb1692777187b5a7a706d5\">end-diastolic volume</span> ejected with each heartbeat.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>EF = (SV/EDV) x 100%</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~65%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tPMJKkeZidcuZcHZJKlT1743271733.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the duration of the cardiac cycle for a heart rate of 180 beats per minute?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "0.5 seconds", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "0.75 seconds", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "0.33 seconds", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "0.66 seconds", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 0.33 seconds", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:690px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Sub-Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Key Events</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Systole</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Isovolumetric Contraction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ventricles begin to contract</li>\n<li>Ranges from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> of AV valves (mitral and tricuspid) till opening of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a23f5d3cd16927771982eb39c68c1\">semilunar</span> valves.</li>\n<li>First heart sound appears.</li>\n<li>No <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9b690b70c16927771833aae799b33\">blood volume</span> change in ventricles</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Ventricular Ejection</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Has 2 phases- Rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b69bda4d21692777187109c85a27e\">ejection</span> phase and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">Reduced</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b69bda4d21692777187109c85a27e\">ejection</span> phase.</li>\n<li>Ventricular pressure exceeds aortic and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> pressure</li>\n<li>Aortic and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> valves open</li>\n<li>Blood ejected into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> artery</li>\n<li>Ventricular volume decreases</li>\n<li>Ends with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> of the aortic valve.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Diastole</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Isovolumetric Relaxation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ventricles relax</li>\n<li>Ventricular pressure drops</li>\n<li>Aortic and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> valves close</li>\n<li>No <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9b690b70c16927771833aae799b33\">blood volume</span> change in ventricles</li>\n<li>Second <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ca731b15316927771898437884f89\">heart sounds</span> appears.</li>\n<li>Ends with the opening of AV valves.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Rapid Filling</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>AV valves (mitral and tricuspid) open</li>\n<li>Blood flows rapidly from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"422ada68fd16927771820019d5de1e\">atria</span> to ventricles</li>\n<li>Ventricular volume increases rapidly</li>\n<li>Third heart sound appears.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Diastasis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Blood flow from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"422ada68fd16927771820019d5de1e\">atria</span> to ventricles slows</li>\n<li>No change in the atrial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> pressure.</li>\n<li>Ventricular volume increases slowly</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Atrial Systole</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Atria contract</li>\n<li>Additional blood pushed into ventricles</li>\n<li>Ventricular volume increases slightly</li>\n<li>End-diastolic volume (EDV) reached</li>\n<li>Fourth heart sound is produced.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/755OcEwr8xRc2mPA1Fuc1743266666.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which factor primarily contributes to an increased pulse pressure in the aortic pressure curve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decreased stroke volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased arterial compliance", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased stroke volume", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased heart rate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increased stroke volume", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:495px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">Ventricle</span> Contraction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricular pressure increases until <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59a120854e16927771820318aebd4a\">aortic valve</span> opens</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Period of Ejection</strong></p>\n<p>80-120 mmHg</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> pressure &gt; aortic pressure; blood ejected</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Isovolumic Relaxation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aortic pressure forces blood back, closing aortic valve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Incisura</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Notch on the curve due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59a120854e16927771820318aebd4a\">aortic valve</span> closure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diastolic Decline </strong>80mmHg diastolic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aortic pressure declines as blood flows into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f2e7fd96116927771995b451b5c90\">systemic</span> circulation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h3><strong>Factors Influencing Aortic Pressure</strong></h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Stroke Volume</li>\n<li>Arterial Compliance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h3><strong>Transmission of Pressure Pulses</strong></h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Pressure Wave Propagation- generated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> travels through the arterial system</li>\n<li>Dampening Effect- pulsations diminish in smaller arteries, becoming negligible in the capillaries.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:495px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">Ventricle</span> Contraction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricular pressure increases until <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59a120854e16927771820318aebd4a\">aortic valve</span> opens</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Period of Ejection</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> pressure &gt; aortic pressure; blood ejected</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isovolumic Relaxation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aortic pressure forces blood back, closing aortic valve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Incisura</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Notch on the curve due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59a120854e16927771820318aebd4a\">aortic valve</span> closure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diastolic Decline</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aortic pressure declines as blood flows into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f2e7fd96116927771995b451b5c90\">systemic</span> circulation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IfiX2Xw0thZv3XQqLXaH1743270838.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old healthy volunteer undergoes invasive hemodynamic monitoring. At which point in the cardiac cycle is the pressure gradient between the left atrium and left ventricle greatest, and what event does this gradient trigger?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "End of atrial systole; opening of mitral valve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mid-ventricular systole; closure of aortic valve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Early diastole; rapid ventricular filling", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "End of isovolumic relaxation; opening of mitral valve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. End of isovolumic relaxation; opening of mitral valve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3Dmr1gWZlXzeTCbCpXuP1727344407.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/r9OwDaWSAclsEm0J9DIK1743269976.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40-year-old patient with suspected heart failure undergoes a comprehensive cardiac evaluation. During auscultation, both S3 and S4 are heard. Regarding the correlation of these extra heart sounds with the ECG, which statement is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "S3 occurs during the P wave; S4 coincides with the QRS complex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "S3 is heard after the T wave &amp;amp; before next P wave; S4 occurs immediately after the P wave", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "S3 coincides with the U wave; S4 is heard during the PR interval", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "S3 occurs during the ST segment; S4 is heard at the peak of the R wave", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. S3 is heard after the T wave &amp; before next P wave; S4 occurs immediately after the P wave", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:659px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Heart Sound</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Timing on ECG</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Points</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Early Diastole</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Early diastole, after T wave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> filling</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal in children and athletes; in adults may indicate heart failure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52edf0af4d1692777202dd1a490884\">filling</span> phase</li>\n<li>AV valves open</li>\n<li>Ventricles relax</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Late Diastole</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Late diastole, just before P wave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Atrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> against a stiff ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Always abnormal; may indicate hypertension, ischemia, or cardiomyopathy</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Atrial systole</li>\n<li>Completes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> filling</li>\n<li>Precedes next <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> systole</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FxVt4ngefEF85lcIpHbs1743269628.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "During a cardiac examination, a 35-year-old patient's simultaneous ECG and phonocardiography are recorded. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between the second heart sound (S2) and the ECG?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "S2 occurs at the peak of the T wave in all cardiac cycles", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "S2 is heard just before the T wave", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "S2 coincides with the onset of the U wave when present", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "S2 typically occurs at the end of T wave and the subsequent P wave", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. S2 typically occurs at the end of T wave and the subsequent P wave", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:659px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Heart Sound</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Timing on ECG</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Points</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Systole</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>At the end of the T-wave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closure of aortic and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ebe3b1fbd1692777196b3ced12100\">pulmonic</span> valves</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal finding; Split S2 may indicate delayed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ebe3b1fbd1692777196b3ced12100\">pulmonic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> closure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b69bda4d21692777187109c85a27e\">ejection</span> ends</li>\n<li>Marks beginning of diastole</li>\n<li>Aortic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> closes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FnGHU5YWDtIz3PDN0IXw1743269106.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Regarding the timing and correlation of the Phonocardiogram's first heart sound (S1) with the ECG, which of the following statements is CORRECT?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "S1 occurs immediately after the P wave and coincides with atrial systole", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "S1 begins during the ST segment and ends before the T wave", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "S1 starts 0.02-0.04 seconds after the onset of the QRS complex", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "S1 is heard simultaneously with the peak of the R wave in all lead", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. S1 starts 0.02-0.04 seconds after the onset of the QRS complex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:659px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Heart Sound</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Timing on ECG</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Points</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Systole</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Just after QRS complex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closure of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d93de7238d16927771922b27cb6086\">mitral</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> valves</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal finding; Split S1 may indicate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b0057954d1692777183cde3b4afbf\">bundle</span> branch block</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> begins</li>\n<li>Isovolumetric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> phase</li>\n<li>Aortic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> opens</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dToSIgMRRAhV7vl1jlSV1743268714.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old patient undergoes cardiac catheterization with simultaneous ECG recording. During the isovolumic relaxation phase, which combination of events is most accurate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T wave ends; ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure; mitral valve opens", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "U wave begins; ventricular pressure equals aortic pressure; all valves closed", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "P wave starts; ventricular volume increases; tricuspid valve opens", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Second heart sound occurs; ventricular pressure drops rapidly; aortic valve closes", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Second heart sound occurs; ventricular pressure drops rapidly; aortic valve closes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/A7VgYeWEkOecjDLz44K81743268397.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "During the isovolumic contraction phase, which of the following combinations of events is most accurate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Second heart sound occurs; ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure; aortic valve opens", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "QRS complex ends; ventricular pressure rises but remains below aortic pressure; all valves closed", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "T wave begins; ventricular volume decreases slightly; mitral valve closes", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Second heart sound occurs; ventricular pressure equals aortic pressure; pulmonary valve closes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. QRS complex ends; ventricular pressure rises but remains below aortic pressure; all valves closed", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/kPynvTjEiX1MIX7QirzN1743267026.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 27 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 11 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which positive wave in a normal lead II ECG appears after the wave of atrial depolarization?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "R wave", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Q wave", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "P wave", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "T wave", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. R wave", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/o7kWMzRlNhEa1zwqSSrD1736151599.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jOVPLG76OAIngyQ03M7j1736151636.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:410px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>P wave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>First wave to appear due to atrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> <strong>(option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Q wave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>First negative wave after the P wave <strong>(option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>R wave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>First positive wave after the P wave <strong>(option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S wave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Immediately after R wave</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T wave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>After the QRS complex <strong>(option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>U wave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricular myocytes with long action potentials</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:569px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Interval</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Duration in seconds</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Events of the heart</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>PR</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.12 to 0.20</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Atrioventricular conduction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>QRS duration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.08</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricular depolarization</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>QT</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.40</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricular action potential</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ST</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.32</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plateau portion of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> action potential</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/MQz1UmK7eJYbStyE1OEn1743092797.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which segment on the ECG corresponds to the period during which the ventricles remain in a state of complete depolarization?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "PR interval", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "ST segment", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "QRS complex", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "QT interval", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. ST segment", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JWgCwIGwjrlge5yJKXkV1736136101.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:641px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>The phases of action potential</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Corresponding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40ebcbf95e169277718613d7c2d999\">ECG</span> segment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ionic activity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key features in the phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phase 0</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The initial part of the QRS complex</p>\n<p>(Q wave)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Opening of voltage‑gated sodium channels</li>\n<li>The rapid myocardial influx of sodium ions.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> and overshoot.</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phase 1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The rest of the QRS complex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Closure of sodium channels</li>\n<li>Cessation of sodium influx</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Initial rapid repolarization</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phase 2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ST segment (option B)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Slow and prolonged opening of voltage‑gated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> channel</li>\n<li>Slow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> influx</li>\n<li>Efflux of potassium</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plateau phase, sustained depolarization</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phase 3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T wave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cessation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> influx.</li>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> efflux.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Final repolarization.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phase 4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No direct representation on the ECG</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Opening of inward rectifying K+ channels</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Restoration of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> potential</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RxDS6PiM52naz6bY4aWN1743093146.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is false about the Class I antiarrhythmics on the cardiac action potential?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Prolong the repolarization phase by blocking potassium channels", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Class Ib decrease the QT interval", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Class Ic are the most potent", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Reduce the rate of depolarization during phase 0", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Prolong the repolarization phase by blocking potassium channels", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vYGpNarbeRjmgQgpSqEv1736136161.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:434px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Class Ia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Class Ib</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Class Ic</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Degree of block</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Moderate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mild</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Marked (option C)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>QT interval</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prolong</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decrease (option B)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No effect</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/agWbJ8Jh5Obr7EtMgEP41743093462.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following options primarily contributes to QT prolongation on the ECG?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Opening of inward rectifying K+ channels in phase 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Prolonged depolarization during Phase 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Delayed repolarization during Phase 2 or 3", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased sodium influx during Phase 0", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Delayed repolarization during Phase 2 or 3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:641px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>The </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Corresponding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40ebcbf95e169277718613d7c2d999\">ECG</span> segment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ionic activity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key features in the phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phase 0</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The initial part of the QRS complex</p>\n<p>(Q wave)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Opening of voltage‑gated sodium channels</li>\n<li>A rapid myocardial influx of sodium ions.<strong>(option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> and overshoot.</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phase 1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The rest of the QRS complex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Closure of sodium channels</li>\n<li>Cessation of sodium influx</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Initial rapid repolarization</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phase 2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ST segment <strong>(option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Slow and prolonged opening of voltage‑gated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> channel</li>\n<li>Slow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> influx</li>\n<li>Efflux of potassium</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plateau phase, sustained depolarization</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phase 3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T wave <strong>(option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cessation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> influx.</li>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> efflux.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Final repolarization.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phase 4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No direct representation on the ECG</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Opening of inward rectifying K+ channels <strong>(option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Restoration of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> potential</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gbYHRSN0qTZbx8y0soMK1743094157.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "If the voltage in Lead II of the Einthoven triangle is 1.5 mV and the voltage in Lead III is 0.5 mV, what is the voltage in Lead I?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "2.0 mV", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1.0 mV", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "2.5 mV", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1.5 mV", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1.0 mV", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/blPl4GJpi2RAW9LPTAdA1736136239.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qbCHP2tkmNoLCZMPFzEd1743094373.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true regarding ECG leads?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Chest leads are bipolar limb leads- horizontal plane.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Positive end of the voltmeter is connected to the Wilson terminal.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "In lead II the negative end is the right arm", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Augmented limb lead is bipolar", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. In lead II the negative end is the right arm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Tah6ZAdsy6iD0dHrcTDP1736136310.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:498px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Leads</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Number of Leads</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bipolar limb leads</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lead I, Lead II, Lead III</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Augmented <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ea6fece5431692777201734b84a0f5\">unipolar</span> limb leads <strong>(option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>aVR, aVL, aVF</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Precordial/ chest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ea6fece5431692777201734b84a0f5\">unipolar</span> leads</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>V1, V2, V3, V4, V5 ,V6</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bipolar</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Unipolar</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Both the electrodes are active</li>\n<li>It is the difference between positive - negative</li>\n<li>Located on the frontal/ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dad5b2152216927771851a3d10cd41\">coronal</span> plane.<strong>(option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>One <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"91ff119f8e169277718738daf09e12\">electrode</span> is the active or recording <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"91ff119f8e169277718738daf09e12\">electrode</span> and the other one is the indifferent electrode.</li>\n<li>There are six <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ea6fece5431692777201734b84a0f5\">unipolar</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e0ac98da71692777184489b28c5e4\">chest leads</span> and three <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ea6fece5431692777201734b84a0f5\">unipolar</span> limb leads( augmented limb leads)</li>\n<li>Located on the frontal/ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dad5b2152216927771851a3d10cd41\">coronal</span> plane<strong>.(option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:611px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Leads</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Voltmeter connection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Volage <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f7e7543bc16927772015cdb525c2b\">vector</span> direction</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Negative end</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Positive end</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lead I</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right arm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left arm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Negative to positive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lead II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Right arm<strong> (option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left foot</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Negative to positive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lead III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left arm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left foot</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Positive to negative</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:352px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Leads</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Position</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>V1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> space, right sternal border</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>V2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> space, left sternal border</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>V3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Midway between V2 and V4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>V4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> space, midclavicular line</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>V5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> space, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> axillary line</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>V6</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5th <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73796a0ae81692777190a4306a66a3\">intercostal</span> space, midaxillary line</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/OuCEK3Gpt9MUeuOVEvjN1743094886.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "According to hexaxial reference system of ECG, the direction of voltage vector of lead aVR is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "+150°", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "-150°", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "+30°", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "-30°", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. -150°", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/u8DBlx2rrNj22uttGjWU1736136540.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:741px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Lead</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Positive Electrode</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Negative Electrodes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>View</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Use</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>aVR</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Right Arm (RA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Left Arm (LA) + Left Leg (LL)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>From the right shoulder</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Right-sided heart abnormalities</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>aVL</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Left Arm (LA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Right Arm (RA) + Left Leg (LL)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>From the left shoulder</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Left-sided heart abnormalities</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>aVF</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Left Leg (LL)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Right Arm (RA) + Left Arm (LA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>From the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> (foot) position</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Inferior heart abnormalities</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/a4KhRSkVwB1OKJ4pSbLw1743095094.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a patient presenting with ST elevation in leads V1 and V2 on an ECG, which of the following is the most likely diagnosis and the corresponding coronary artery involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anterior wall myocardial infarction due to Right Coronary Artery (RCA) occlusion.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inferior wall myocardial infarction due to Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery occlusion.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Septal wall myocardial infarction due to Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery occlusion.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lateral wall myocardial infarction due to Left Circumflex (LCX) artery occlusion.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Septal wall myocardial infarction due to Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery occlusion.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:554px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>ST <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1f256489a16927771870ddd296574\">Elevation</span> Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Affected <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">Cardiac</span> Wall</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Coronary Artery</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>I, aVL, V5, V6</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Lateral Wall of the Left Ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">Circumflex</span> (LCX) or Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">Descending</span> (LAD)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>II, III, aVF</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Inferior Wall of the Left Ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">Coronary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (RCA)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>V1, V2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Septal Wall of the Left Ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">Descending</span> (LAD)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>V3, V4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Anterior Wall of the Left Ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">Descending</span> (LAD)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>V1 to V4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Anterior Wall including Septal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">Descending</span> (LAD)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>V7, V8, V9</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Posterior Wall of the Left Ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">Coronary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">Artery</span> (RCA) or Left <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed0b0613a81692777184dc4b974a19\">Circumflex</span> (LCX)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/oHmkz2B2N6Yd5CwbJvrQ1743095504.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "If a T wave spans 4 small boxes and 3 vertical boxes on an ECG recording paper moving at a standard speed of 25 mm/second,with standard voltage calibration, what is the duration and amplitude of the T wave?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Duration: 0.16 seconds, Amplitude: 0.3 mV", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Duration: 0.20 seconds, Amplitude: 0.4 mV", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Duration: 0.16 seconds, Amplitude: 0.4 mV", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Duration: 0.20 seconds, Amplitude: 0.3 mV", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Duration: 0.16 seconds, Amplitude: 0.3 mV", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Paper Speed:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>The standard paper speed is 25 mm/second. This means that the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40ebcbf95e169277718613d7c2d999\">ECG</span> paper moves at a rate of 25 millimeters per second.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Measurement for Duration:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40ebcbf95e169277718613d7c2d999\">ECG</span> paper is divided into small and large boxes. Each large box is 5 mm x 5 mm, and each small box within a large box is 1 mm x 1 mm.</li>\n<li>1 Large Box: Represents 0.20 seconds (200 milliseconds).</li>\n<li>1 Small Box: Represents 0.04 seconds (40 milliseconds)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Amplitude:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c75de951316927771819cdfdbdd6a\">amplitude</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40ebcbf95e169277718613d7c2d999\">ECG</span> waveforms is measured in millivolts (mV).</li>\n<li>Each vertical small box represents 0.1 mV.</li>\n<li>Each large box represents 0.5 mV (since it contains 5 small boxes).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ze0p3EmieOtRk90UL2fa1743095798.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following can be considered as Left axis deviation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "+30°", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "-60°", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "+90°", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "-10°", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. -60°", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/cXwiIPBWbNDdrnUUSkUh1743096173.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the His bundle electrogram (HBE), what does the H wave denote?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Atrial depolarization", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ventricular depolarization", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Depolarization of the His bundle", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Repolarization of the ventricles", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Depolarization of the His bundle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Fh5XkHJlSbmcawYUijPK1736136643.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:120px\">\n<h3><strong>Waveforms in the His <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b0057954d1692777183cde3b4afbf\">Bundle</span> Electrogram</strong></h3>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:120px\">\n<p>A Wave</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:504px\">\n<p>The A wave represents atrial depolarization.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:120px\">\n<p>H Wave</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:504px\">\n<p>The H wave represents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> of the His bundle’s upper part.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:120px\">\n<p>V Wave:</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:504px\">\n<p>The V wave represents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> depolarization.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:120px\">\n<h3><strong>Intervals in the His <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b0057954d1692777183cde3b4afbf\">Bundle</span> Electrogram</strong></h3>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:120px\">\n<p>P-A Interval</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:504px\">\n<ul>\n<li>The PA interval is the time from the onset of the P wave on the surface <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40ebcbf95e169277718613d7c2d999\">ECG</span> to the onset of the A wave on the His <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b0057954d1692777183cde3b4afbf\">bundle</span> electrogram.</li>\n<li>The PA interval typically ranges from 25 to 55 milliseconds.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:120px\">\n<p>A-H Interval</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:504px\">\n<ul>\n<li>The A-H interval is the time between the onset of the A wave and the onset of the H wave.</li>\n<li>Typically ranges from 50 to 120 milliseconds.</li>\n<li>This interval represents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> time through the AV node. A prolonged A-H interval suggests AV nodal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> delay.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:120px\">\n<p>H-V Interval</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:504px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Typically ranges from 35 to 55 milliseconds.</li>\n<li>This interval represents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> time through the His-Purkinje system. A prolonged H-V interval suggests an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c84d27695c1692777190b79260039a\">infranodal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> delay or block.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/LoJ59haqK5ELwDu6i2HX1743096608.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 21 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
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Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. 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The effective resistance of the network of vessels is 4.8 R units. The pressure at the proximal end of the network is 150 mmHg, and the pressure at the distal end is 90 mmHg. What is the total blood flow rate through the network of vessels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "8 L/s", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "12.5 L/s", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "10.5 L/s", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "20 L/s", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 12.5 L/s", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RDxu7CdXF3UIkWrU6ymb1736151999.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xzmr8XDfcpevz3Zj5ZNn1736151958.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YSAgQwdvgZttsyyqHyoa1743160963.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Capillaries provide maximum total peripheral resistance", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Arteries contain the most blood volume in the systemic circulation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fenestrated capillaries has gaps size ranging from 300-600 nm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-V anastomoses found in earlobes have thick, muscular walls", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. A-V anastomoses found in earlobes have thick, muscular walls", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/G3QOPmolq4Z0WCZS59Vk1736152105.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:572px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Blood Vessel Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Blood Volume</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arteries</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.</li>\n<li>Arteries have <strong>elastic tissue</strong> in their walls, allowing them to stretch and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b45dda9ea71692777197cbb7b1cab1\">recoil</span> with the pumping of the heart.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>8%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arterioles</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>They are the <strong>primary site of resistance</strong> to blood flow</li>\n<li>Contain a high proportion of smooth muscle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>1%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Capillaries</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tiny vessels with thin walls for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>5%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Veins</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Veins have thinner walls allowing them to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"426d1139cc16927771862bcd89856c\">distend</span> easily and <strong>accommodate larger volumes of blood.</strong></li>\n<li>Contain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> valves to prevent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbee2f1b011692777182d9b84068ec\">backflow</span> of blood</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>54% </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jDOt76oEOQMLybLtNrTr1743161228.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes the characteristics of laminar blood flow?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Laminar blood flow is characterized by chaotic and irregular movements with significant mixing of fluid layers.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Laminar blood flow occurs at high velocities and low fluid viscosity, leading to smooth and orderly movement.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Laminar blood flow occurs at low velocities and high fluid viscosity, with fluid particles moving in parallel layers.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Laminar blood flow is responsible for generating Korotkoff sounds during blood pressure measurement.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Laminar blood flow occurs at low velocities and high fluid viscosity, with fluid particles moving in parallel layers.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hJ2pLsSTu8YhwUnOuTEW1743161534.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements correctly applies the law of Laplace in cardiovascular physiology?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Capillaries are prone to rupture due to high wall tension.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dilated hearts have to work harder due to increased myocardial tension.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased flow velocity in narrow vessels reduces distending pressure.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The total energy in a tube or blood vessel remains constant.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Dilated hearts have to work harder due to increased myocardial tension.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Principle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Applications</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Law of Laplace</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The tension in the wall of a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba2a9140961692777185aae938c18b\">cylinder</span> is equal to the product of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53ab411c811692777200e0e1b68984\">transmural</span> pressure and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec7c10c0421692777197d151a4c0b5\">radius</span> divided by wall thickness.</p>\n<p>T= P.r/ 2w ( T= Tension, P= <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53ab411c811692777200e0e1b68984\">Transmural</span> pressure, r= Radius, w= Wall thickness)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Capillaries</strong>: Low tension in walls due to small radius, resistant to rupture.<strong> (Option A)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>Dilated Hearts</strong>: Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec7c10c0421692777197d151a4c0b5\">radius</span> requires more tension, increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> workload.(Option B)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bernoulli Principle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The total energy in a tube or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72c06d2cc71692777183b1cbaf5bae\">blood vessel</span> (kinetic energy + potential energy) remains constant. <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n<br/>\n\t\t\t </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pressure Measurement</strong>: Lower side arm pressure in a T tube due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"380a6ccecf1692777190e8f50d4829\">kinetic</span> energy of flow. <strong>Atherosclerotic Plaques</strong>: Increased flow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">velocity</span> in narrow vessels reduces distending pressure, maintaining vessel narrowing. <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/OwlWJsIPRmImFelVzxx61743161880.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-y/o male patient presents with a blood pressure reading of 150/90 mmHg. Which of the following statements about his pulse pressure (PP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pulse pressure is 40 mmHg, and MAP is 110 mmHg.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pulse pressure is 60 mmHg, and MAP is 100 mmHg.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pulse pressure is 60 mmHg, and MAP is 110 mmHg.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pulse pressure is 40 mmHg, and MAP is 100 mmHg.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pulse pressure is 60 mmHg, and MAP is 110 mmHg.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pulse Pressure (PP)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mean <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e831262a7169277718263c34e2dc1\">Arterial Pressure</span> (MAP)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Definition</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Difference between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf69f5256416927771991c21f264ae\">systolic</span> and diastolic blood pressure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Average pressure in arteries during one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> cycle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Calculation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>PP=SBP−DBP</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>MAP=DBP+1/3(SBP−DBP)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal Range</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>40-60 mmHg</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>70-100 mmHg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Clinical Significance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Indicates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b5f013011692777183ea1b11ed9c\">cardiovascular</span> health and heart function</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A better indicator of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33dfead74b1692777195931780bd9e\">perfusion</span> to vital organs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Implications of High Values</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Risk of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b5f013011692777183ea1b11ed9c\">cardiovascular</span> events</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can indicate a risk of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45372f6c361692777189ff3209e642\">hypertension</span> and organ damage</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Implications of Low Values</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>This may suggest poor heart function</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>This may indicate poor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33dfead74b1692777195931780bd9e\">perfusion</span> of vital organs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BRSR03YSbGXVR1miLbOk1743162436.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the fastest acting method of BP regulation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Capillary fluid shift", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Baroreceptor reflex", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Renin-angiotensin vasoconstriction", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Renal body fluid mechanism", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Baroreceptor reflex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Time Frame</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanisms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Short-term</strong> (seconds to minutes)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Autonomic nervous system</li>\n<li>Baroreceptor reflex</li>\n<li>Central nervous system ischemic response</li>\n<li>Chemoreceptor mechanism</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Constrict veins to increase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> to the heart</li>\n<li>Increase heart rate and contractility</li>\n<li>Constrict <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> arterioles to elevate BP</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intermediate-term</strong> (minutes to hours)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Angiotensin mediated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f0b42b17016927772014c586d44b7\">vasoconstriction</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Stress relaxation</li>\n<li>Capillary fluid shift <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Renin triggers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4d00ed86c1692777181c0c43a452a\">angiotensin</span> II, constricting blood vessels and increasing BP</li>\n<li>Sustained high BP leads to gradual pressure reduction</li>\n<li>Fluid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> or loss in capillaries adjusts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9b690b70c16927771833aae799b33\">blood volume</span> and BP</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Long-term</strong> (days to years)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Renal-body fluid mechanism <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>Aldosterone influence</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Regulate salt and water <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> to maintain BP stability</li>\n<li>Aldosterone promotes salt and water <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b668aed705169277719744b6db8f8e\">retention</span> when BP is low</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Baroreceptors in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> and aortic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> detect BP changes</li>\n<li>Increased BP <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad337177ee1692777199de941a0cda\">stretches</span> receptors, sending signals to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">glossopharyngeal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerves</li>\n<li>Medulla inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52abfe100916927772011ad20f3fda\">vasoconstrictor</span> center and stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fb29f3cd516927772017bd29c2581\">vagal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f19a37b5916927771941ba9f5ef49\">parasympathetic</span> center</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Vasodilation of blood vessels</li>\n<li>Decreased heart rate and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> strength</li>\n<li>Reduced BP due to lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> resistance and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Importance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Maintains BP stability during activities like standing</li>\n<li>Fastest acting <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Tends to reset within 1-2 days for long-term regulation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dfI5mk6ajUM1UbZLi2ue1743162638.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient undergoing PCI for myocardial infarction suddenly develops bradycardia, hypotension, and episodes of apnoea.Which of the following reflexes is most likely mediated by chemosensitive vagal C fibers in the cardiopulmonary region?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cushing reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bainbridge reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bezold-Jarisch reflex", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Baroreceptor reflex", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Bezold-Jarisch reflex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/L6kEXtssKG25jSBaodI61736152193.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pJFWqXxsOBWUwkLfJ6bp1736152230.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/yqa6HaPL3PVuV8MginpQ1743163274.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with massive blood loss is found to have increased sympathetic nervous system activity, resulting in elevated blood pressure. Which combination of factors primarily triggers the central nervous system (CNS) ischemic response?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypoxia and hypercapnia", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypoxia and hypocapnia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypoglycemia and hypoxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypoglycemia and hypercapnia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hypoxia and hypercapnia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/9dAZuOSEtIM5WrUGpWQQ1736152297.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/b9tW590RzXW2nar7nAg61743163746.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "55-y/o patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with acute exacerbation. ABG shows severe hypoxemia and hypercapnia. How do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to these changes, and its effect on blood pressure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Stimulation of chemoreceptors leading to hypertension", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Deactivation of chemoreceptors leading to hypotension", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "No response of chemoreceptors leading to hypotension", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Deactivation of chemoreceptors but no response on blood pressure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Stimulation of chemoreceptors leading to hypertension", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ryPJYRaNNoOfKOzLKSkm1736152366.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bzV9xeliVEVBHANW2kkH1743164019.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with acute exacerbation. ABG shows severe hypoxemia and hypercapnia. How do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to these changes, and its effect on blood pressure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Stimulation of chemoreceptors leading to hypertension", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Deactivation of chemoreceptors leading to hypotension", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "No response of chemoreceptors leading to hypotension", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Deactivation of chemoreceptors but no response on blood pressure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Stimulation of chemoreceptors leading to hypertension", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4oshie5iJWSXvU7lpxWR1736152486.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pKgfnXnbSlpLtZHbDiSw1743164300.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55 y/o man is undergoing a treadmill stress test. Which of the following is true about coronary perfusion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Primarily occurs during left ventricle systole", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It is the difference between aortic systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right ventricle perfusion decreases during systole than diastole.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Regulation of coronary blood flow involves local metabolites", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Regulation of coronary blood flow involves local metabolites", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/gQIRxBDh6kmcub8bPank1736152779.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key points</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Explanation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coronary circulation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supplies heart muscles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Major <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> arteries</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Left and right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> arteries</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rate of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> in myocardium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>250ml/minute</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Percentage of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> in heart</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5% of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YIzR9sHdWsD5VDT4v2TU1743183126.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about myocardial muscle tension is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Preload primarily affects the velocity of muscle shortening", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Afterload does not affect the duration of systole", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increasing preload leads to decreased muscle tension", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The force-velocity relationship in cardiac muscle is inverse and hyperbolic", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. The force-velocity relationship in cardiac muscle is inverse and hyperbolic", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1ZmIv2fQi4wEclUTtAt91736152870.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/8USmgimhneXFkd23gXgg1743183501.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the intracranial pressure (ICP) homeostasis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "An increase in cerebrospinal fluid volume can be compensated by a decrease in brain tissue volume", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "An increase in blood volume can be offset by a decrease in cerebrospinal fluid volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The sum of volumes of brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid remains constant", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A significant increase in one intracranial component always leads to a proportional increase in ICP", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. An increase in cerebrospinal fluid volume can be compensated by a decrease in brain tissue volume", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xmsr4lEvQCiANapAmqEH1736152930.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/aruZ1KBI7vgGobMokdZJ1743184277.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a scientific research, large group of non-hypertensive individuals (systolic blood pressures &amp;lt; 120 mm Hg) were studied every 2 years throughout their adult lives. Effects of age and sex on arterial pressure components (systolic and diastolic BP) in the study are given below. Fall of diastolic pressure after the middle age is due to:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increase stiffness of arteries", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decreases stiffness of arteries", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decrease in contractile force of heart", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decrease in total peripheral resistance", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Increase stiffness of arteries", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MPNMBU2QDAWeWpoW9SRZ1727345835.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/sWrPLHFlgFC7BnCsq9kN1727345927.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/I0hkI60yX0ROWwsjAXp41743184678.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 24 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - 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Tricuspid bulge into right atrium during isovolumetric ventricular contraction", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/CdOmlURhm9tL8NF5Se8W1746516863.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>a wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Caused by atrial systole<strong>. (Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Atrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> results in a temporary halt in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> inflow.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Some blood flows back into the veins, causing a rise in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> pressure.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>c wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Arises from the increase in atrial pressure during isovolumetric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> contraction.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Pressure is transmitted through the closed and bulging <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> valve. <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>x descent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Ventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13941ea4ec1692777199fc8cfd1a7a\">systole</span> pulls the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> down</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>v wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Corresponds to the rise in atrial pressure as blood fills the atria.<strong> (Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Occurs during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11d448b6c4169277718635a922383c\">diastole</span> while the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> is still closed.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>y descent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Opening of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"397f16a7a71692777187ffffefa7e6\">emptying</span> of right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"707de303e516927772011cb80f4028\">ventricle</span> <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which organelle is not present in the designated region of the cardiac muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mitochondria", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lysosome", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Golgi bodies", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Lysosome", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/0CHG0Kz54hnNqCMCfBPl1688022531.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which reflex is responsible for tachycardia when the right atrium is distended?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "J reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cushing reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bezoid jarisch reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bainbridge reflex", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Bainbridge reflex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the cause of dicrotic notch?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Passive filling of blood in ventricles", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Rapid ejection phase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Peripheral resistance", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Isovolumic contraction", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Peripheral resistance", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\"&gt;Peripheral&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is correct regarding Isovolumic relaxation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "AV valves are closed", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Corresponds to QT interval", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "‘C' wave of JVP", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Semilunar valves open", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. AV valves are closed", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mSd0Fo3t39giUXSiuMJ41747031274.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>AV Valves</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Semilunar Valves</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Event</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Isovolumic Contraction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricles contract but no ejection</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ventricular Ejection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Open</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood ejected into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Isovolumic Relaxation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricles relax, no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52edf0af4d1692777202dd1a490884\">filling</span> yet</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ventricular Filling</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Open</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood flows into ventricles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the cause of dicrotic notch?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Passive filling of blood in ventricles", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Rapid ejection phase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Closure of semilunar valves", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Isovolumic contraction", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Closure of semilunar valves", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:560px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Event</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Upstroke (Systolic Rise)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b69bda4d21692777187109c85a27e\">ejection</span> increases aortic pressure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Systolic Peak</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maximum arterial pressure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dicrotic Notch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Semilunar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6cf2c3dc51692777200ef7fb22f69\">transient</span> backflow</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diastolic Decay</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gradual pressure decrease as blood moves into periphery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the following LV pressure-volume loop diagram, point C denotes –", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mitral valve closes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Aortic valve opens", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Aortic valve closes", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mitral valve opens", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Aortic valve opens", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/kCFpCh6IJNH6gA4OajSW1748156046.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PCbdOO4N37djQGCUZHNW1748156054.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most probable diagnosis for a 65-year-old woman who arrives at the outpatient department with symptoms of breathlessness and fatigue? She has no previous medical history of reactive airway disease or heart disease, but she has undergone breast cancer treatment including breast conservation surgery and chemoradiation. On examination, engorged neck veins and jugular venous pressure (JVP) indicate a rapid x and y descent. The chest x-ray findings are as follows.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Constrictive pericarditis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cardiac tamponade", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dilated cardiomyopathy", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Restrictive cardiomyopathy", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Constrictive pericarditis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RjmsEyFteH1OpYkcC8kh1747029621.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the cardiac muscle, the inhibition of Na +K +ATPase results in?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hyperpolarization and then depolarization", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Depolarization", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hyperpolarization", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Repolarization", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Depolarization", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/33WWAI8HL7BazmBq7pH71748155968.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>PHASES</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>OPENING AND CLOSURE OF CHANNELS</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase 0- Depolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase 1- Initial rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40451a27bd1692777197d6c276d0bc\">repolarization</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closure of Na+ channels</p>\n<p>Opening of K+ channel</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase 2- Plateau phase </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slower but prolonged opening of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels</p>\n<p>K+ channel also remains open.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase 3- Late rapid repolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closure of the Ca2+ channels</p>\n<p>Slow, delayed increase of K+ efflux</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase 4- Baseline </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Resting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">Membrane</span> Potential About −80 to −90 millivolts.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What does the image below represent in terms of murmurs?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "End diastolic", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pan systolic", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ejection systolic", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mid diastolic", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ejection systolic", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/a7U0IWF2BgxQcr4VP6QI1746699683.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the jugular venous pressure (JVP) waveform, the \"a\" wave corresponds to:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Right Atrial contraction", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tricuspid valve bulging into Right atria", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Right Atrial relaxation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right atrial filling", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Right Atrial contraction", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jfXFwVgw4dcJ2e0oF6Ku1741087032.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>a wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Caused by atrial systole.</li>\n<li>Atrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> results in a temporary halt in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> inflow.</li>\n<li>Some blood flows back into the veins, causing a rise in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> pressure.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>c wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Arises from the increase in atrial pressure during isovolumetric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> contraction.</li>\n<li>Pressure is transmitted through the closed and bulging <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> valve.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>x descent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13941ea4ec1692777199fc8cfd1a7a\">systole</span> pulls the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> down</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>v wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corresponds to the rise in atrial pressure as blood fills the atria.</li>\n<li>Occurs during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11d448b6c4169277718635a922383c\">diastole</span> while the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> is still closed.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>y descent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Opening of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"397f16a7a71692777187ffffefa7e6\">emptying</span> of right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> into ventricle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In response to increased blood pressure, which of the following is released at the level SA node?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Epinephrine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "NE", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dopamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "ACh", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. ACh", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/9jOM7IG5dn05Ig0UwQEn1746518685.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following curves represents gamma-globin chain production?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Green curve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Black curve", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Blue curve", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Orange curve", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Orange curve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/c9lKyD6FDP8NNFzfyqef1746517624.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Haemoglobin </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structural formula</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Embryonic </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Hb Gower 1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">ζ<sub>2</sub>ɛ<sub>2</sub></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Hb Gower 2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">α<sub>2</sub>ɛ<sub>2</sub></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Hb Portland</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">ζ<sub>2</sub>ɛ<sub>2</sub></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fetal </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Hb-F</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">α<sub>2</sub>γ<sub>2 </sub>(0.5-1%)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adult</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Hb-A</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">α<sub>2</sub>β<sub>2 </sub>(97%)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Hb-A₂</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">α<sub>2</sub>δ<sub>2 </sub>(1.5-3.2%)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old patient visits his family practitioner for a yearly examination. On examination, his BP was 190/100 mm Hg, and his pulse pressure was 90 mm Hg. What would have decreased, resulting in this increase in pulse pressure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Myocardial contractility", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stroke volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Arterial wall compliance", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cardiac output", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Arterial wall compliance", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "If the contractility of the heart is decreased, which of the following is seen?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decreased end-diastolic volume and pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Shift of the end-systolic volume and pressure curves to the right", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased stroke volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Enhanced response to sympathetic stimulation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Shift of the end-systolic volume and pressure curves to the right", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Positive Bowditch Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Seen in healthy hearts, related to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9f26a9f4c1692777198b89eb3c94c\">SER</span> Ca load alterations.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Negative Bowditch Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pathological, due to diminished SERCA protein expression, hallmark of heart failure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Shift from increasing heart rate to beta-blockers for improved <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> function in heart failure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the cause of dicrotic notch?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Passive filling of blood in ventricles", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Rapid ejection phase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Closure of semilunar valves", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Isovolumic contraction", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Closure of semilunar valves", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:560px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Event</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Upstroke (Systolic Rise)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b69bda4d21692777187109c85a27e\">ejection</span> increases aortic pressure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Systolic Peak</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maximum arterial pressure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dicrotic Notch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Semilunar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6cf2c3dc51692777200ef7fb22f69\">transient</span> backflow</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diastolic Decay</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gradual pressure decrease as blood moves into periphery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A man presents with an irregularly irregular pulse and dyspnoea. What is the expected finding in the jugular venous pressure (JVP)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Absent a wave", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cannon a wave", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Prominent X descent", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Prominent Y descent", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Absent a wave", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pwleAg8lRzuAyCcSCHCl1724909680.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following are properties of ventricular cardiac muscle? All or none law Length tension relationship Long refractory period Can be tetanized", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 only", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2 only", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1 and 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1,2,3", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 1,2,3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient is brought to the Emergency Room following a road traffic accident (RTA) with thoracic and abdominal injuries. The patient is found to be in hypovolemic shock. What is the most probable cause of the decreased cardiac output in this case?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decrease in preload", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decrease in contractility of the heart", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increase in preload", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increase in afterload", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Decrease in preload", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:683px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Types of shock</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pathophysiology</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Causes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cardiac output</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cardiogenic</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inadequate pumping of the heart due to myocardial function.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acute myocardial infarction</li>\n<li>Heart failure</li>\n<li>Cardiac arrhythmias</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypovolemic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased amount of fluid in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> system</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acute hemorrhage</li>\n<li>Burn</li>\n<li>Metabolic: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f955f012f716927771801d01e7d163\">adrenal</span> insufficiency, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5603ff98316927771865d7ae41f16\">diabetic</span> ketoacidosis</li>\n<li>Severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aaabe672c51692777186a829ebdc0c\">diarrhea</span> or vomiting.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distributive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sudden increase in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce3edddb5116927771844c030f3c1e\">compartment</span> capacity due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">acute</span> marked vasodilation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Neurogenic shock</li>\n<li>Anaphylactic shock</li>\n<li>Septic shock</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obstructive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obstruction to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b69bda4d21692777187109c85a27e\">ejection</span> of blood from the ventricle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cardiac tamponade</li>\n<li>Constrictive pericarditis</li>\n<li>Cardiac tumor</li>\n<li>Tension pneumothorax</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n<p>↓</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Windkessel effect is not shown by which of the following vessels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Aorta", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pulmonary artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Radial artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Abdominal aorta", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Radial artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following contributes to the zero phase of the action potential in the SA node?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcium influx only", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sodium influx via voltage-gated sodium channels", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Potassium efflux", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Influx of both sodium and calcium", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Calcium influx only", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ijxFg6iI0FBPJaAKCLLh1745992925.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vJxMFBloQoVMkYrbsBGD1745933274.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Blood pressure changes in the radial artery were measured while performing a valsalva maneuver. Which of the following is the reason for the initial rise in blood pressure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increase in left ventricular volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decrease in left ventricular pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increase in aortic pressure", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decrease in aortic pressure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increase in aortic pressure", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DTzl5fcn9k4AKxL1P36o1745933052.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Valsalva Maneuver</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase I (onset of strain)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>There is a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6cf2c3dc51692777200ef7fb22f69\">transient</span> increase in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"263ee5444e1692777183a7e8e704da\">blood pressure</span> that lasts for a few seconds.</li>\n<li>This occurs due to increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"09d1aa62351692777190c98d0dbb12\">intrathoracic</span> pressure adding to the aortic pressure.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase II (phase of straining)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Venous return initially decreases, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff02aa40d51692777191246d4a9b87\">lowering</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"263ee5444e1692777183a7e8e704da\">blood pressure</span> for 4 seconds.</li>\n<li>Later, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"263ee5444e1692777183a7e8e704da\">blood pressure</span> returns to normal due to increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> resistance from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> vasoconstriction.</li>\n<li>Heart rate steadily increases due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fb29f3cd516927772017bd29c2581\">vagal</span> withdrawal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> activation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase III</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>This phase occurs following the release of strain characterized by a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6cf2c3dc51692777200ef7fb22f69\">transient</span> decrease in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"263ee5444e1692777183a7e8e704da\">blood pressure</span> lasting for a few seconds.</li>\n<li>This is caused by the mechanical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a50cd774d1692777186c56ec68eac\">displacement</span> of blood to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> bed, which was under increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"09d1aa62351692777190c98d0dbb12\">intrathoracic</span> pressure.</li>\n<li>There is little change in heart rate.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase IV</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Occurs after further release of strain; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"263ee5444e1692777183a7e8e704da\">blood pressure</span> slowly increases, and heart rate decreases for about a minute.</li>\n<li>This is due to an increase in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> return, stroke volume, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the true statement regarding the segment marked in red on the myocardial action potential curve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Due to opening of Na + and closure of fast K + channels", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Due to slow but prolonged opening of Ca 2+ channels", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Due to closure of Na + and opening of slow K + channels", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Due to Na + /K + ATPase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Due to slow but prolonged opening of Ca 2+ channels", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/Dwzb2HKmd9pavC6zbnU61745906237.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ALXgpNFWVO1SC73mp2ZQ1745300397.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Phases</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Opening and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">Closure</span> of Channels</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase 0- Depolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Opening of voltage-gated Na<sup>+</sup> channels</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase 1- Initial rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40451a27bd1692777197d6c276d0bc\">repolarization</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closure of Na<sup>+</sup> channels</p>\n<p>Opening of K<sup>+</sup> channel (<strong>option C</strong>)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase 2- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a4ced7da71692777195938424f299\">Plateau</span> phase </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slower but prolonged opening of L-type voltage-gated Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels</p>\n<p>K<sup>+</sup> channel also remains open.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase 3- Late rapid repolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closure of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels</p>\n<p>Slow, delayed increase of K<sup>+</sup> efflux</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase 4- Baseline</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Resting Membrane Potential About −80 to −90 millivolts.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The presence of a prominent 'v' wave of jugular venous pulse is suggestive of?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tricuspid regurgitation", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cardiomyopathy", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tricuspid stenosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Atrial fibrillation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Tricuspid regurgitation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JAW193WUt74PwWhWQQa81746181673.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:643px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Abnormalities</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>a wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Caused by atrial systole.</li>\n<li>Atrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> results in a temporary halt in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> inflow.</li>\n<li>Some blood flows back into the veins, causing a rise in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> pressure.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prominent a Wave: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">Tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c9567c6cb16927771996c6bc2b21e\">stenosis</span> <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong>, right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> hypertrophy, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> hypertension.</p>\n<p>Absent a Wave: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6a04221a41692777182825f0f08da\">Atrial fibrillation</span> <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n<p>Cannon a Wave: Atrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> against a closed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> valve</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>c wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Arises from the increase in atrial pressure during isovolumetric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> contraction.</li>\n<li>Pressure is transmitted through the closed and bulging <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> valve.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>x descent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13941ea4ec1692777199fc8cfd1a7a\">systole</span> pulls the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> down</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Steep x Descent: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49386582661692777185faf9eaa8d8\">Constrictive</span> pericarditis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> tamponade.</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>v wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Corresponds to the rise in atrial pressure as blood fills the atria.</li>\n<li>Occurs during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11d448b6c4169277718635a922383c\">diastole</span> while the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> is still closed.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prominent v Wave: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">Tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e495cf9cf16927771975bf315a060\">regurgitation</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>y descent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Opening of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ab13cdf64169277720085e2ebef1c\">tricuspid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"397f16a7a71692777187ffffefa7e6\">emptying</span> of right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a8d33da8541692777182ec6983d9a2\">atrium</span> into ventricle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Steep y Descent: Rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52edf0af4d1692777202dd1a490884\">filling</span> due to high atrial pressure.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>Absent y Descent: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39f44b27bf169277719416f29a74ee\">Obstruction</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52edf0af4d1692777202dd1a490884\">filling</span> (severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is correct regarding Isovolumic relaxation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "AV valves are closed", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Corresponds to QT interval", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "‘C' wave of JVP", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Semilunar valves open", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. AV valves are closed", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nZjBTypN7wD1Kz8mJrX71747909373.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>AV Valves</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Semilunar Valves</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Event</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Isovolumic Contraction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricles contract but no ejection</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ventricular Ejection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Open</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood ejected into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Isovolumic Relaxation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventricles relax, no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52edf0af4d1692777202dd1a490884\">filling</span> yet</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ventricular Filling</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Open</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood flows into ventricles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Reflex responsible for tachycardia during right atrial distension is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bezold-Jarisch reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bain bridge reflex", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cushing reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Baroreceptor reflex", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Bain bridge reflex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure increases in which of the following?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypovolemic shock", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Septic shock", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cardiogenic shock", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anaphylactic shock", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Cardiogenic shock", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The first heart sound coincides with which phase of cardiac cycle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rapid atrial filling", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Aortic ejection", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Isovolumetric contraction", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Isovolumetric relaxation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Isovolumetric contraction", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:690px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Sub-Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Key Events</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Systole</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Isovolumetric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">Contraction</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ventricles begin to contract</li>\n<li>Ranges from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> of AV valves (mitral and tricuspid) till opening of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a23f5d3cd16927771982eb39c68c1\">semilunar</span> valves.</li>\n<li><strong>First heart sound appears.</strong></li>\n<li>No <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9b690b70c16927771833aae799b33\">blood volume</span> change in ventricles</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Ventricular Ejection</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Has 2 phases- Rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b69bda4d21692777187109c85a27e\">ejection</span> phase and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">Reduced</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b69bda4d21692777187109c85a27e\">ejection</span> phase.</li>\n<li>Ventricular pressure exceeds aortic and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> pressure</li>\n<li>Aortic and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> valves open</li>\n<li>Blood ejected into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> artery<strong> (Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Ventricular volume decreases</li>\n<li>Ends with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> of the aortic valve.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Diastole</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Isovolumetric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5bc49d94df16927771975eae86de9f\">Relaxation</span> <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ventricles relax</li>\n<li>Ventricular pressure drops</li>\n<li>Aortic and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> valves close</li>\n<li>No <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9b690b70c16927771833aae799b33\">blood volume</span> change in ventricles</li>\n<li><strong>Second <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ca731b15316927771898437884f89\">heart sounds</span> appears.</strong></li>\n<li>Ends with the opening of AV valves.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Rapid Filling</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>AV valves (mitral and tricuspid) open</li>\n<li>Blood flows rapidly from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"422ada68fd16927771820019d5de1e\">atria</span> to ventricles</li>\n<li>Ventricular volume increases rapidly</li>\n<li>Third heart sound appears.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Diastasis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Blood flow from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"422ada68fd16927771820019d5de1e\">atria</span> to ventricles slows</li>\n<li>No change in the atrial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> pressure.</li>\n<li>Ventricular volume increases slowly</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Atrial Systole</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Atria contract</li>\n<li>Additional blood pushed into ventricles</li>\n<li>Ventricular volume increases slightly</li>\n<li>End-diastolic volume (EDV) reached</li>\n<li>Fourth heart sound is produced.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "PR interval in ECG denotes which of the following?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Conduction through AV nodes", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ventricular depolarization", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ventricular repolarization", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Atrial depolarization", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Conduction through AV nodes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mopaxaza9ooiRGE1YlFk1687165975.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\"&gt;Conduction&lt;/span&gt; through AV\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\">\n<p><strong>ECG waves</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Waves/ Interval</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Physiological Correlation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Amplitude</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Duration</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>P wave</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Atrial depolarization</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>0.1-0.3 mV</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>&lt;0.1 second</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>PR interval</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Time between start of atrial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> to start of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> depolarization</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>0.12-0.2 seconds</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Q wave</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Septal depolarization</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>0.06-0.10 seconds</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>R wave</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Ventricular depolarization</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>1 mV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>S wave</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Depolarization of base of ventricles</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>ST segment</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Depolarization complete. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95f7d4c24d16927771904b4278640d\">Isoelectric</span> line</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>0.08-0.12 seconds</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>T wave</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Repolarization of both the right and left ventricles</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>0.2-0.3 mV</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>QT interval</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Ventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> and repolarization</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>0.2-0.4 seconds</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following possesses cardio-protective properties?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "LDL", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "VLDL", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "HDL", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "IDL", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. HDL", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - HDL\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Lipoprotein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Source</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Origin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Properties</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Special Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Chylomicrons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Intestine</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Dietary fats</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Largest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f6f7d1976169277719178bd1ae135\">lipoprotein</span> particles</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Transport dietary triglycerides</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Transport of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18a9d4c52716927771878ee08e63ee\">exogenous</span> (dietary) triglycerides</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>VLDL</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Endogenous triglycerides</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>High in triglycerides</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Carry <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a7f0b780c1692777187fe83ec76b1\">endogenous</span> triglycerides to tissues</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Precursor for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e4438ab5c16927771919ca536a59f\">LDL</span> formation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>LDL</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>VLDL metabolism</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>VLDL remnants</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>High in cholesterol</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Deliver cholesterol to cells for various functions</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Considered \"bad\" cholesterol due to its association with atherosclerosis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>HDL</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Liver, Intestine</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Synthesized by the body</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>High in protein, low in lipids</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Remove <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a1ae24f701692777187a7f60bbd9f\">excess</span> cholesterol from tissues and cells</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Considered \"good\" cholesterol due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b5f013011692777183ea1b11ed9c\">cardiovascular</span> protection</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the options below can be used to elucidate the mechanism by which ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) exerts its effects?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "cAMP", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "cGMP", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "IP3-DAG", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "JAK/STAT", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. cGMP", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - cGMP\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is correct about isovolumetric relaxation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Semilunar valves open", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "C Wave of JVP", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Corresponds to QT interval", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "AV Valves are closed", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. AV Valves are closed", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - AV Valv\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "If radius of a vessel is doubled then the blood flow is increased by:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "32 times", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "16 times", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "256 times", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "8 times", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 16 times", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the cause of dicrotic notch ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Passive filling of blood in ventricles", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Rapid ejection phase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Closure of semilunar valves", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Isovolumic contraction", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Closure of semilunar valves", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Closure of &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a23f5d3cd16927771982eb39c68c1\"&gt;semilunar&lt;/span&gt; valv\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes Isovolumic relaxation ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "AV valves are closed", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Corresponds to QT interval", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "'C' wave of JVP", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Semilunar valves open", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. AV valves are closed", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\"&gt;Potassium&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Where do electrical impulses originate ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "SA node", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "AV node", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bundle of his", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Purkinje fibers", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. SA node", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The cardiac event that occurs at the end of the isometric relaxation phase is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Atrioventricular valves open", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Atrioventricular valves close", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Corresponds to the peak of C wave in JVP", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Corresponds to T wave in ECG", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Atrioventricular valves open", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Atrioventricular valv\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the increase in resistance of an artery if its radius is reduced to one-third?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "9 times", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "81 times", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "27 times", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "18 times", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 81 times", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "‘c’ wave in JVP is seen in?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Iso-volumetric contraction", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Slow filling at end of diastole", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "End of systole", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Start of diastole", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Iso-volumetric contraction", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Iso-volu\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>JVP Wave</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-color:#000000; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Event</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>'a' wave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Atrial contraction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>'c' wave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iso-volumetric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> of the ventricles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>'v' wave</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52edf0af4d1692777202dd1a490884\">filling</span> of blood into the atria</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>'x' descent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Atrial relaxation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>'y' descent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc8cac43cc16927772015049bb5ab8\">ventricular</span> filling</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Baroreceptor reflex is a type of __________.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Negative feedback", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Positive feedback", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both negative and positive feedback", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Feedforward control", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Negative feedback", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"267c66363316927771936565b4c6a4\"&gt;Negative feedback&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 50 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 4 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "What are the characteristic laboratory findings in primary hypothyroidism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Elevated TSH, low T4 levels", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Elevated TSH, low T3 levels", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Elevated TSH, elevated T4 levels", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Low TSH, low T4 levels", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Elevated TSH, low T4 levels", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:721px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Hypothyroidism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Secondary Hypothyroidism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thyroid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3662597407169277718640a12868f5\">dysfunction</span> leads to inadequate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> hormone production</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pituitary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3662597407169277718640a12868f5\">dysfunction</span> leads to insufficient TSH secretion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Autoimmune (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)</li>\n<li>Iatrogenic (e.g., post-thyroidectomy, radiation)</li>\n<li>Iodine deficiency</li>\n<li>Medications (e.g., amiodarone, lithium)</li>\n<li>Infiltrative diseases (e.g., sarcoidosis)</li>\n<li>Food <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30e693d8521692777188a5ea13201b\">goitrogen</span> → Cabbage, cassava.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pituitary tumors</li>\n<li>Pituitary surgery or radiation</li>\n<li>Sheehan’s syndrome</li>\n<li>Trauma</li>\n<li>Genetic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b775f0c475169277719593c573f6ff\">pituitary</span> hormone deficiencies</li>\n<li>Non-obstetric cause of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b775f0c475169277719593c573f6ff\">pituitary</span> damage called Simmonds's disease (AVM, tumor, HTN)</li>\n<li>Sarcoidosis</li>\n<li>Hemochromatosis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lab</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>TSH - ↑;</p>\n<p>Free T3/T4 - ↓</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>TSH - Normal or ↓;</p>\n<p>Free T3/T4 - ↓<strong> (Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance</li>\n<li>Dry skin, hair loss</li>\n<li>Bradycardia, constipation</li>\n<li>Myxedema (puffy face, non-pitting edema)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Similar to primary hypothyroidism</li>\n<li>Other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b775f0c475169277719593c573f6ff\">pituitary</span> hormone deficiencies (e.g., low cortisol, low LH/FSH)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Levothyroxine (T4) replacement with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5bd69c9791692777186a40f45ffb6\">dosage</span> based on TSH levels</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Levothyroxine (T4) replacement, but monitored by free T4 levels (since TSH is unreliable)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following hormones use receptor tyrosine kinase signalling?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Insulin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "TSH", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "TRH", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "MSH", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Insulin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Among the given options, which condition is expected to exhibit the greatest levels of ACTH and cortisol?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Early morning", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Normal individuals with dexamethasone administration", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Addison's disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cushing's disease", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Cushing's disease", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/AzLSW6Oo1D4uMXGsX1LG1746434654.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Prolactin level is highest during?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "24 hours after ovulation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "24 hours after delivery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "REM sleep", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "After running four 1 hours", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 24 hours after delivery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/aOBbup9g7FIPYsk8vF9U1746434810.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 14 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 15 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 35-year-old woman presents with hypertension and hypokalemia. Genetic testing reveals a mutation in the genes coding for epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs). Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with her symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Conn syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Liddle syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Secondary hyperaldosteronism", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Liddle syndrome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"982551b8f81692777189e20f09de85\">Hyperaldosteronism</span> </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"982551b8f81692777189e20f09de85\">Hyperaldosteronism</span> </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adrenal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> disorders</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3567fba5001692777197a712b10a39\">renin</span> activity conditions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adenomas, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f955f012f716927771801d01e7d163\">adrenal</span> hyperplasia, carcinoma, Glucocorticoid-Remediable <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"881ff8b2a21692777181fdd87352f8\">Aldosteronism</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cirrhosis, heart failure, nephrosis, salt-losing adrenogenital syndrome</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Renin Activity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Suppressed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GRA Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hybrid gene sensitive to ACTH</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not applicable</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>ECF Volume</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal or increased</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/8AjgVTZ9b6o4qSBZvOeF1745133183.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which layer of the adrenal cortex is correctly paired with its primary hormone?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Zona fasciculata - Androgens", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Zona glomerulosa - Aldosterone", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Zona reticularis - Cortisol", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Zona glomerulosa - Aldosterone", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Layers of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f955f012f716927771801d01e7d163\">Adrenal</span> gland</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adrenal Cortex:</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zones of the cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hormones produced</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Main function</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Morphology of Zone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zona Glomerulosa (Option B)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mineralocorticoid</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aldosterone(main)</li>\n<li>Deoxycorticosterone</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maintenance of sodium balance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small clumps of cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zona fasciculata (Option A)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucocorticoids</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cortisol</li>\n<li>Corticosterone</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maintenance of sugars</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Columnar cells that <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> long cords</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zona reticularis (Option C)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sex steroids</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dehydroepiandrosterone</li>\n<li>Androstenedione</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maintenance of sexual functioning</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Network of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfd35769b016927771901681bcc115\">intercalated</span> cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adrenal medulla:</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medulla</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Catecholamines:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Norepinephrine</li>\n<li>Epinephrine</li>\n<li>Small amounts of dopamine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Carbohydrate and fat metabolisms</li>\n<li>Fight or flight responses</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Specialized <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> ganglion</p>\n<p>Clumps and strands of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c4e8893871692777184b46d3381f5\">chromaffin</span> cells</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FDsqrdObXAEMRd95i7eD1745080827.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old patient has been on long-term corticosteroid therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. The physician advises tapering the dose gradually rather than stopping it abruptly. What is the reason for this advice?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "To avoid the risk of adrenal insufficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "To avoid the risk of Cushing's syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "To prevent a sudden increase in blood glucose levels", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "To prevent sudden increase in blood pressure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. To avoid the risk of adrenal insufficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/U6qzoHVKjYia5alDrPqI1736157670.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/V5TDCF5F1fRbwozQQWu01736157785.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Gczvt5mWSRnJb2bBOgnR1745081256.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following statements are true regarding the action of aldosterone to enhance sodium reabsorption at the molecular level in renal cells? (a) Inhibits the excretion of K+ to preserve Na+ (b) Activation of sgk gene (serum and glucocorticoid- regulated kinase) (c) Increases ENaC (Epithelial Na+ Channels) activity (d) Increases activity of Na+-K+ exchanger", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a, b, and c", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "a and c", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "b, c and d", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "c and d", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. b, c and d", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YQqwNTJUT2vQ6AroD9aD1736157861.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/TMjyLUN8xOSxq1BTnjLY1745081775.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the primary physiological trigger for the suppression of aldosterone secretion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased serum potassium levels", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Expansion of the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased renin release", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased blood pressure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Expansion of the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/9ReSzXwZ7llCltVoCoX61736157911.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vZkoWr36T2M1sGygEUSu1745086233.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following describes the mechanism by which glucocorticoids regulate metabolic reactions and ACTH secretion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Directly catalyzing metabolic reactions and stimulating ACTH secretion", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Binding to glucocorticoid receptors and acting as transcription factors", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inhibiting catecholamine action and decreasing mRNA synthesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Influence cellular processes by directly altering gene expression.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Binding to glucocorticoid receptors and acting as transcription factors", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Production</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adrenal cortex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism of Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bind to receptors, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> complexes, act as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"739aa4b5ea1692777200a636ee075f\">transcription</span> factors</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nongenomic Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Influence <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> processes without affecting gene expression</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Permissive Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Necessary for calorigenic, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"750a2c4f0316927771919126a135f4\">lipolytic</span> effects, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5f297233411692777196aa627be21d\">pressor</span> responses, bronchodilation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/J6UQeM1CJMFCHBc7n5NK1745133509.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male with a history of type 2 diabetes presents with difficulty managing his blood glucose levels. Which of the following effects of glucocorticoids best explains the patient's difficulty in managing his diabetes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucocorticoids enhance the action of insulin in peripheral tissues", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucocorticoids decrease gluconeogenesis in the liver", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucocorticoids promote protein anabolism", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucocorticoids counteract the effects of insulin in peripheral tissues", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Glucocorticoids counteract the effects of insulin in peripheral tissues", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/PV6XUVJOTYSycnBmBLsY1736158037.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intermediary Metabolism:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Promote protein catabolism. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Stimulate liver <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ffb3bd92c31692777188fe23bb7cff\">glycogenesis</span> and gluconeogenesis. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Enhance <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bcab733e981692777188fe634201b6\">glucose-6-phosphatase</span> activity.</li>\n<li>Elevates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> level.</li>\n<li>Counteract <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> effects in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> tissues, worsening diabetes. <strong>(Option A) </strong><strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>In diabetes, elevate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> levels and promote <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"296c955ad216927771900bf1905f13\">ketone</span> body formation. In healthy individuals, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> counters this effect.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Permissive Action:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Essential for actions of other hormones (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4d90ebfde1692777188e3689c1753\">glucagon</span> and catecholamines).</li>\n<li>Necessary for catecholamine-induced lipolysis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5f297233411692777196aa627be21d\">pressor</span> responses, and bronchodilation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effects on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55fd11666f1692777180e80135bda8\">ACTH</span> Secretion:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Regulate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9bbbb7c9b316927771806ddc890ba2\">adrenocorticotropic</span> hormone (ACTH) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> via negative feedback.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vascular Reactivity:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Maintain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72c06d2cc71692777183b1cbaf5bae\">blood vessel</span> responsiveness to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"155371e9941692777193b48666ce0a\">norepinephrine</span> and epinephrine.</li>\n<li>Deficiency leads to decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> responsiveness, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89e3252d5b16927771833fb9b432ae\">capillary</span> dilation, increased permeability, and potential <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> collapse.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Water Metabolism:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Regulate water balance.</li>\n<li>Adrenal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80feaae4b31692777190ea1ba3fc25\">insufficiency</span> impairs water excretion, increasing water <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fa5fbbb509169277719078b91cffd9\">intoxication</span> risk.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blood Cells and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fb6bd90f016927771918d4a2993ed\">Lymphatic</span> Organs:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Decrease eosinophils and basophils.</li>\n<li>Increase neutrophils, platelets, and red blood cells.</li>\n<li>Decrease lymphocytes and reduce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">node</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbd2788fff16927772009c0137de78\">thymus</span> size.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stress Resistance:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Crucial for stress response.</li>\n<li>Stress induces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55fd11666f1692777180e80135bda8\">ACTH</span> secretion, increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6045a2ba311692777188aaeacafe4f\">glucocorticoid</span> levels essential for survival.</li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vApt4hEfujAVoCW13H1E1745134146.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient presents with symptoms of hypertension and hypokalemia. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of aldosterone.Which of the following statements is true regarding the enzyme and the zone responsible for producing aldosterone?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Aldosterone is produced in the zona fasciculata, and the key enzyme involved is 17α-Hydroxylase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Aldosterone is synthesized from pregnenolone via progesterone in the zona glomerulosa", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "In the zona reticularis, pregnenolone is converted to aldosterone by Aldosterone Synthase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The zona glomerulosa produces aldosterone directly from cholesterol, bypassing pregnenolone and progesterone", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Aldosterone is synthesized from pregnenolone via progesterone in the zona glomerulosa", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/eiyW3NsjK9pCFtHx7TJk1736158098.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zona</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Conversion Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Enzymes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Steroid Hormones Produced</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zona Glomerulosa</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pregnenolone → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183d374ac91692777196c63c850299\">Progesterone</span> → Aldosterone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aldosterone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">Synthase</span> (P450c11AS)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aldosterone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zona Fasciculata</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pregnenolone → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183d374ac91692777196c63c850299\">Progesterone</span> or 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>17α-Hydroxylase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cortisol, Corticosterone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zona Reticularis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pregnenolone → 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>17α-Hydroxylase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DHEA, Androstenedione</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adrenal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">Cortex</span> Zone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzymes Present</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Steroid Hormones Produced</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zona Glomerulosa</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aldosterone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">Synthase</span> (P450c11AS)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aldosterone <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zona Fasciculata</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>17α-Hydroxylase, others <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cortisol, Corticosterone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zona Reticularis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>17α-Hydroxylase, others</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DHEA, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b218bfcc816927771817d02ae5257\">Androstenedione</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zona</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Conversion Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Enzymes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Steroid Hormones Produced</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zona Glomerulosa</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pregnenolone → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183d374ac91692777196c63c850299\">Progesterone</span> → Aldosterone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aldosterone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d2bd91ccac169277719941254e1795\">Synthase</span> (P450c11AS)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aldosterone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zona Fasciculata</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pregnenolone → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183d374ac91692777196c63c850299\">Progesterone</span> or 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>17α-Hydroxylase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cortisol, Corticosterone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zona Reticularis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pregnenolone → 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>17α-Hydroxylase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DHEA, Androstenedione</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/E3CeUHsD3Eil3B7DVtc51745142361.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 3-year-old child presents with signs of early virilization and ambiguous genitalia. Laboratory tests show elevated levels of ACTH and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. Which enzyme deficiency is most likely responsible for this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "11β-hydroxylase deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "21β-hydroxylase deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "17α-hydroxylase deficiency", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 21β-hydroxylase deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms/Consequences</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cholesterol <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5635767a781692777186352ccbc9b3\">desmolase</span> deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fatal in utero, prevents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"797686400a16927771956b27d401ff\">placental</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183d374ac91692777196c63c850299\">progesterone</span> synthesis.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Death before birth.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Steroidogenic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">acute</span> regulatory (StAR) protein deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Known as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"488a4efe7d16927771840c9e29f164\">congenital</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51ee6d3b45169277719130db4fa373\">lipoid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f955f012f716927771801d01e7d163\">adrenal</span> hyperplasia. Prevents cholesterol movement into mitochondria.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a48ce797cd1692777199efc43b3e4c\">steroid</span> production, female <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6a00bd30e169277718892b3a6076c\">genitalia</span> regardless of genetic sex.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3β-Hydroxysteroid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d1ed86c771692777185d6b762efd5\">dehydrogenase</span> deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc3fab1ffc1692777186c425795644\">DHEA</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> (weak androgen).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Masculinization in females, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10f9c2f2516927771892db76e26d0\">hypospadias</span> in males. <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>17α-Hydroxylase deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Caused by mutated CYP17 gene. Prevents sex hormone production.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Female external genitalia, hypertension, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f0fd5e3bf1692777189b24e452bca\">hypokalemia</span> due to high 11-deoxycorticosterone. <strong>(Option D- not early virilization)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>11β-Hydroxylase deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a5ff05a4c16927771854289242272\">11-deoxycortisol</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fb7482f46a16927771858c090e0571\">11-deoxycorticosterone</span> secretion.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Virilization, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45372f6c361692777189ff3209e642\">hypertension</span> due to salt and water retention. <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Impact</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms/Consequences</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cholesterol desmolase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prevents <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183d374ac91692777196c63c850299\">progesterone</span> synthesis.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fatal in utero.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>StAR protein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prevents cholesterol movement into mitochondria.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a48ce797cd1692777199efc43b3e4c\">steroid</span> production, female <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6a00bd30e169277718892b3a6076c\">genitalia</span> regardless of genetic sex.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases DHEA.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Masculinization in females, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10f9c2f2516927771892db76e26d0\">hypospadias</span> in males.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>17α-Hydroxylase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prevents sex hormone production.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Female external genitalia, hypertension, hypokalemia.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>11β-Hydroxylase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a5ff05a4c16927771854289242272\">11-deoxycortisol</span> and 11-deoxycorticosterone.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Virilization, hypertension.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/sG1WYxNoDCfh85EJYRiG1745142949.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman exhibits positive Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs. Which of the following mechanisms best explains the patient's symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased ionized calcium levels due to hyperventilation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decreased ionized calcium levels.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased total calcium levels due to chronic kidney diseas", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased total calcium levels due to vitamin D overdose", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Decreased ionized calcium levels.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1h8KM1cXl6W95SOMcu951745135079.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency department with symptoms of muscle spasms and difficulty breathing. She has recently been hyperventilating due to anxiety and reports a tingling sensation in her fingers. On examination, she exhibits a positive Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign. Which of the following best explains the underlying mechanism of tetany in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased calcium absorption due to high levels of parathyroid hormone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decreased ionized calcium leading to increased excitability of nerve and muscle cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased protein ionization due to low pH causing more free Ca2+ availability", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Enhanced bone calcium mobilization from decreased parathyroid hormone levels", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Decreased ionized calcium leading to increased excitability of nerve and muscle cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/weVHthH5DQY7RQOmQohq1745135592.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium regulation is TRUE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "PTH promotes calcium reabsorption and phosphate absorption in the renal tubules", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "PTH directly enhances calcium absorption in the intestines by increasing the expression of calcium-binding proteins", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "PTH directly activates osteoclasts, which break down bone tissue and release calcium into the extracellular fluid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "PTH is essential for the conversion of inactive vitamin D to its active form", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. PTH is essential for the conversion of inactive vitamin D to its active form", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:559px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">Calcium</span> Levels</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>PTH</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A hormone secreted by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3bcd005ca116927771941ae5bca4a8\">parathyroid</span> glands in response to low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba366417791692777187229d34e597\">extracellular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> levels.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bone Resorption</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>PTH stimulates <strong>osteoblasts, which</strong> <strong>signal osteoclasts to break down bone tissue</strong>, releasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> into the bloodstream.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Renal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">Excretion</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>PTH increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> tubules,<strong> reducing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> loss through urine</strong>.</li>\n<li>PTH decreases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> in the kidneys.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intestinal Absorption</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>PTH indirectly enhances <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> in the intestines.</li>\n<li>This active <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> of <strong>vitamin D promotes the formation of calbindin</strong>, a calcium-binding protein, in intestinal cells.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vitamin D</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>While not directly regulated by PTH, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77a4f731501692777202a03bfca9b4\">vitamin D</span> plays a crucial role in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> regulation. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77a4f731501692777202a03bfca9b4\">Vitamin D</span> must be converted to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, in the kidneys. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5eff25235516927771968c590529d7\">PTH</span> is essential for this conversion. <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/C90DTPtzmFWyKK5f3fyI1745136245.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes the primary role of vitamin D in calcium regulation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin D directly stimulates osteoclast activity to release calcium from bones", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin D enhances calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing its excretion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin D increases the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which mobilizes calcium", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin D facilitates the intestinal absorption of calcium, increasing its uptake from food", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Vitamin D facilitates the intestinal absorption of calcium, increasing its uptake from food", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/HNo1mTM26tSjW7RJBdpO1736158195.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wXeo5wl8X2alToVsY2fQ1736158200.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key concepts</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intestines</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increases the production of<strong> calbindin</strong> (calcium-binding protein) in intestinal epithelial cells which increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> absorption.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Kidneys</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> tubules, reducing their <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> in urine.</li>\n<li>This effect is <strong>relatively weak</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Excessive vitamin D can cause bone resorption.</li>\n<li>Smaller quantities actually promote bone calcification.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/E661VUOysUOoFZlDpwsq1745143349.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements best describes the primary mechanism by which calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Stimulates osteoblast activity to build new bone tissue", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increases the absorption of calcium in the intestines", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inhibits osteoclast activity to reduce bone resorption", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Enhances the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Inhibits osteoclast activity to reduce bone resorption", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism of Action</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key concepts</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inhibition of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c21bdae5e116927771947204c2076c\">Osteoclast</span> Activity by binding to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc4b4052651692777183edb479e5b9\">calcitonin</span> receptors on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c21bdae5e116927771947204c2076c\">osteoclast</span> (Option A) and (Option C)</li>\n<li>Decreased release of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> from bone</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Kidneys</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">Calcium</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">Excretion</span> (Option D)</h4>\n</li>\n<li>\n<h4>Reduces the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> tubules.</h4>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Intestine</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<h4>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">Calcium</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">Absorption</span> (Minor Role) (Option B)</h4>\n</li>\n<li>Effect is less compared to kidney</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/i0VmHl4dntQ1bKiClFMU1745144109.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following markers is primarily used to assess bone resorption?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Osteocalcin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BSAP)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cathepsins K", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Cathepsins K", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:591px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Markers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bone resorption</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bone formation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase</li>\n<li>Cathepsins K (Option D)</li>\n<li>Collagen-related markers</li>\n<li>Aminoterminal cross-linked telopeptide of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"946a9a6be11692777201eb269e8327\">type I</span> collagen</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Osteocalcin (Option A)</li>\n<li>Bone-specific <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b95c7f7b821692777181df660ee7ff\">alkaline</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65f1c4f3d4169277719505249503e0\">phosphatase</span> (Option B)</li>\n<li>C-terminal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f21f213c5d1692777196f648090d87\">propeptide</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"946a9a6be11692777201eb269e8327\">type I</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7892fe45ba1692777196c705571a65\">procollagen</span> (Option C)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4UyjXWhSISfisxrswl4W1745144365.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 25 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 22 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which statement correctly describes the role of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei in pituitary hormone secretion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The supraoptic nucleus primarily produces oxytocin, while the paraventricular nucleus primarily produces ADH.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei contain neurons that release hormones from axon terminals in the anterior pituitary gland.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Magnocellular neurons in these nuclei synthesize ADH and oxytocin and release them from the posterior pituitary gland.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei are located in the anterior pituitary gland and control its hormone secretion directly.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Magnocellular neurons in these nuclei synthesize ADH and oxytocin and release them from the posterior pituitary gland.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supraoptic Nucleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypothalamus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401dd7c3941692777180e4d78eee80\">ADH</span> (primarily), some oxytocin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Paraventricular Nucleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypothalamus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e1c459d2b1692777194da47cd13b3\">oxytocin</span> (primarily), some ADH</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Magnocellular Neurons</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supraoptic, Paraventricular, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"24ba716e681692777199e826239689\">Suprachiasmatic</span> Nuclei</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Synthesise and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b8c92219216927771981950fdd0e8\">secrete</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401dd7c3941692777180e4d78eee80\">ADH</span> and oxytocin, release hormones in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> pituitary</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Median Eminence</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32b8d1e25c1692777189a123d50ec1\">hypothalamus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> pituitary</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transports hypothalamic hormones to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> pituitary</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Arcuate Nucleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypothalamus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secretes GHRH to stimulate growth hormone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> pituitary</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jymia0BaZsWRTwfNpCbM1746116396.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 52-year-old man has had chronic polyuria &amp;amp; polydipsia for the past 6 months. He has a history of long-term lithium use for bipolar disorder. O/E, he is slightly dehydrated. Laboratory tests show normal blood glucose and ADH levels, and urinalysis indicates dilute urine with low osmolality. Kidney function tests are normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Neurogenic DI", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Nephrogenic DI", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "SIADH", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Diabetes Mellitus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Nephrogenic DI", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Findings</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nephrogenic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aabafbc36d16927771861d9dae54ed\">Diabetes Insipidus</span> (DI)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> fails to respond to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401dd7c3941692777180e4d78eee80\">ADH</span> despite its normal secretion.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>- Acquired:</strong> - Due to drugs such as Lithium, demeclocycline, rifampicin, aminoglycosides, cisplatin, amphotericin B</p>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>- Genetic:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd35346fc716927772029e2f0bb10f\">X-linked</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d54db2110416927771971e7c011a9f\">recessive</span> (V2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> deficiency), autosomal (aquaporin gene deficiency)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-Polyuria</p>\n<p>-Dilute <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> with low osmolality</p>\n<p>-Normal blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chlorpropamide (increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> response to ADH)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurogenic/ Central Diabetes Insipidus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deficiency of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401dd7c3941692777180e4d78eee80\">ADH</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> due to central issues (hypothalamus or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> pituitary).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-<u>Head injury </u></p>\n<p>-<u>Tumors </u>(craniopharyngioma, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b775f0c475169277719593c573f6ff\">pituitary</span> tumors)</p>\n<p>-<u>Infections</u> (meningitis, encephalitis)</p>\n<p>-<u>Vascular lesions </u>(Sheehan’s syndrome, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> aneurysm)</p>\n<p>-<u>Congenital defects</u></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Polyuria</p>\n<p>-Dilute <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> with low osmolality</p>\n<p>-Normal blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>DDAVP (synthetic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401dd7c3941692777180e4d78eee80\">ADH</span> analog), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"699f9aa3cf1692777201b501b79deb\">Vasopressin</span> injection, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"410cae5f3316927771840568711b33\">Clofibrate</span> therapy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Syndrome of Inappropriate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401dd7c3941692777180e4d78eee80\">ADH</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">Secretion</span> (SIADH)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Excessive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401dd7c3941692777180e4d78eee80\">ADH</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> leads to water <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b668aed705169277719744b6db8f8e\">retention</span> and dilutional hyponatremia.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-Head injury</p>\n<p>-<u>Ectopic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401dd7c3941692777180e4d78eee80\">ADH</span> production</u> (e.g., tumors: lung, pancreas, ovary, bladder)</p>\n<p>-<u>Neurologic diseases </u>(multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, brain abscess, meningitis, encephalitis)</p>\n<p>-<u>Drugs</u> (desmopressin, chlorpropamide, oxytocin, vincristine, phenothiazines, carbamazepine)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44b22766411692777189eb80d6416e\">Hyponatremia</span> (low sodium)</p>\n<p>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e63a499e5716927771860681cef17d\">Dilute</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ffaec13de169277719828374cfda0\">serum</span> osmolality</p>\n<p>- Concentrated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> with high osmolality</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>- Fluid restriction</p>\n<p>- Sodium replacement</p>\n<p>- Address the underlying cause</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:585px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Diabetes Insipidus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Diabetes Mellitus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Urine Osmolality</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>&lt;300 mOsm/L (dilute urine)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>&gt;1200 mOsm/L (concentrated urine)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Urine Taste</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Tasteless</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Sweet due to glucose</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Cause</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>ADH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"209b85faf71692777185767d43e3bd\">deficiency</span> or resistance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Glucose loss in urine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/COgZSVyaSsTvtFJImnmz1746120375.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about ADH receptors and their functions is FALSE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "V2 receptors activate the Gs protein, which increases cyclic AMP levels to facilitate water reabsorption in the kidneys.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "V1 receptors are involved in increasing blood pressure by causing vasodilation in blood vessels.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "V3 receptors are located in the pituitary gland and enhance the release of ACTH through Ca++.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "V2 receptors increase the permeability of kidney tubules to water by promoting the insertion of aquaporins 2 into the cell membrane.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. V1 receptors are involved in increasing blood pressure by causing vasodilation in blood vessels.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:622px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Receptor Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Main Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism by</strong></p>\n<p><strong>G-Protein Coupling</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>V1A</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Smooth muscles of blood vessels</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Causes vasoconstriction</p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Gq - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26d585d1e41692777195144f4452a8\">phosphatidylinositol</span> hydrolysis</li>\n<li>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> concentration by activating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3c0aa468916927771955a8c6d6998\">phospholipase</span> C</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>V1B</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Pituitary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> (corticotrophs)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"46a22478e616927771859d168e35ef\">CRH</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55fd11666f1692777180e80135bda8\">ACTH</span> secretion</p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Gq - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26d585d1e41692777195144f4452a8\">phosphatidylinositol</span> hydrolysis</li>\n<li>Stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"46a22478e616927771859d168e35ef\">CRH</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55fd11666f1692777180e80135bda8\">ACTH</span> release via V1B receptors</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>V2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Kidney tubules</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Increases water reabsorption</p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Gs - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d84248e9f16927771850f8b75c26a\">cyclic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e040c51b2e1692777181f22b831de4\">AMP</span> increase</li>\n<li>Leading to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c88a7c1a0116927771909b2463968d\">insertion</span> of aquaporins into the membrane</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gRrqprBkwniXEkE9adHV1746120853.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is false regarding prepro-pressophysin and prepro-oxyphysin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Prepro-pressophysin is the precursor for vasopressin, while prepro-oxyphysin is the precursor for oxytocin.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Both prepro-pressophysin and prepro-oxyphysin are synthesized in the hypothalamus.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Prepro-oxyphysin contains neurophysin II, which is involved in the transport of oxytocin.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Prepro-pressophysin and prepro-oxyphysin are transported to the posterior pituitary via Herring bodies.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Prepro-oxyphysin contains neurophysin II, which is involved in the transport of oxytocin.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:579px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Prepro-pressophysin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Prepro-oxyphysin</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Precursor for </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Vasopressin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Oxytocin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Signal Peptide</li>\n<li>Vasopressin</li>\n<li>Neurophysin II</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Signal Peptide</li>\n<li>Oxytocin</li>\n<li>Neurophysin I</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Function of Active Hormone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Regulates water <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b668aed705169277719744b6db8f8e\">retention</span> in kidneys, affects blood pressure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Plays a key role in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b378d6031692777184a20aa31718\">childbirth</span> and lactation, influences social bonding</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Processing Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Golgi apparatus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Transport to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">Posterior</span> Pituitary</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e7aec9ff416927771984a1e3100b7\">secretory</span> vesicles called <strong>Herring Bodies</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Synthesis Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Magnocellular neurons in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32b8d1e25c1692777189a123d50ec1\">hypothalamus</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Gene Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Chromosome 20</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RjA3FGez5N8t2h9tYn1q1746120023.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old woman presents with irregular menstrual periods, spontaneous lactation, and elevated prolactin levels. She is not pregnant or breastfeeding. She is under work-related stress and uses opioids for chronic pain. Which of the following is NOT likely contributing to her elevated prolactin levels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Angiotensin-II", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dopamine agonists", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Stress", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Dopamine agonists", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>PROLACTIN</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Source</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Secreted by lactotrophs of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b775f0c475169277719593c573f6ff\">pituitary</span> (10-25% of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b775f0c475169277719593c573f6ff\">pituitary</span> cells)</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5f4f4fc83e16927771911e9e162d7c\">lactotroph</span> population increases during pregnancy, lactation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58dd68b011692777187eb72633aac\">estrogen</span> therapy</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Synthesis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Synthesized as preproprolactin → proproprolactin → prolactin</li>\n<li>Stored in granules of lactotrophs and secreted upon stimulation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"9\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Factors Controlling Secretion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Increased by:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Prolactin Releasing Factor (PRF)</li>\n<li>Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) <strong>(B)</strong></li>\n<li>Pregnancy, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58dd68b011692777187eb72633aac\">estrogen</span> therapy, breastfeeding</li>\n<li>Sleep, stress <strong>(D)</strong></li>\n<li>Oxytocin, serotonin, Angiotensin-II <strong>(A)</strong></li>\n<li>Dopamine antagonists, opioids</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Decreased by:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dopamine and its agonists</li>\n<li>Somatostatin, GABA</li>\n<li>Prolactin (feedback mechanism)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"14\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Milk <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">Synthesis</span> and Secretion:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Stimulates milk <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> and secretion</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Breast Development:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Hyperplasia of breast tissue before/after puberty, during pregnancy and lactation</li>\n<li>Stimulates development of mammary glands (duct branching, alveoli)</li>\n<li>Works with estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, GH, insulin</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Reproductive Functions:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Inhibits GnRH, prevents ovulation, and causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35ee02af361692777191febf0f1887\">lactational</span> amenorrhea</li>\n<li>Controls some <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11e24b369816927771974383c7e17c\">reproductive</span> behaviors (inhibition of libido, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a191a950d7169277719148e72a75e2\">maternal</span> behavior)</li>\n<li>Decreases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a3b0e644a6169277719912525dffae\">spermatogenesis</span> in males</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Immunity:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Synthesized by immunocytes, helps balance <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc6add5cf91692777189b30a6bae38\">immune response</span> during pregnancy</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Liver:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> of synlactin, an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9effe716169277719035aacfffc7\">intermediary</span> growth factor</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Correlation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome</strong> due to hyperprolactinemia</li>\n<li><strong>Diagnosis:</strong> High <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"760a997a7b1692777196db9355b82a\">prolactin</span> levels, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b775f0c475169277719593c573f6ff\">pituitary</span> MRI</li>\n<li><strong>Treatment: </strong>Dopaminergic drugs to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b3de87b7c16927771901326efbcd2\">inhibit</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"760a997a7b1692777196db9355b82a\">prolactin</span> secretion, restoring <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2238ef34bc16927772024c3becf614\">fertility</span> and libido</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0R7zSt7dco7iMqzR7exy1746119737.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the likely diagnosis for a 45 y/o man presenting with increasing shoe size, prominent facial features, frequent headaches, enlarged hands and feet, joint pain, coarse facial features, protruding jaw, MRI findings of an enlarged sella turcica compressing the optic chiasm, and elevated levels of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acromegaly", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gigantism", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pituitary Dwarfism", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypothyroidism", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Acromegaly", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VkAHU3r4snupJKubtkEC1736157271.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nqEXZlR5flbwLR7jxMmb1736157204.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:622px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-color:#212121; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle\"> </td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Increased GH</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>GH Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Acromegaly</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Gigantism </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Pituitary Dwarfism</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Etiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hypersecretion of GH after the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> of the epiphysis.</li>\n<li>Tumor of somatotrophs of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> pituitary.</li>\n<li>Often associated with increased prolactin.</li>\n<li>Extra-pituitary causes (e.g., hypothalamic tumors)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased GH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> before the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> of epiphyses.</li>\n<li>Pituitary tumor of somatotrophs during childhood.</li>\n<li>Hypothalamic tumor causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a1ae24f701692777187a7f60bbd9f\">excess</span> GHRH secretion.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>GH deficiency</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlargement of hands, feet, jaw, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> bones.</li>\n<li>Osteoarthritis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> intolerance, hirsutism.</li>\n<li>Gynecomastia, lactation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d01e44abab16927772010db8725801\">visual field</span> changes (bitemporal hemianopia).</li>\n<li>Visceromegaly, macroglossia, increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f66ada5d616927771898f530a8510\">heel pad</span> thickness.</li>\n<li>Headache due to enlarged <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"02db2e09e91692777198e14771cb3b\">sella</span> turcica and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">optic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2cc97dc331692777184dee1ae5678\">chiasma</span> compression.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Abnormally tall <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ed58981c41692777199e6abf079eb\">stature</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc486020a916927771874098596bbc\">epiphyseal</span> growth of long bones.</li>\n<li>Features similar to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01f4c8035316927771800b6c1238b0\">acromegaly</span> except acromegalic facies.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Short stature, delayed bone and sexual maturation.</li>\n<li>Decreased muscle and total body mass.</li>\n<li>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> function and bone density.</li>\n<li>Normal mental power (differentiates from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> dwarfism).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Clinical presentation</li>\n<li>CT scan or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ce7bcb2f316927771938e0bea7f4d\">MRI</span> for tumor</li>\n<li>High GH level in plasma</li>\n<li>Surgical removal of the tumor</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Clinical presentation</li>\n<li>CT scan or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ce7bcb2f316927771938e0bea7f4d\">MRI</span> for tumor</li>\n<li>High GH level in plasma</li>\n<li>Surgical removal of the tumor</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Low GH or IGF-I level in plasma</li>\n<li>Administration of GH preparations</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/P5JjfKKq5u7DtE1Hv5kA1746119467.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) is known to be more potent in promoting cell growth?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "IGF-I", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "IGF-II", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Insulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Growth Hormone (GH)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. IGF-I", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:628px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>IGF - I ( <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6592d1759e1692777198d5d32eaa44\">Somatomedin</span> C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>IGF - II </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skeletal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6f61cdbe41692777183fdc8f95f96\">cartilage</span> growth</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Crucial for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> growth</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Regulation by GH</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Strongly regulated after birth</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not significantly regulated by GH postnatally</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Potency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More potent in growth promotion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less potent compared to IGF-I</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Plasma Concentration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mirrors GH secretion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Higher concentration than IGF-I</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Role in Development</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Important for both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba016f80c31692777196b151e95b8f\">postnatal</span> growth</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mainly involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> development</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Pei7vpJLxqkZXNBm4nSU1746119301.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45 y/o woman is found to have elevated growth hormone (GH) levels during routine screening. Despite these high levels, her Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-1) levels are also elevated, suggesting a failure in the feedback mechanism. Which condition could most likely explain the persistent high GH levels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pituitary adenoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypothalamic lesion impairing somatostatin release", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Reduced IGF-1 receptor sensitivity in the pituitary", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Excessive GHRH secretion from an ectopic source", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Reduced IGF-1 receptor sensitivity in the pituitary", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/X0GPlC2zBmMPz14gGlvk1736153804.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/32TG9vWV4CJ9jXKYBvyp1746118795.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Researchers are studying the effects of various factors on growth hormone (GH) secretion. They observed a significant increase in GH levels in participants who fasted overnight before the study. Which of the following best explains this observation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased somatostatin secretion", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Elevated blood glucose levels", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Starvation or protein deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Reduced ghrelin levels", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Starvation or protein deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Factors controlling GH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> and their effects</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Hypothalamic Control</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)</strong>: Increases GH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> and secretion.</li>\n<li><strong>Somatostatin (GHIH)</strong>: Decreases GH secretion.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Nutritional Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hypoglycemia</strong>: Promotes GH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> to increase blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels and mobilize energy.</li>\n<li><strong>Amino Acids</strong>: Stimulate GH release, supporting protein <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> and growth.</li>\n<li><strong>Starvation or Protein Deficiency</strong>: This leads to elevated GH levels to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a4d43e9d8416927771856f3d1cb32c\">conserve</span> body proteins and utilize fats as an energy source.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Physiological Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Exercise</strong>: Enhances GH secretion</li>\n<li><strong>Sleep</strong>: GH surges during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fdc13a6a116927771865b3a13263e\">deep sleep</span> are vital for growth and tissue repair processes.</li>\n<li><strong>Stress</strong>: Physical and emotional stressors can increase GH secretion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Hormonal Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ghrelin</strong>: Increases GH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> and stimulates appetite.</li>\n<li><strong>Sex Hormones (Estrogen and Testosterone)</strong>: Contribute to increased GH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> during puberty, supporting growth and development.</li>\n<li><strong>Negative Feedback Control</strong>: GH and IGF-1 levels feedback to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b3de87b7c16927771901326efbcd2\">inhibit</span> further GH release, maintaining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"50796581771692777189251fbe5ef1\">homeostasis</span> and preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a1ae24f701692777187a7f60bbd9f\">excess</span> GH production.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ar0lfu0H4S0GBqIojcOm1746118043.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old woman presents with galactorrhea (inappropriate milk secretion) and menstrual irregularities. After excluding other causes, the physician considers a potential pituitary dysfunction. Which hypothalamic hormone contributes to increased prolactin levels in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dopamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OrWtolknV9j0jCa9UNxC1736153610.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qxW4wplnK9JBA6p2eWO91746116732.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which cell type constitutes the majority in the anterior pituitary cell population?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Corticotropes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Somatotropes", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lactotropes", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thyrotropes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Somatotropes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell Type - Staining</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Percentage of Total <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e7aec9ff416927771984a1e3100b7\">Secretory</span> Cells (%)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acidophilic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Somatrope</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GH</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>50</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lactotrope</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prolactin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10-30</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basophilic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gonadotrope</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FSH, LH</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>20</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Corticotrope</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ACTH</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thyrotrope</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>TSH</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Lj4DAyxBxnhbojyUlWRm1746116583.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A researcher observes that certain cancer cells in a tissue sample are proliferating rapidly due to communication involving transforming growth factor α (TGFα) present on their surfaces. Which of the following cellular communication methods is being used?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Endocrine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Paracrine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Autocrine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Juxtacrine", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Juxtacrine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:628px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of cell signaling</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Endocrine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Paracrine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Autocrine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Juxtacrine</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hormones are secreted from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d8216cf7571692777187baa94b8612\">endocrine</span> glands and travel through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a813884d6016927771838d2d1f9d1d\">bloodstream</span> to reach distant target tissues.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hormones <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89275101301692777186567d1912a0\">diffuse</span> into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba366417791692777187229d34e597\">extracellular</span> space and signal neighboring tissues.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hormones bind to receptors on the same cell that secretes them, modifying the function of the parent cell.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Communication occurs through cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b1931a185169277718065e3fa42dd\">adhesion</span> to growth factors expressed on cell surfaces.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Example</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Most hormones signal target tissues far from their <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> of origin, facilitating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"021501f2831692777190ef9ba827fb\">intercellular</span> communication across the body.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Somatostatin from D cells of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6bcb647a241692777194b77a419bcf\">pancreatic islets</span> influences <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4d90ebfde1692777188e3689c1753\">glucagon</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> from neighboring <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769b87740c16927771907f5a83b1f8\">islet</span> cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The platelet-activating factor secreted by platelets activates the same platelets.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cells with receptors for transforming growth factor α (TGFα) interact by attaching to TGFα present on their cell surfaces</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0jn5NtaJ2nH346tpaePS1746104126.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true regarding the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) and the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The adenohypophysis is derived from neural tissue.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The adenohypophysis is linked to the hypothalamus through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The neurohypophysis contains five types of hormone-secreting cells, whereas the adenohypophysis does not produce hormones.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The neurohypophysis secretes growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The adenohypophysis is linked to the hypothalamus through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurohypophysis (Posterior Pituitary)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Embryological Origin </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Epithelial tissue (Rathke's pouch). <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neural tissue</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cellular Composition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Composed of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ed5f81953d1692777187529a6de318\">Epithelioid</span> cells</li>\n<li>Contains five types of hormone-secreting cells: <strong>(Option C&amp;D)</strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Somatotropes</strong> (secrete growth hormone)</li>\n<li><strong>Corticotropes</strong> (secrete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9bbbb7c9b316927771806ddc890ba2\">adrenocorticotropic</span> hormone)</li>\n<li><strong>Thyrotropes</strong> (secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone)</li>\n<li><strong>Gonadotropes</strong> (secrete follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone)</li>\n<li><strong>Lactotropes</strong> (secrete prolactin)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Made up of pituicytes (glial-like cells).</li>\n<li>Contains nerve fibers from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3dde02391916927771996b65bee336\">supraoptic</span> and paraventricular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e6b47028191692777193eb698e43b6\">nuclei</span> of the hypothalamus.</li>\n<li>Nerve fibers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe824aa5561692777183e979333339\">bulbous</span> structures near capillaries for hormone secretion.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormones Produced</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ADH, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e1c459d2b1692777194da47cd13b3\">Oxytocin</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n<p>Produced in the hypothalamus, transported via neurophysins, stored in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e7aec9ff416927771984a1e3100b7\">secretory</span> granules, and released into capillaries upon stimulation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Connection to Hypothalamus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypothalamic-hypophyseal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> system</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve fibres</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism of Hormone Secretion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hormonal regulation via the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32b8d1e25c1692777189a123d50ec1\">hypothalamus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd0597c3bd16927771890f241f5c1a\">hypophyseal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a74252404f1692777196d3f24bde2d\">portal</span> system</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Direct <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> control via nerve fibers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/anj5Xu8Nngo9Zo0n0pLy1746116021.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly describes a key difference between Type 1 and Type 2 steroidal or intracellular hormone receptors?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type 1 receptors are located in the nucleus, while Type 2 receptors are found in the cytoplasm.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type 1 receptors are bound to heat shock proteins in their inactive state, whereas Type 2 receptors can bind DNA even without a ligand.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Type 1 receptors function as heterodimers, while Type 2 receptors function as homodimers.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Type 1 receptors do not have intrinsic enzymatic activity, whereas Type 2 receptors do.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Type 1 receptors are bound to heat shock proteins in their inactive state, whereas Type 2 receptors can bind DNA even without a ligand.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 1 Receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type 2 Receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong>:</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cytoplasm <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nucleus <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong>:</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgen, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183d374ac91692777196c63c850299\">progesterone</span> receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thyroid hormone and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca82227ce61692777197ab9d330931\">retinoic acid</span> receptors</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Activation Mechanism:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inactive State</strong>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d82fcb9d1f16927771836a9f6ccf14\">Bound</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7838d3ab0169277718429c132f434\">chaperone</span> proteins- heat shock proteins (HSPs) like HSP90</p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Hormone Binding:</u> Causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18fb34ab321692777186e9bc95a726\">dissociation</span> from HSPs</li>\n<li><u>Dimerization: </u>Forms homodimers <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li><u>Nuclear Translocation: </u>Homodimers move to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> and bind to hormone response elements (HREs) on DNA</li>\n<li><u>Transcription:</u> Initiates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> of target genes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><u>DNA Binding: </u>Can bind DNA even without a ligand, often repressing transcription. The hormone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> is attached to a molecule RXR which forms a heterodimer. <strong>(Option C) </strong></li>\n<li><u>Ligand Binding:</u> Enhances or represses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"739aa4b5ea1692777200a636ee075f\">transcription</span> depending on coactivators or corepressors</li>\n<li><u>Transcriptional Regulation:</u> Modulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e90d7fdd7316927771880df273d8ef\">gene expression</span> via interaction with HREs</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vJ4DydmOsGIYhBiCks8X1746115738.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary mechanism of action for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Activation through intracellular ligand binding", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dimerization upon extracellular hormone-binding followed by phosphorylation", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Formation of ion channels in the membrane", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Direct activation of G proteins inside the cell", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Dimerization upon extracellular hormone-binding followed by phosphorylation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vUkz4rGvB6QHlYwkAyyN1746115522.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes the activation mechanism of transmembrane guanylyl cyclases (pGCs)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ligand binding induces a conformational change, activating cGMP synthesis.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phosphorylation directly activates cGMP synthesis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The intracellular domain initiates gene transcription.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Intracellular proteins bind to activate cGMP synthesis.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ligand binding induces a conformational change, activating cGMP synthesis.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/glt87fjQHz1uNmAU459l1746115283.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP pathway and the phospholipase C pathway is INCORRECT?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "In the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP pathway, hormone binding to a Gs-coupled GPCR leads to activation of adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "In the phospholipase C pathway, phospholipase C converts PIP2 into inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adenylyl cyclase activation in the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP pathway leads to the inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "In the phospholipase C pathway, IP3 mobilizes calcium ions from internal stores, and DAG activates protein kinase C to mediate cellular responses.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Adenylyl cyclase activation in the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP pathway leads to the inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Activation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Enzymes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Second Messengers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cellular Effects</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adenylyl Cyclase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GPCR-Gs binding</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adenylyl Cyclase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>cAMP</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protein phosphorylation, e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> hormones, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f4575b0a516927771805f688177c0\">adrenocortical</span> steroids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phospholipase C</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GPCR binding</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phospholipase C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>IP3, DAG</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Calcium mobilization, smooth muscle contraction, protein phosphorylation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zUoou91eA5rKZkYJ4PcS1746115070.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly describes a mechanism involving GPCRs?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GPCRs have eight transmembrane segments.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The α subunit of G proteins binds GDP when activated.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Prolonged hormone exposure can decrease active GPCR numbers.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The α subunit permanently inactivates the GPCR.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Prolonged hormone exposure can decrease active GPCR numbers.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/OqKtV6nfAHamaMonFnuZ1746114538.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which type of hormone receptor binds to hydrophobic hormones and acts primarily as a transcription factor within the nucleus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Insulin receptor", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Estrogen receptor", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ion channel receptor", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Estrogen receptor", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Au4hSYKLxJGtm3LkAzlf1746114117.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements correctly describes the activity of these hormones?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Protein hormones diffuse through the cell membrane and act on nuclear receptors.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Steroidal hormones bind to cell surface receptors and initiate second messenger cascades.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Protein hormones bind to cell surface receptors and initiate intracellular signaling cascades.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Steroidal hormones are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the cell membrane.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Protein hormones bind to cell surface receptors and initiate intracellular signaling cascades.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:519px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Protein Hormones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Steroid Hormones</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hydrophilic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hydrophobic <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell Entry</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cannot penetrate the cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Freely <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89275101301692777186567d1912a0\">diffuse</span> through the cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Receptor Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cell surface receptors <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nuclear receptors (primarily in the cytoplasm)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Receptor Family</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GPCRs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nuclear <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> family</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Signaling Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Initiate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a621be29da16927771901bc91014d1\">intracellular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9016f36fd1692777198b0fd5e9c6d\">signaling</span> cascades</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receptor-hormone complex moves to the nucleus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intracellular Activity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Second messengers like cAMP and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> ions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Form dimers, bind to DNA, regulate gene <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"739aa4b5ea1692777200a636ee075f\">transcription</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NVg4q97GM8UprD6t4vGk1746113506.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following hormones can diffuse through the cell membrane and primarily act inside the cell by binding to nuclear receptors?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Insulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Catecholamines", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cortisol", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vasopressin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Cortisol", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Peptide/Protein Hormones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Water-Soluble</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bind to cell surface receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insulin, Vasopressin</p>\n<p><strong>(Options A&amp;D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Amine Hormones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Water-Soluble</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bind to cell surface receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Catecholamines</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Steroid Hormones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hydrophobic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diffuse into cells, bind nuclear receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cortisol, Mineralocorticoids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thyroid Hormones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hydrophobic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diffuse into cells, bind nuclear receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thyroid Hormone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1cUNrsgT7PzUyUiArOF11746113325.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35 y/o woman reports feeling tired during the day and struggles to stay awake at work. Her sleep study reveals that her sleep-wake cycle is disrupted, pointing to an irregular circadian rhythm. Which of the following is not an example of a circadian rhythm?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sleep-wake cycle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Body temperature fluctuations.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Menstrual cycle", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Peaks of cortisol levels in serum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Menstrual cycle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:681px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Biological Rhythm</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ultradian</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Circadian</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Infradian</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>All types of ‘short-term rhythms’ with a frequency of fewer than 24h but commonly with periods in the range of 20 min to 6h</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Circadian rhythm describes the 24-hour oscillations of biological processes associated with the dark/light cycle and the earth’s daily rotation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The period of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e53825e6ef16927771902979d3c2fa\">infradian</span> rhythms is longer than the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d2d14b32a1692777184597558c86a\">circadian</span> rhythms with ranges from days to years</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Example</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The episodic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> from the beta-cell of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2fe8c6c116927771946fb9a8adb0\">pancreas</span> regulates blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels.</li>\n<li>GnRH from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32b8d1e25c1692777189a123d50ec1\">hypothalamus</span> regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11e24b369816927771974383c7e17c\">reproductive</span> function.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Melatonin is secreted by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d0ddb3b3c1692777195823fa13daa\">pineal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> and the liver and it regulates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6d2d14b32a1692777184597558c86a\">circadian</span> rhythms of various <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c2c85ae6b16927771950809419a59\">physiological</span> activities. Its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"859a34e1061692777183872a5e4441\">biosynthesis</span> increases at night and is inhibited during daytime by the light detected by the retina.</li>\n<li>Serum concentrations of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1698cefc83169277718522e3f5fd61\">cortisol</span> show marked variation within the day with the highest level detected in the early morning<strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>Sleep-wake cycle<strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Body temperature fluctuations over 24 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"136c4bdd441692777189c5b2e976a0\">hrs</span> <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Menstrual cycle- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b775f0c475169277719593c573f6ff\">Pituitary</span> gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones) and Ovarian hormones (estrogen and progesterone) show <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e53825e6ef16927771902979d3c2fa\">infradian</span> rhythms.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jTIigMQSAYukxgHdDfNs1746104447.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 32 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 56 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which hormone positively controls the blood levels of 1,25-OH-cholecalciferol among the options provided?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thyroxine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Parathormone", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Insulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Calcitonin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Parathormone", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following regulate serum calcium levels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcitonin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Parathormone", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin D", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which hormone is responsible for the breast cramps experienced by a mother during breastfeeding her child?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Progesterone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Estrogen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Prolactin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Oxytocin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Oxytocin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Beta hCG is structurally similar to which biochemical moiety?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "LH", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "FSH", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ACTH", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Oxytocin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. LH", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maintaining Pregnancy</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> luteum to produce progesterone, essential for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> lining maintenance.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Trophoblast Growth</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enhances <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"03a334f35e1692777185356e060797\">cytotrophoblast</span> growth and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"797686400a16927771956b27d401ff\">placental</span> development.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Angiogenesis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Promotes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72c06d2cc71692777183b1cbaf5bae\">blood vessel</span> formation in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9a776cad316927771878445d3a99f\">endothelium</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"05bef24e711692777193a154b462b4\">nutrition</span> and oxygenation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Immunomodulation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alters immune responses to promote <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Isoform</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Characteristics/ Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Classical hCG</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Supports early pregnancy.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hyperglycosylated hCG</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"797686400a16927771956b27d401ff\">placental</span> invasion and growth.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Free β Subunit</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated levels may indicate malignancies (e.g., trophoblastic tumors).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sulfated hCG</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>May influence pregnancy outcomes.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Beta 2 receptor action leading to hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia is mediated by which of the following enzymes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Adenylyl cyclase", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Guanylyl cyclase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phospholipase C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Phospholipase A2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Adenylyl cyclase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>cAMP/PKA Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activation of β2-AR by catecholamines or β2-agonists couples with Gs protein.Increases cAMP and activates PKA.PKA phosphorylates proteins regulating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> metabolism.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>mTORC2 Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chronic β2-AR <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> promotes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> via mTORC2.Enhances GLUT4 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ba7332e86169277720060bd4507c8\">translocation</span> to the muscle cell membrane, independent of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> signaling.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Condition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyperglycemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acute β2-AR <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> increases blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Promotes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e0596a13f169277718805afad1bcb\">glycogenolysis</span> and gluconeogenesis.Stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\">beta</span> cells.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypoglycemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chronic β2-AR <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> lowers blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases skeletal muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> via mTORC2-mediated GLUT4 translocation.Improves <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> tolerance.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Counterregulatory Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Restores <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"78c658d4ed1692777189098c7544b9\">hypoglycemia</span> or fasting.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> production.Inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> action in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> tissues.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Parathyroid adenoma", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lithium intake", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin D", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Chronic kidney disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Parathyroid adenoma", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which hormones possess receptors within the cell?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thyroxine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Epinephrine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucagon", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Parathormone", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Thyroxine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Action Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Peptide/Protein Hormones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Water-Soluble</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bind to cell surface receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insulin, Vasopressin, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4d90ebfde1692777188e3689c1753\">Glucagon</span> <strong>(Options C &amp; D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Amine Hormones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Water-Soluble</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bind to cell surface receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Catecholamines<strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Steroid Hormones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hydrophobic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diffuse into cells, bind nuclear receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cortisol, Mineralocorticoids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thyroid Hormones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hydrophobic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diffuse into cells<strong>, bind nuclear receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T3, T4 <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the hormones marked in the image given.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A -somatostatin B - GHRH C -GH D -IGF-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A -IGF-1 B -GH C -GHRH D - somatostatin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A -GH B -GHRH C -IGF-1 D -Somatostatin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A -GHRH B -Somatostatin C -GH D -IGF-1", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. A -GHRH B -Somatostatin C -GH D -IGF-1", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/VLNyeYjb1wySaVpQ5qON1746517217.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pau3QBxXzDl0KNhEtFYa1745475571.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary protein that binds to thyroxine?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Follistatin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Transthyretin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thyroxine-binding globulin", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Transferrin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Thyroxine-binding globulin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Oxytocin plays a role in-", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Milk production", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Milk ejection", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Milk storage", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Osmoregulation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Milk ejection", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the best stimulus for the release of vasopressin", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypotonicity of extracellular fluid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypertension", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypotension", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypo-osmolarity of extracellular fluid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hypotension", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "For its action, which hormone is able to cross the plasma membrane?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Epinephrine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thyroxine", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucagon", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Insulin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Thyroxine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option B - Th\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Hormone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Thyroid Hormones</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Steroid Hormones</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Cortisol, Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone, Aldosterone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin D</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Active form: Calcitriol</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Retinoids</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Retinoic Acid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Nitric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e08c004e8f1692777194c9d37e17ad\">Oxide</span> (NO)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Although not a hormone, it is a gas molecule that can <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89275101301692777186567d1912a0\">diffuse</span> across membranes and act as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9016f36fd1692777198b0fd5e9c6d\">signaling</span> molecule.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is found in skeletal muscle among the options provided?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GLUT-4", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "GLUT-5", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "GLUT-7", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "GLUT-2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. GLUT-4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Glucose Transporter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>GLUT 1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Various tissues, including brain, erythrocytes, and placenta</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Basal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> in various tissues (constitutive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> transporter)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>GLUT 2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Liver, pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\">beta</span> cells, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> tubules, small intestine</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Facilitates bidirectional <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> transport</p>\n<p>in liver, pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\">beta</span> cells, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> tubules, and small intestine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>GLUT 3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Brain, placenta, testes</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Facilitates high-affinity <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> uptake</p>\n<p>in neurons and other glucose-dependent cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>GLUT 4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Adipose tissue, skeletal</p>\n<p>muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Insulin-regulated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> transporter</p>\n<p>Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> in response to insulin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>GLUT 5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Small intestine, testes, kidney, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c2a4a949d16927771802ba54640cc\">adipose</span> tissue, skeletal muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> transport (also transports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> to a lesser extent)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>SGLT 1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Small intestine, kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Sodium-dependent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> co-transporter</p>\n<p>Facilitates active <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> in the small intestine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>SGLT 2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Sodium-dependent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> co-transporter Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> in the kidneys</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which specific antibody is detected during a recent infection?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ig M", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ig G", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ig E", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ig A", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ig M", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A hypertensive patient’s lab results reveal hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. What is the most probable diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Conn's Syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Addison’s Disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Diabetes Insipidus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cushing's Disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Conn's Syndrome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Inhibin is secreted by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Leydig cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sertoli cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Interstitial cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Peg cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Sertoli cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The adrenal medulla is derived from neural crest cells. These neural crest cells originate from the dorsal aorta. Clusters of chromaffin cells become the distinct medulla after birth. The adrenal gland first appears 28-30 days post-conception. Adrenal medulla secrete which hormones?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sex hormones", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thyroid stimulating hormones", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Epinephrine", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucocorticoids", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Epinephrine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The primary source of testosterone production is primarily contributed by _________.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Leydig cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sertoli cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Seminiferous tubules", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Epididymis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Leydig cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cell Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Leydig cells</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Interstitial</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Production and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> of testosterone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Sertoli cells</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Seminiferous tubules</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Support and nourishment of developing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> cells, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> of hormones, creation of blood-testis barrier</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Germ cells</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Seminiferous tubules</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Sperm cell production and maturation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Spermatogonia</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Seminiferous tubules</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Self-renewal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55a682d72e16927771865bb4855ba3\">differentiation</span> into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Spermatozoa</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Seminiferous tubules</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Mature <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> cells capable of fertilization</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Endothelial cells</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Blood vessels within testis</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Formation of blood vessels and transport of nutrients</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The predominant organ producing insulin-like growth factor I is", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Liver", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pituitary gland", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pancreas", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Adrenal glands", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Liver", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A: Liv\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Enterokinase is an activator of?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Trypsinogen", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Trypsin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chymotrypsin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Antitrypsin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Trypsinogen", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Activation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Pepsinogen</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Activated by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a983e569716927771805ed22b90d7\">acidic</span> environment (low pH) in the stomach to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> pepsin. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6a4968271692777195adb7c5c8f0\">Pepsinogen</span> is initially secreted as an inactive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae13cdc5c3169277719683e9f6bda5\">precursor</span> and is activated by the presence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6cd3307e0169277718936624365e5\">hydrochloric acid</span> (HCl).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Gastric lipase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Activated by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a983e569716927771805ed22b90d7\">acidic</span> environment (low pH) in the stomach. The low pH in the stomach aids in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> lipase, allowing it to break down dietary fats.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Gelatinase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Activated by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a983e569716927771805ed22b90d7\">acidic</span> environment (low pH) in the stomach. Gelatinase, also known as collagenase, is an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> that helps in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47d4bcce081692777186a1aafdde1a\">digestion</span> of collagen-rich <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissues.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Chymosin (rennin)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Activated by the presence of acid and partially digested proteins (such as casein) in the stomach. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7e2316cf6169277718483c713a1ba\">Chymosin</span> plays a role in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47d4bcce081692777186a1aafdde1a\">digestion</span> of milk proteins in infants and young animals.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Gastric amylase</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Activated by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a983e569716927771805ed22b90d7\">acidic</span> environment (low pH) in the stomach. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">Gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ee24d3aa0016927771810af81a9cf3\">amylase</span> helps in the initial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"903370f259169277718385f6060dd7\">breakdown</span> of starches and carbohydrates into simpler sugars.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Intrinsic factor</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Not activated by an enzyme. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">Intrinsic</span> factor is a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c9fa3a73216927771888299c86e08\">glycoprotein</span> secreted by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> cells in the stomach and is involved in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. It facilitates the binding of vitamin B12 and its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> by specific receptors in the ileum.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the duration for which sperm stays in the epididymis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "24hours", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "48 hours", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "20 days", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "96hours", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 20 days", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Definition</strong></td>\n<td>Spermatogenesis is the process of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> cell development, involving <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55a682d72e16927771865bb4855ba3\">differentiation</span> and maturation.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Location</strong></td>\n<td>Occurs in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1406286c02169277719897928fb9f1\">seminiferous</span> tubules of the testes.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Stages</strong></td>\n<td>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3fa45f87169277719914e0dbaf14\">Spermatogonia</span> 2. Primary Spermatocytes 3. Secondary Spermatocytes 4. Spermatids</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hormonal Regulation</strong></td>\n<td>Stimulated by gonadotropins (Luteinizing Hormone - LH and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone - FSH).</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Meiosis</strong></td>\n<td>Spermatogenesis involves two rounds of meiotic division: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e3732fcf416927771923ad13f4d16\">Meiosis</span> I and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e3732fcf416927771923ad13f4d16\">Meiosis</span> II.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Duration</strong></td>\n<td>Takes approximately 64-72 days from spermatogonial division to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0472620c171692777192c655af9c57\">mature</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> release.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mitotic Division</strong></td>\n<td>Spermatogonia (stem cells) divide mitotically to produce more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3fa45f87169277719914e0dbaf14\">spermatogonia</span> and primary spermatocytes.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Meiotic Divisions</strong></td>\n<td>Primary spermatocytes undergo <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e3732fcf416927771923ad13f4d16\">Meiosis</span> I to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> secondary spermatocytes, which undergo <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e3732fcf416927771923ad13f4d16\">Meiosis</span> II.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Transformation</strong></td>\n<td>Spermatids are formed after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e3732fcf416927771923ad13f4d16\">Meiosis</span> II, which <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0472620c171692777192c655af9c57\">mature</span> into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b8de2260ef1692777199037ce4faf5\">spermatozoa</span> through spermiogenesis.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Spermiogenesis</strong></td>\n<td>Process of transforming round spermatids into elongated, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27cf09e9d316927771928763e99e0d\">motile</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b8de2260ef1692777199037ce4faf5\">spermatozoa</span> with distinct morphology.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sertoli Cells</strong></td>\n<td>Sertoli cells in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1406286c02169277719897928fb9f1\">seminiferous</span> tubules provide support, nourishment, and protection for developing sperm.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Spermiation</strong></td>\n<td>The release of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0472620c171692777192c655af9c57\">mature</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b8de2260ef1692777199037ce4faf5\">spermatozoa</span> from the Sertoli cells into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e87def492e1692777191eda63cfc5e\">lumen</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1406286c02169277719897928fb9f1\">seminiferous</span> tubules.</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sperm Maturation</strong></td>\n<td>After spermiation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> undergo further <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76948f718016927771924774ade7e9\">maturation</span> in the epididymis, acquiring <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> and fertility.</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All are Glucogenic hormones except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ADH", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucagon", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thyroxine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucocorticoids", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. ADH", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Active form of Vitamin D3 is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcitriol", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Calciferol", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calcidiol", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ergocalciferol", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Calcitriol", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Vitamin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Active Form/Product</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin A</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic Acid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B1</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Thiamine <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53da8f40b5169277719620504e0cb9\">Pyrophosphate</span> (TPP)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B2</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Flavin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"701cef29c216927771801e7d1a7c0f\">Adenine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"419082b5c61692777186e04b66aafb\">Dinucleotide</span> (FAD)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B3</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Nicotinamide <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"701cef29c216927771801e7d1a7c0f\">Adenine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"419082b5c61692777186e04b66aafb\">Dinucleotide</span> (NAD), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5eb9769383169277719347453a36cc\">Nicotinamide</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"701cef29c216927771801e7d1a7c0f\">Adenine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"419082b5c61692777186e04b66aafb\">Dinucleotide</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> (NADP)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B5</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Coenzyme A (CoA)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B6</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Pyridoxal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">Phosphate</span> (PLP)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B7</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Biotin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B9</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Folic Acid (Folate)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin B12</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Methylcobalamin, Cyanocobalamin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin C</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Ascorbic Acid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin D</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Calcitriol</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin E</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Alpha-Tocopherol</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vitamin K</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Phylloquinone (K1), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd6808e6c816927771927330b198fc\">Menaquinone</span> (K2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which hormone binds to tyrosine kinase receptors and has 4 subunits and 2 units for receptor binding?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Insulin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucagon", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "T3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "ADH", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Insulin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which hormone is specifically produced by the adrenal gland but not by the ovaries in females?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Progesterone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "DHEA", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Estrogen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "DHEA-S", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. DHEA-S", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Adrenal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">Gland</span> Hormones</strong></p>\n</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Cortisol</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Aldosterone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Adrenal Androgens</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Epinephrine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Norepinephrine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>DHEA-S (Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which hormones have a permissive function in the achievement of puberty?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GnRH", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Leptin", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Insulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "GH", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Leptin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B.\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In regards to regulating local concentrations, the degradation of hormones is observed in __________.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inactivation of glucocorticoids", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thyroid hormone deiodinases inactivating T3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Degradation of retinoic acid by Cyp26b1 in primordial germ cell of males", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All of the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D. All of the abov\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which is the active form of Vitamin D3?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcitriol", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Calciferol", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calcidiol", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ergocalciferol", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Calcitriol", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/6jtlIIHWS0Rpf7iImK651747917606.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following Hormones with their receptors? A. Insulin-Receptor 1. JAK/STAT B. Acetylcholine 2. Nuclear Receptor C. Growth Hormone 3. Tyrosine Kinase D. Thyroxine 4. Ligand gated", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Hormone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Receptor Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Insulin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tyrosine Kinase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activates <strong>PI3K/AKT &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47bc310681692777191d57afcc413\">MAPK</span> pathways</strong>, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> effects.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acetylcholine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ligand-Gated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">Ion</span> Channel</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nicotinic receptors</strong> allow Na⁺ and K⁺ influx, leading to rapid depolarization.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Growth Hormone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>JAK/STAT</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Binds <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ac01cc0c31692777185cae5f28175\">cytokine</span> receptor, <strong>activates JAK</strong>, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6e9cbd73891692777198a373ec041f\">STAT</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"619ba5e99c16927771958308fb8687\">phosphorylation</span> and gene transcription.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thyroxine (T₄)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nuclear Receptor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T₄/T₃ binds nuclear receptors</strong>, modulating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"739aa4b5ea1692777200a636ee075f\">transcription</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> genes.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which receptor helps in the improvement of insulin resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) with regular exercise and physical activities?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GLUT 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "GLUT 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "GLUT 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "GLUT 4", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. GLUT 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is responsible for the transport of iodine into the thyroid follicle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Na/I symporter", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pendrin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cl/I symporter", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Na/I symporter", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Na/I\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following hormones are secreted from each layer of the structure marked in the image given below? a. Glomerulosa- Aldosterone b. Fasciculata- Glucocorticoids c. Reticulata- Androgens d. Medulla- Epinephrine", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a &amp;amp; b are correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "a, b &amp;amp; c are correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "b &amp;amp; c are correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "a, b c &amp;amp; d are correct", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. a, b c &amp; d are correct", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KXpz4z9Q5HgBNy5U8HmX1717756783.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/NaIOA5lW4ck7pFU6ZTkb1717756938.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/e7nkqZPyHzmx0gUda2mu1717761113.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - a, b c &amp;amp; d are correct:</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:661px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Hormones of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f955f012f716927771801d01e7d163\">adrenal</span> gland</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Layers (weight) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormone production</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p><strong>Cortex (72%) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Z. Glomerulosa (15%)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mineralocorticoids:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Aldosterone (main)</li>\n<li>Deoxycorticosterone</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Z. Fasciculata (50%)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glucocorticoids (main)\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Cortisol</li>\n<li>corticosterone</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Sex steroids</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Z. Reticularis (7%)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sex <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a48ce797cd1692777199efc43b3e4c\">steroid</span> (main)\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)</li>\n<li>Androstenedione</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Glucocorticoids</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medulla (28%) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Epinephrine (90%)</li>\n<li>Nor-epinephrine (10%)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Label the given Image:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1. SST, 2. GHRH, 3. GH, 4. IGF-1", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1. IGF 1, 2. GH, 3. GHRH, 4. SST", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1. GHRH, 2. GH, 3. IGF-1, 4. SST", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1. GH, 2. IGF-1, 3. SST, 4. GHRH", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1. SST, 2. GHRH, 3. GH, 4. IGF-1", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2G1hWFOiFs8sxrmekCGo1717760541.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/OqYLiUK5NRjuCaNQDTbt1717760977.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Thyroid hormone acts via which type of receptor?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cytoplasmic", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tyrosine kinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Nuclear", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "GPCR", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Nuclear", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Nuclear: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 38-year-old person arrives at the ER with complaints of tachycardia, hypertension, and hypokalemia. On further investigation, the person's serum aldosterone levels are elevated, while renin levels are suppressed. What would be the most probable diagnosis for this given condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Conn's syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cushing disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pheochromocytoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Diabetes Mellitus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Conn's syndrome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Conn's syndrome (Primary Hyperaldosteronism)\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following factors were found to have an inhibitory effect on insulin secretion in the study conducted on a group of individuals investigating insulin regulation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Epinephrine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gastric Inhibitory polypeptide", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Acetylcholine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Epinephrine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Epineph\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Factors and Conditions that Increase or Decrease <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">Insulin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">Secretion</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Increase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">Insulin</span> Secretion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Decrease <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">Insulin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">Secretion</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased blood glucose</p>\n<p>Increased blood free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids</p>\n<p>Increased blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</p>\n<p>Gastrointestinal hormones (gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> peptide)</p>\n<p>Glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol</p>\n<p>Parasympathetic stimulation; acetylcholine</p>\n<p>b-Adrenergic stimulation</p>\n<p>Insulin resistance; obesity</p>\n<p>Sulfonylurea drugs (glyburide, tolbutamide)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased blood glucose</p>\n<p>Fasting</p>\n<p>Somatostatin</p>\n<p>a-Adrenergic activity</p>\n<p>Leptin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the likely diagnosis based on the image shown below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gigantism", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Acromegaly", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Down’s syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dwarfism", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Acromegaly", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dh7KC3aFWvukGVcALNRk1745933656.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dOuOhNHrYZHc2ymbpbSz1745214194.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9v5KW3WYZ8QYoxFsmWzW1745214204.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\"> </td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Increased GH</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>GH Deficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Acromegaly</strong><strong> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Gigantism</strong><strong> (Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Pituitary Dwarfism (Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Aetiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hypersecretion of GH after the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> of the epiphysis</li>\n<li>Tumor of somatotrophs of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> pituitary</li>\n<li>Often associated with increased prolactin</li>\n<li>Extra-pituitary causes (e.g., hypothalamic tumours)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased GH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> before the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> of epiphyses</li>\n<li>Pituitary tumour of somatotrophs during childhood</li>\n<li>Hypothalamic tumor causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a1ae24f701692777187a7f60bbd9f\">excess</span> GHRH secretion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>GH deficiency</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlargement of <strong>hands, feet, jaw, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9fdd7489051692777202cffe3f24cc\">facial</span> bones</strong></li>\n<li>Osteoarthritis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> intolerance, hirsutism</li>\n<li>Gynecomastia, lactation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d01e44abab16927772010db8725801\">visual field</span> changes (bitemporal hemianopia)</li>\n<li>Visceromegaly, <strong>macroglossia, increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f66ada5d616927771898f530a8510\">heel pad</span> thickness</strong></li>\n<li>Headache due to enlarged <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"02db2e09e91692777198e14771cb3b\">sella</span> turcica and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">optic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2cc97dc331692777184dee1ae5678\">chiasma</span> compression</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Abnormally tall <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ed58981c41692777199e6abf079eb\">stature</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc486020a916927771874098596bbc\">epiphyseal</span> growth of long bones</li>\n<li>Features similar to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"01f4c8035316927771800b6c1238b0\">acromegaly</span> except acromegalic facies</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Short stature, delayed bone, and sexual maturation</li>\n<li>Decreased muscle and total body mass</li>\n<li>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> function and bone density</li>\n<li>Normal mental power (differentiates from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> dwarfism)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Clinical presentation</li>\n<li>CT scan or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ce7bcb2f316927771938e0bea7f4d\">MRI</span> for tumour</li>\n<li>High GH level in plasma</li>\n<li>Surgical removal of the tumour</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Clinical presentation</li>\n<li>CT scan or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ce7bcb2f316927771938e0bea7f4d\">MRI</span> for tumour</li>\n<li>High GH level in plasma</li>\n<li>Surgical removal of the tumour</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Low GH or IGF-I level in plasma</li>\n<li>Administration of GH preparations</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Image</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"285\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/dOuOhNHrYZHc2ymbpbSz1745214194.png\" width=\"285\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #212121; border-left:1px solid #212121; border-right:1px solid #212121; border-top:1px solid #212121; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"331\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/9v5KW3WYZ8QYoxFsmWzW1745214204.png\" width=\"239\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the mechanism by which PTH elevates blood calcium levels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increases renal absorption of calcium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stimulation of osteoclast activity", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stimulates vitamin D synthesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All are true", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All are true", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Factor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Effect on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">Calcium</span> Levels</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>PTH</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A hormone secreted by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3bcd005ca116927771941ae5bca4a8\">parathyroid</span> glands in response to low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba366417791692777187229d34e597\">extracellular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> levels.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Increases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"797daba8ca1692777197dc9f8d3a4a\">Resorption</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>PTH stimulates <strong>osteoblasts, which</strong> <strong>signal osteoclasts to break down bone tissue</strong>, releasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> into the bloodstream. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Increases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Renal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">Excretion</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>PTH increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> tubules,<strong> reducing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> loss through urine</strong>. <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>PTH decreases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> in the kidneys.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Increases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intestinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">Absorption</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>PTH indirectly enhances <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> in the intestines.</li>\n<li>This active <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> of <strong>vitamin D promotes the formation of calbindin</strong>, a calcium-binding protein, in intestinal cells.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Increases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitamin D</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>While not directly regulated by PTH, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77a4f731501692777202a03bfca9b4\">vitamin D</span> plays a crucial role in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> regulation. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77a4f731501692777202a03bfca9b4\">Vitamin D</span> must be converted to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, in the kidneys. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5eff25235516927771968c590529d7\">PTH</span> is essential for this conversion. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #131314; border-left:1px solid #131314; border-right:1px solid #131314; border-top:1px solid #131314; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Increases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old person presents to the outpatient department with a 6-month history of increased urine output and increased water intake. On investigation, the following results are obtained: HbA1C - 5.5%, Blood glucose - 80 mg/dL, Postprandial glucose - 130 mg/dL, and decreased urine osmolarity. What would be the most probable diagnosis for this given condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "DM", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Diabetes Insipidius", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Conn's Disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Addison disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Diabetes Insipidius", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/F3JA278xPcC9wHLytbmw1746180532.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the cause of death in pediatric patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sepsis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dehydration", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypokalemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cerebral edema", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Cerebral edema", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Insulin acts on glucose metabolism by", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "↑ Facilitated diffusion of glucose", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "↓ Permeability of glucose across cell membrane", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "↑ Reabsorption of glucose from renal tubules", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "↑ Glucose reabsorption from intestine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. ↑ Facilitated diffusion of glucose", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/eseiH5zuRTgAmLh2yC961685092145.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What type of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor is responsible for recurrent episodes of secretory diarrhea?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "VIPoma", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucagonoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Insulinoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Zollinger Ellison disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. VIPoma", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vmezwyL6cG9q8nJQtilk1685092334.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the peripheral tissue, which enzyme is accountable for converting T4 to T3?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Iodothyronine deiodinase I", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Iodothyronine deiodinase III", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Iodothyronine deiodinase II", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Iodotyrosine deiodinase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Iodothyronine deiodinase I", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following effects of puberty are not influenced by estrogen?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "facial hair growth", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cervical mucus secretion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vaginal cornification", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Menstruation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. facial hair growth", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TkisrxVrSmGZNVbOyBG01685092683.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is true about oxytocin among the options provided?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is responsible for galactokinesis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "It can be given by oral route", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It is secreted by anterior pituitary", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "In higher doses, it exerts diuretic like action", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. It is responsible for galactokinesis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jpz0kzIvLkSTfTED5OxQ1685093316.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What hormone is responsible for the breast cramps experienced by a mother while breastfeeding her child?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Progesterone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Estrogen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Prolactin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Oxytocin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Oxytocin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5SfjhTA5inKlgLl337dK1685093534.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following mechanisms is similar to cervical dilation and delivery occurring during uterine contraction?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Milk ejection by oxytocin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Water retention by ADH", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "FSH secretion by anterior pituitary", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Milk ejection by oxytocin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/QMCjr3IeNM1YrUk7LYby1685093728.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the subsequent effects of puberty are not influenced by estrogen?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hair growth", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cervical mucus secretion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vaginal cornification", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Menstruation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hair growth", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following pubertal changes in a 12-year-old girl, specifically breast development and pubic hair scale at stage 4, is not exclusively caused by estrogen?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vaginal cornification", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pubic and axillary hair growth", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cervical mucus production", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Menstruation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pubic and axillary hair growth", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the duration for which sperm stays in the epididymis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "24hours", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "48 hours", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "20 days", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "96hours", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 20 days", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:617px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sperm Changes in epididymis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motility Acquisition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sperm leaving the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52d0e8b461169277720097e2175a05\">testes</span> are not fully mobile.</li>\n<li>They <strong>gain progressive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> in the epididymis.</strong></li>\n<li>Inhibitory proteins suppress <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> until ejaculation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cation Channel Activation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Activation of CatSper family <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"299c6a693916927771832f0615b65d\">cation</span> channels occurs. Alkaline-sensitive Ca2+ channels become active as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> move to more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b95c7f7b821692777181df660ee7ff\">alkaline</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> mucus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chemotaxis Development</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Develop the <strong>ability to sense chemical signals</strong> from the ovaries, helping guide them toward the ovary.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Concentration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Become concentrated due to fluid reabsorption.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Epididymal Fluid Contribution</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Epididymis and Sertoli cells <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b8c92219216927771981950fdd0e8\">secrete</span> nutrient-rich fluid containing hormones, enzymes, and nutrients essential for maturation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sperm Storage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Epididymis serves as the primary storage site (for 2-4 weeks). (Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Sperm can maintain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2238ef34bc16927772024c3becf614\">fertility</span> for at least a month.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Timeframe for Motility</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sperm gain the capability for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> after 18 to 24 hours in the epididymis.</li>\n<li>Full <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76948f718016927771924774ade7e9\">maturation</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67bb86d8a416927771894a2507530c\">hypermotility</span> occur in the female <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e919a208b16927771885d9c1f6662\">genital</span> tract.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acrosome Maturation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The acrosome, located at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> head and containing enzymes for fertilization, matures while <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> are stored in the epididymis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zona Pellucida Binding Ability</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sperm acquire receptors <strong>during epididymal transit</strong> that enable them to bind to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce703232dd1692777202121148f8ee\">zona</span> pellucida, facilitating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31dd0b58bb1692777195e6016ecd51\">penetration</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a8e411e2116927772022dd4b365bc\">fertilization</span> of the egg. Therefore this occurs before ejaculation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Capacitation Post-Epididymis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Full <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a8e411e2116927772022dd4b365bc\">fertilization</span> capacity (capacitation) occurs after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> leave the epididymis. This involves the removal of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> factors and changes to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> membrane.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which hormone binds to tyrosine kinase receptors and has 4 subunits and 2 units for receptor binding?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Insulin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucagon", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "T3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "AD", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Insulin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All are Glucogenic hormones except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ADH", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucagon", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thyroxine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucocorticoids", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. ADH", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the cause of \"Vasopressin escape\" in SIADH?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Downregulation of aquaporin 2 production", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Upregulation of aquaporin 3 production", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decrease in ADH section", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Upregulation of aquaporin 2 production", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Downregulation of aquaporin 2 production", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old person presents to the outpatient department with a 6-month history of increased urine output and increased water intake. On investigation, the following results are obtained: HbA1C - 5.5%, Blood glucose - 80 mg/dL, Postprandial glucose - 130 mg/dL, and decreased urine osmolarity. What would be the most probable diagnosis for this given condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "DM", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Diabetes Insipidius", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Conn's Disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Addison disease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Diabetes Insipidius", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Diabetes Insipidu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In serous acinar cells, what is the typical location of the Golgi apparatus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Supranuclear", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Basal", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adjacent to nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bottom of the cell", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Supranuclear", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Supranu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Inhibitory control by the hypothalamus is exerted on:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Prolactin only", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Prolactin and growth hormone", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Growth hormone only", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Neither", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Prolactin and growth hormone", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Prolactin and growth h\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 66 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 21 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following statements about the pancreatic islets is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-cells are the most prevalent and primarily secrete insulin.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B cells constituting 60–75% of islet cells primarily secrete glucagon", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "F cells, which are the most abundant, primarily secrete pancreatic polypeptide.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "B cells are the most prevalent and secrete insulin.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. B cells are the most prevalent and secrete insulin.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Percentage of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769b87740c16927771907f5a83b1f8\">Islet</span> Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormone Secreted</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormone Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>B cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>60-75%</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Center</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insulin <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lowers blood glucose</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>A cell (Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>20%</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Surround B cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucagon</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases blood glucose</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>D cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less common</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Encircle B cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Somatostatin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769b87740c16927771907f5a83b1f8\">islet</span> cell secretion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>F cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less common <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Encircle B cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pancreatic polypeptide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">ion</span> transport in the intestine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Euj7eBo06VK9sc0Z2Tiv1746177022.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which conditions would most likely result in a high insulin-glucagon molar (I/G ratio)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Prolonged fasting", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Adopting a low-carbohydrate diet", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Starvation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Consumption of a large carbohydrate meal", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Consumption of a large carbohydrate meal", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:610px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Insulin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4d90ebfde1692777188e3689c1753\">Glucagon</span> Ratio</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Condition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hepatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">Glucose</span> Storage/ Production</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>I/G Ratio</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large Carbohydrate Meal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Storage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>70</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Indicates energy abundance</li>\n<li>Promotes glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>IV Glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Storage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>25</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small Meal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Storage</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>7</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Overnight Fasting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Production</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2.3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Indicates the need to mobilise energy stores</li>\n<li>Promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low Carbohydrate Diet</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Production</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1.8</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Starvation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Production</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>0.4</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/QFxkpAsqyO1SqLmMIYwJ1746169594.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following actions is NOT a physiological effect of glucagon?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Stimulating glycogen synthesis in the liver", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Promoting gluconeogenesis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increasing glycogen breakdown in the liver", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Enhancing lipolysis in the liver", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Stimulating glycogen synthesis in the liver", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/r1QcmDJuN9YtvKaiDAS41736158575.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:470px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glucagon</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulators</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibitors</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Amino acids (alanine, arginine)</li>\n<li>Cortisol</li>\n<li>Exercise</li>\n<li>Infections</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>High blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels</li>\n<li>Somatostatin</li>\n<li>Insulin</li>\n<li>Free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids and ketones</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xsS3EC8EZaktnk3cR13M1746169974.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following does not stimulate insulin secretion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "α-Adrenergic receptor activation", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Activation of parasympathetic nerves", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stimulation of β-Adrenergic receptors", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Release of GLP-1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. α-Adrenergic receptor activation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:579px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>INSULIN</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulators of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">Insulin</span> Release</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibitors of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">Insulin</span> Release</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glucose</li>\n<li>Amino acids (e.g., arginine, lysine)</li>\n<li>Gastrointestinal hormones (e.g., GLP-1, GIP)</li>\n<li>Parasympathetic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> (via acetylcholine)</li>\n<li>β-Adrenergic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> activation</li>\n<li>Sulfonylurea drugs</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Low Blood Glucose</li>\n<li>Somatostatin</li>\n<li>α-Adrenergic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> activation</li>\n<li>Leptin</li>\n<li>Galanin</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/TmMZfhFnEOIyYYma9trY1746170402.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding the mechanisms of action of oral hypoglycemic drugs is FALSE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GLP-1 analogues enhance insulin release only at high glucose concentrations and reduce glucagon release", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sulfonylureas bind to the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1) on pancreatic β-cells, stimulating insulin secretion even at low glucose concentrations.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "GLP-1 analogues increase gastric emptying by stimulating specific GLP-1 receptors.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "DPP-4 inhibitors increase endogenous GLP-1 levels by preventing its degradation.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. GLP-1 analogues increase gastric emptying by stimulating specific GLP-1 receptors.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>ORAL <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6bffb538c616927771895e03011a28\">HYPOGLYCEMIC</span> DRUGS</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sulphonylureas</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism of action: </strong>Sulfonylureas bind to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"552023be76169277719976e36a990e\">sulfonylurea</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> (SUR1) on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> of pancreatic β-cells, which stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> regardless of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> concentration.</p>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p>This results in a significant and often unregulated release of insulin, potentially leading to severe hypoglycemia, especially at low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels.</p>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Examples: </strong>Tolbutamide, Glipizide, Glibenclamide.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLP-1 Analogues</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism of Action</strong>: GLP-1 analogues <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dddc752e1716927771807f985bb8bb\">activate</span> GLP-1 receptors, which are GPCRs located on pancreatic β-cells, α-cells, central and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> neurons, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3a647ce2516927771881427f56c1d\">gastrointestinal</span> mucosa.</p>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p>This <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> promotes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> specifically in response to high <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels, inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4d90ebfde1692777188e3689c1753\">glucagon</span> release, slows <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> emptying, and suppresses appetite.</p>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p>GLP-1 analogues also contribute to pancreatic β-cell health by reducing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"769b87740c16927771907f5a83b1f8\">islet</span> cell apoptosis.</p>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Examples</strong>: Exenatide, Liraglutide.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>DPP-4 Inhibitors</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism of Action</strong>: DPP-4 inhibitors block the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> DPP-4, which normally breaks down <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a7f0b780c1692777187fe83ec76b1\">endogenous</span> GLP-1. By inhibiting this enzyme, these drugs increase the levels of GLP-1, thereby enhancing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> indirectly and improving <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5f500def916927771888b49285ac6\">glycemic</span> control.</p>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Examples</strong>: Sitagliptin, Saxagliptin, Vildagliptin.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NGL4Y8TA00OvVAnITKIE1746209379.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary mechanism by which glucose stimulates insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Glucose stimulates insulin release directly by binding to its receptor on β-cells, triggering immediate secretion.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose is metabolized to pyruvate, increasing ATP, which inhibits ATP-sensitive K+ channels, causing Ca2+ influx and insulin release.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucose lowers intracellular glutamate, promoting insulin secretion by altering pH in secretory granules and affecting their release.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glucose enhances the uptake of calcium into the β-cells without affecting ATP levels, thereby directly increasing the secretion of insulin.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Glucose is metabolized to pyruvate, increasing ATP, which inhibits ATP-sensitive K+ channels, causing Ca2+ influx and insulin release.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:631px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Biphasic response of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">Insulin</span> secretion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>First Rapid Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Second Prolonged Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Glucose enters pancreatic β-cells via <strong>GLUT-2</strong> transporters.</li>\n<li>Inside the cell, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> is phosphorylated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63b0c226fd16927771886afc0c49dd\">glucokinase</span> and converted to pyruvate.</li>\n<li>Pyruvate is metabolized in the mitochondria, producing ATP. <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Increased ATP</strong> inhibits ATP-sensitive K+ channels, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> K+ efflux.</li>\n<li>This depolarizes the β-cell membrane, causing <strong>voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open.</strong></li>\n<li>Ca2+ influx triggers the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"669e9c5b3c1692777187e4d465b868\">exocytosis</span> of a pool of insulin-containing granules,</li>\n<li>Results in a <strong>rapid, short-lived increase in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> secretion.</strong></li>\n<li>Peak within 1–2 minutes and then decreases to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> level in another 2 to 3 minutes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pyruvate metabolism<strong> increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a621be29da16927771901bc91014d1\">intracellular</span> glutamate</strong> levels. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Glutamate acts as an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a621be29da16927771901bc91014d1\">intracellular</span> second messenger, priming a second pool of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e7aec9ff416927771984a1e3100b7\">secretory</span> granules for release.</li>\n<li>It may also lower the pH in granules, aiding in their maturation.</li>\n<li>This leads to a <strong>prolonged phase of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> secretion</strong>.</li>\n<li>Peak in about 60 minutes and then remain elevated for 3–5 hours.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NWIQRfgfXRDWzdnbP2Pf1746208673.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following actions of insulin with the correct category: Categories: a) Increased by insulin b) Decreased by insulin Insulin Action: Cell growth Reabsorption of K+, Na+, and phosphate from the kidney Food intake Entry of phosphate and magnesium into the cell Body weight Lipolysis Potassium uptake into cells", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "a)-2,3,5,6,7 &amp;amp; b)-1,4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "a)-4,5,6 &amp;amp; b)-1,2,3,7", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "a)-1,3,4,6 &amp;amp; b)-2,5,7", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "a)-1,2,4,5,7 &amp;amp; b)-3,6", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. a)-1,2,4,5,7 &amp; b)-3,6", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/A66zD9fzplHXhWAcb99v1736158373.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/n47Bb2foqAaNo1jnA7ki1746208355.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following are the actions of insulin? 1) Increased lipogenesis 2) Increased ketogenesis 3) Increased glycogen synthesis 4) Increased glucose uptake 5) Increased gluconeogenesis 6) Increased protein synthesis", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "3,4,5", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2,5,6", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1,3,4,6", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1,3,6", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 1,3,4,6", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/qMX0CsVYhjHSl8XJBEVd1736158251.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/O1XQ5cNCUpGKD6IcPboD1746207987.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A medical student curious about the physiological effects of insulin learns that insulin has rapid, intermediate, and delayed actions on various metabolic processes. Which of the following is an intermediate action of insulin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased transport of K+ into insulin-sensitive cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stimulation of protein synthesis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increase in mRNAs for lipogenic enzymes", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased transport of amino acids into insulin-sensitive cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Stimulation of protein synthesis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>PRINCIPAL ACTIONS OF INSULIN</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rapid (seconds)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased transport of\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Glucose,</li>\n<li>Amino acids <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>K+ <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>into insulin-sensitive cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intermediate (minutes)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stimulation of protein synthesis</li>\n<li>Inhibition of protein degradation</li>\n<li>Activation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e55eb31d591692777188cb1fad1f5e\">glycolytic</span> enzymes and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2aa646ab1692777188e3eb8286d8\">glycogen</span> synthase</li>\n<li>Inhibition of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1fa65725491692777195ead6a7c81b\">phosphorylase</span> and gluconeogenic enzymes</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Delayed (hours)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increase in mRNAs for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbbdf96ef616927771913245bfbcd8\">lipogenic</span> and other enzymes <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/T79TkhA33aAdWMOWCF1L1746207781.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about insulin receptors, GLUT, and SGLT is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The insulin receptor's β subunits are responsible for insulin binding.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "GLUT-4 transporters increase glucose uptake in response to insulin.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "SGLT transporters primarily function in muscle and adipose tissue.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "SGLT-2 inhibitors work by increasing glucose absorption in the kidneys.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. GLUT-4 transporters increase glucose uptake in response to insulin.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ap8JIZdOxSXjj7b6tXgg1746178593.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about insulin synthesis is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Insulin synthesis begins in the Golgi apparatus with the formation of proinsulin.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The C peptide is removed during the conversion of preproinsulin to proinsulin.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The insulin gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 11.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Insulin and C peptides are released from B cells in equimolar amounts.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Insulin and C peptides are released from B cells in equimolar amounts.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2MjDmomI5NKtWV9IXTXT1746177607.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old female presents with a painless, enlarging neck mass. Ultrasound reveals multiple thyroid nodules. Which of the following histological findings is most consistent with an inactive thyroid gland?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Small follicles with cuboidal cells and minimal colloid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Large follicles with abundant colloid", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Numerous granular endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and Golgi complexes", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Parafollicular cells secreting calcitonin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Large follicles with abundant colloid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yY5pX8VB6L6GE1Vf2sml1736326533.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:510px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Follicular cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Parafollicular cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c6223a27fb169277718147405290e1\">Apical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">Membrane</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"031a38f17a16927772036476ede2ae\">follicular</span> cells faces the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e711a1abe1692777184b0bf50216b\">colloid</span> and is covered with microvilli.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728bb228361692777185b98c34534b\">cytoplasm</span> contains numerous <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f63eb15be169277718848d4b4978b\">granular</span> endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and Golgi complexes.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Also known as C cells</li>\n<li>Located close to the follicles.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Basal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">Membrane</span> is in close contact with numerous capillaries in the interfollicular space.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Secrete calcitonin.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9mrGTirsAtBOSEExVOQy1746187566.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding the treatment of thyroid disorders is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Propylthiouracil is used to treat hypothyroidism.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Radioactive iodine therapy is used for the treatment of Graves disease.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Levothyroxine helps treat hyperthyroidism.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hashimoto thyroiditis causes a long-term increase in thyroid hormone production.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Radioactive iodine therapy is used for the treatment of Graves disease.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypothyroidism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyperthyroidism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iodine deficiency, Hashimoto thyroiditis, pituitary/hypothalamic failure, drug-induced</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Graves disease, toxic adenoma, early Hashimoto thyroiditis, TSH-secreting tumor</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mental and physical slowing, cold intolerance, weight gain, dry/yellowish skin, constipation, hair loss</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nervousness, weight loss, heat intolerance, tachycardia, tremor, exophthalmos</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Levothyroxine, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c4fcb71116927771901e83ac026f\">iodine</span> supplementation, hormone replacement therapy, medication adjustments</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Antithyroid medications, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f391426a781692777197a16039bb5e\">radioactive</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c4fcb71116927771901e83ac026f\">iodine</span> therapy, surgery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wQRCI1Mag2twhWKGa9191746197174.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary metabolic consequence of fasting on thyroid hormone levels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "↑T4 to T3 conversion, hence ↑ T3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "↓T4 to T3 conversion, ↓plasma T3 levels, and ↑ RT3 levels.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "↓T3 and normal RT3.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "↑ BMR", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. ↓T4 to T3 conversion, ↓plasma T3 levels, and ↑ RT3 levels.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LRkSif7N7J8528w1HcYh1736158048.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/QY4AthCln8jKttNv11K11746191785.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 28 y/o woman visits her physician with complaints of weight loss, increased appetite, and anxiety. She feels warmer than usual and has noticed an increased frequency of bowel movements.O/E, her heart rate is elevated, and lab tests reveal elevated levels of thyroid hormones. Which of the following best describes the effects of thyroid hormones on metabolism in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decrease oxygen consumption and promote energy storage in tissues.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stimulate lipogenesis and reduce the turnover of glucose in the body.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increase the rate of glucose absorption &amp;amp; lipid oxidation", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inhibit proteolysis, thereby conserving muscle mass and reducing metabolic activity.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increase the rate of glucose absorption &amp; lipid oxidation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:545px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Carbohydrate Metabolism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> from the intestine.</li>\n<li>Induce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"724a9faafe1692777188ca8840ec5c\">gluconeogenesis</span> and glycogenolysis, raising <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> glucose.</li>\n<li>Increase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a13747deff16927772016cfbf6b284\">turnover</span> by enhancing its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> and oxidation. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fat <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">Metabolism</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stimulate lipolysis, releasing free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids and glycerol.</li>\n<li>Increase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a13747deff16927772016cfbf6b284\">turnover</span> and facilitate oxidation.</li>\n<li>Stimulate cholesterol synthesis, oxidation, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7dd6eda7ce169277718325f22de9e8\">biliary</span> excretion.</li>\n<li>Enhance <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3268e86ce01692777188f249c64d6e\">hepatic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> of cholesterol by increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e4438ab5c16927771919ca536a59f\">LDL</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> expression.</li>\n<li><u>Net effect:</u> a significant decrease in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> cholesterol and total <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> levels.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Protein metabolism</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Promote <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85eb3a99ee16927771965afa71290d\">proteolysis</span> in skeletal muscle, releasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids.</li>\n<li>Increase protein <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a13747deff16927772016cfbf6b284\">turnover</span> by enhancing protein degradation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:570px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Heart Rate and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">Cardiac</span> Output</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increase the heart rate by upregulating and sensitizing β-receptors in the SA and AV nodes, leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af1cd978a41692777200da2f67bf22\">tachycardia</span> in hyperthyroidism.</li>\n<li>Enhance myocardial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d46029a83169277718580263882c3\">contractility</span> by increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7eed7d7e816927771995e0a067401\">stroke volume</span> hence increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output (CO).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blood Pressure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><u>Systolic blood pressure</u>: ↥heart rate and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7eed7d7e816927771995e0a067401\">stroke volume</span> results in increased CO</li>\n<li><u>Diastolic pressure:</u> decreases due to calorigenic-induced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f98fc670e1692777200a7246d7b72\">thermogenic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"94f1c8df1f1692777185bd6a7c3fff\">cutaneous</span> vasodilation, resulting in decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> resistance.</li>\n<li>The overall effect is an increased pulse pressure, which is prominent in hyperthyroidism.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Circulation Dynamics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enhanced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7aa9f8d34616927772018c11493bbc\">vasodilation</span> create hyperdynamic circulation, leading to shortened <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"337d16dac5169277718474b97f6e4a\">circulation</span> time.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:569px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Target system</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>CNS</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Important for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76948f718016927771924774ade7e9\">maturation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1a4a12fb416927771841c46faf6fb\">CNS</span> especially during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"663d16ec8e169277719095f74c9816\">infancy</span> and childhood</li>\n<li>Essential for overall brain functions including memory, learning, alertness, and reflexes.</li>\n<li>Lack of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> hormones during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"663d16ec8e169277719095f74c9816\">infancy</span> can cause <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ee77d507701692777190bfcf47b497\">irreversible</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1a4a12fb416927771841c46faf6fb\">CNS</span> development retardation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Skeletal muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Thyroid hormones increase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99ed7c494c1692777192b0995e73f4\">MHC</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e90d7fdd7316927771880df273d8ef\">gene expression</span> in skeletal muscle, leading to muscle cramps and weakness in hypothyroidism.</li>\n<li>Hyperthyroidism also causes muscle weakness due to increased protein catabolism, with chronic cases resulting in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d1ad396c00169277720080f8a84f23\">thyrotoxic</span> myopathy.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It is essential for normal growth, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"09b955b4f91692777193bd4080e7fc\">musculoskeletal</span> maturation, and promotes the expression of growth hormone (GH) genes.</li>\n<li>Increase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74fb39c2cd1692777194eae8b91386\">osteoid</span> activity, bone growth, and bone remodeling, and promote the growth of teeth, epidermis, nails, and hair.</li>\n<li>In <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a04451cba1692777189ae54ac7caf\">hypothyroid</span> children, bone growth slows, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc486020a916927771874098596bbc\">epiphyseal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2b4569285f1692777184282b1ca3f1\">closure</span> is delayed.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GIT</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stimulates GI motility, ↑ appetite, ↑ Carbohydrate absorption</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reproduction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Follicular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76948f718016927771924774ade7e9\">maturation</span> and ovulation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Respiration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>During <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f0bd058f91692777189f9a7c1992e\">hypercapnia</span> &amp; hypoxia, they increase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72d435bfb11692777194f88fdb0bf3\">oxygen consumption</span> in tissues by : <strong>(Option A)</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>↑ RR</li>\n<li>↑ arterial PO2</li>\n<li>↑ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec50ec51401692777187009530441d\">erythropoietin</span> synthesis</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7O0wikByOChGMRvSkgy81746196875.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35 y/o male presents with symptoms of lethargy, hair loss, and cold intolerance. His lab results show elevated T4 levels but low T3 levels. Which of the following best explains the relationship between T4 and T3 in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T4 is the primary thyroid hormone and is converted to the more active T3 in peripheral tissues.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "T3 has a longer half-life than T4, allowing it to maintain steady levels in the bloodstream.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Elevated T4 levels automatically indicate that T3 levels should also be elevated, due to their synchronous production.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "T4 is biologically active, while T3 is inactive and serves primarily as a storage form of thyroid hormone.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. T4 is the primary thyroid hormone and is converted to the more active T3 in peripheral tissues.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Difference between T4 &amp; T3</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>T3</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secretion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More (35% of total)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less (7% of total)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plasma conc.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>8 mg/dL</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.15 mg/dL</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protein-bound</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>99.8%</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>99.8%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Free concentration in plasma</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 ng/dL</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.3 ng/dL</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Half-life (t1/2)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7 days</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1 day</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Action</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slower</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Faster</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Potency</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More (3-5 times)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Binding to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> hormone receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low affinity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High affinity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2pT1X1k1wjDEfMBJL8gk1746196595.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50 y/o male presents with fatigue, weight gain, and feeling cold. Blood tests show normal T4, low T3, and elevated RT3 levels. Which of the following best explains the patient's symptoms and lab findings?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased activity of 5´-deiodinase in the liver and kidney", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decreased activity of 5-deiodinase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased activity of 5-deiodinase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Reduced secretion of thyroxine (T4) from the thyroid gland", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increased activity of 5-deiodinase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Conversion to T3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>35% of secreted T4 is converted to T3 in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"337d16dac5169277718474b97f6e4a\">circulation</span> by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> 5'-deiodinase, mainly found in the liver and kidneys.</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>This process produces about 85% of circulating T3, the most active hormone that primarily affects target cells.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Conversion to RT3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>45% of T4 is also converted to reverse T3 (RT3) by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> 5-deiodinase.</li>\n<li>RT3 is physiologically <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"250ba87fdc16927771905e3fb92448\">inert</span> and accounts for 95% of circulating RT3.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of deiodinase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>D1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Liver</li>\n<li>Kidney</li>\n<li>Thyroid</li>\n<li>Pituitary</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Function as 5´-deiodinases, converting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"22d375381416927772009663d54998\">thyroxine</span> (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3)</li>\n<li>Maintaining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a621be29da16927771901bc91014d1\">intracellular</span> T3 levels in target tissues</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>D2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Skeletal muscle</li>\n<li>Brain</li>\n<li>Pituitary</li>\n<li>Placenta</li>\n<li>Brown fat</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Its function is the same as D1</li>\n<li>It maintains a steady supply of T3 to neurons in the brain.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>D3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Brain</li>\n<li>Reproductive tissue</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Converts T4 to reverse T3 (RT3), a biologically inactive form.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/H7hKm8tiotx3LEKXVDpT1746196357.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30y/o pregnant woman has elevated thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) but shows no symptoms of thyroid dysfunction. Her endocrinologist explains this is common during pregnancy and that her thyroid function remains normal. Which of the following best explains why the pregnant woman is experiencing this?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "TSH secretion is decreased due to elevated TBG levels", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Elevated TBG levels reduce the production of thyroid hormones", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A temporary fall in free thyroid hormones stimulates TSH secretion, restoring equilibrium", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased TBG levels compensate for the reduced free hormone levels by decreasing the metabolic clearance rate of thyroid hormones", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. A temporary fall in free thyroid hormones stimulates TSH secretion, restoring equilibrium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ESGzYleLGEyjQ8iMwLyK1746196084.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 38y/o woman presents with symptoms of fatigue, weight gain, and dry skin. Laboratory tests reveal low free T4 and elevated TSH levels. Further investigation shows increased levels of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). Which of the following is most likely to be associated with increased levels of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phenytoin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Androgens", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glucocorticoids", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Estrogen", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Estrogen", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Thyroxine Binding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a8bcc07ca16927771882f63452d6e\">Globulin</span> (TBG)</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><u>Nature:</u> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c9fa3a73216927771888299c86e08\">Glycoprotein</span> synthesized by the liver with a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b2df2436bf1692777193d90e9c0132\">molecular weight</span> of 54,000.</li>\n<li><u>Binding Capacity: </u>Each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"716b1b4acb169277720043d68d92b8\">TBG</span> molecule has a single <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc1a317fbc169277718337fdfbd496\">binding site</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> hormones.</li>\n<li><u>Binding Proportion</u>: About 70% of T4 and 45% of T3 bind to TBG.</li>\n<li><u>Plasma Level Influences:</u><br/>\n<u>Increase:</u> During pregnancy and in patients receiving estrogen, major tranquilizers, and clofibrate.<strong> </strong></li>\n<li><u>Decrease: </u>In patients receiving glucocorticoids, androgens, danazol, L-asparaginase, salicylates, phenytoin, mitotane, and 5-fluorouracil <strong>(Option A, B, C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Thyroxine Binding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae6d481e3e1692777196d68005ac28\">Prealbumin</span> (TBPA) /Transthyretin</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><u>Nature:</u> A globulin, not an albumin, recently designated as transthyretin.</li>\n<li><u>Binding Proportion:</u><br/>\n\t\t\t\tT3: Less than 1% binds to TBPA.<br/>\n\t\t\t\tT4: About 20% binds to TBPA.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>Albumin</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><u>Binding Proportion:</u><br/>\n\t\t\t\tT3: About 55% binds to albumin.<br/>\n\t\t\t\tT4: About 10% binds to albumin.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/yQUEuio2RjVWsaTUg3J71746191489.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient with a history of Graves' disease is treated with a high dose of iodide. Initially, there is a reduction in thyroid hormone synthesis due to the Wolff-Chaikoff effect. However, after a few days, the patient's thyroid function returns to normal. Which of the following mechanisms explains this \"escape\" phenomenon?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased degradation of thyroglobulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Upregulation of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Downregulation of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Downregulation of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:580px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Inhibition of Organic Binding: </strong>Large doses of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa62c89591692777190c3b9e60490\">iodide</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b3de87b7c16927771901326efbcd2\">inhibit</span> the organic binding of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa62c89591692777190c3b9e60490\">iodide</span> within the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> gland, reducing hormone synthesis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>TSH Effect Inhibition:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>High <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa62c89591692777190c3b9e60490\">iodide</span> levels decrease cAMP production in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> cells, inhibiting the effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). (Wolff-Chaikoff effect)</li>\n<li>This reduces the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85eb3a99ee16927771965afa71290d\">proteolysis</span> of thyroglobulin, further decreasing hormone synthesis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p><strong>Purpose</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfec25c73716927772021d7c7c99ec\">Wolff-Chaikoff effect</span> serves to prevent the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> from synthesizing excessive amounts of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> hormones in the presence of large quantities of iodide.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/szK6oiA6Uua4oLqPkO0d1746191180.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with symptoms of hypothyroidism despite adequate iodine intake. Upon investigation, it is found that there is a defect in the enzyme responsible for a key step in thyroid hormone synthesis. Which of the following steps in thyroid hormone synthesis is not facilitated by thyroid peroxidase (TPO)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Oxidation of iodide to iodine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Coupling of iodotyrosines", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Iodide trapping", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Binding of iodine to thyroglobulin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Iodide trapping", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ka6zClKVS2BB77Vf2FeH1736326752.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa62c89591692777190c3b9e60490\">Iodide</span> Trapping</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mechanism: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa62c89591692777190c3b9e60490\">Iodide</span> is actively transported into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> follicles (iodide pump).</li>\n<li>Process: Na+ and I⁻ co-transported into the cell by Na+-I⁻ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bede64bc91692777199b477cf43f1\">symporter</span> (NIS).TSH induces expression and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b668aed705169277719744b6db8f8e\">retention</span> of NIS.</li>\n<li>Na+ is pumped out by the Na+-K+ pump.</li>\n<li>Iodide is pumped against electrical and chemical gradients using ATP.</li>\n<li>Other Tissues: Salivary glands, placenta, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"87b317afbd16927771844e0e534940\">choroid</span> plexus, mammary gland, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> mucosa, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1be9f55b2d1692777184b9d813b17e\">ciliary</span> body also accumulate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa62c89591692777190c3b9e60490\">iodide</span> but do not <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> hormones.</li>\n<li>Iodide trapping is stimulated by TSH.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>2. Conversion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa62c89591692777190c3b9e60490\">Iodide</span> into Iodine</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Process: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa62c89591692777190c3b9e60490\">Iodide</span> is converted to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c4fcb71116927771901e83ac026f\">iodine</span> by oxidation.</li>\n<li>Oxidation (organification) facilitated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> peroxidase. <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6336dd684316927772004a39add73d\">Thyroglobulin</span> Synthesis</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Thyroglobulin: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c9fa3a73216927771888299c86e08\">Glycoprotein</span> with two subunits and 123 tyrosine residues.</li>\n<li>Synthesis: Synthesized in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c01a5a8c221692777187daa368ab62\">endoplasmic reticulum</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> cells.</li>\n<li>Packaged in Golgi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a70fb96bf1692777181823f42fcf0\">apparatus</span> and secreted into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e711a1abe1692777184b0bf50216b\">colloid</span> by exocytosis.</li>\n<li>Facilitated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> peroxidase. <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>Binding: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"092583d1b41692777197a506409267\">Reactive</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c4fcb71116927771901e83ac026f\">iodine</span> binds to tyrosine on thyroglobulin, forming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e044dd76c1692777192c9515709d6\">monoiodotyrosine</span> (MIT) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"de194535e416927771865c26ed33e7\">diiodotyrosine</span> (DIT).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>4. The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f112210d21692777185d3f694d523\">Coupling</span> Reaction</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Formation: Two DIT molecules condense to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"22d375381416927772009663d54998\">thyroxine</span> (T4).</li>\n<li>MIT and DIT condense to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> triiodothyronine (T3).</li>\n<li>Reverse-T3 (RT3) formed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6bf9ae43716927771846b12080dc0\">condensation</span> of DIT with MIT.</li>\n<li>Mechanism: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d775f19c61692777190d6376fad2c\">Intramolecular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f112210d21692777185d3f694d523\">coupling</span> (both DIT attached to thyroglobulin).</li>\n<li>Intermolecular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f112210d21692777185d3f694d523\">coupling</span> (DIT detached from thyroglobulin).</li>\n<li>Facilitation: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f112210d21692777185d3f694d523\">Coupling</span> reaction facilitated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3434346d71692777195b113bbab37\">peroxidase</span> (<strong>Option B)</strong>.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>5. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85eb3a99ee16927771965afa71290d\">Proteolysis</span> of Thyroglobulin</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Process: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e711a1abe1692777184b0bf50216b\">Colloid</span> ingested by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> cells via endocytosis.</li>\n<li>Lysosomal enzymes digest <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53172b32401692777195efbbb6b2e8\">peptide</span> bonds in thyroglobulin.</li>\n<li>Free T4, T3, DIT, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"086f95519c16927771928c0f055d5e\">MIT</span> formed in the cytoplasm.</li>\n<li>Iodotyrosine deiodinase deiodinates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"086f95519c16927771928c0f055d5e\">MIT</span> and DIT.</li>\n<li>T3 and T4 are released into circulation.</li>\n<li>Iodine from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d32770ad6169277718567856413b1\">deiodination</span> is reutilized by the gland.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<h4><strong>6. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">Secretion</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">Thyroid</span> Hormones</strong></h4>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Release: T3 and T4 are secreted into general circulation.</li>\n<li>MIT and DIT are not secreted by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> gland.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EaIPNA19ixOxae1uMraG1746188849.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 31 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 9 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Where does the majority of water absorption occur within the renal tubules?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Loop of Henle (LOH)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Collecting Duct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nephron Segment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tonicity relative to Plasma</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Filtration (Glomerulus)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isotonic (Same as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> osmolality)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Proximal Convoluted <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ba1c48e851692777201a91713191e\">Tubule</span> (PCT)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isotonic</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Absorption of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6fe354b91616927771982cc53f71fc\">solute</span> is proportional to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> of water.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thin Descending Limb </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypertonic (Water reabsorption, no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6fe354b91616927771982cc53f71fc\">solute</span> reabsorption)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Isotonic - - - - -&gt; Hypertonic</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thick Ascending Limb </strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isotonic (Solute reabsorption, no water reabsorption)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hypertonic - - - - - &gt; Isotonic</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Distal Convoluted <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ba1c48e851692777201a91713191e\">Tubule</span> (DCT)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypotonic</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Collecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">Duct</span> (CD) </strong></p>\n<p>It depends upon the presence of ADH in the blood</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>With ADH, </strong>more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> of water and Hypertonic.</li>\n<li><strong>Without ADH, </strong>water <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> is nil, which i<strong>s more</strong> hypotonic.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which part of renal tubules reabsorbs maximum water in the presence of ADH?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "PCT", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "DCT", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Loop of Henle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Collecting duct", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Collecting duct", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nephron Segment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tonicity relative to Plasma</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Filtration (Glomerulus)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isotonic (Same as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> osmolality)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isotonic</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Absorption of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6fe354b91616927771982cc53f71fc\">solute</span> is proportional to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> of water.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">Descending</span> Limb </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypertonic (Water reabsorption, no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6fe354b91616927771982cc53f71fc\">solute</span> reabsorption)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Isotonic - - - - -&gt; Hypertonic</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thick <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">Ascending</span> Limb </strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isotonic (Solute reabsorption, no water reabsorption)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hypertonic - - - - - &gt; Isotonic</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypotonic</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Collecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">Duct</span> (CD) </strong></p>\n<p>It depends upon the presence of ADH in the blood</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>With ADH, </strong>more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> of water and Hypertonic.</li>\n<li><strong>Without ADH, </strong>water <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> is nil, which i<strong>s more</strong> hypotonic.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which hormone increases during periods of stress, starvation, and deep sleep?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Growth Hormone", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucocorticoids", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cortisol", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Prolactin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Growth Hormone", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Factors controlling GH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> and their effects</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Hypothalamic Control</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)</strong>: Increases GH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> and secretion.</li>\n<li><strong>Somatostatin (GHIH)</strong>: Decreases GH secretion.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Nutritional Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hypoglycemia</strong>: Promotes GH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> to increase blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels and mobilize energy.</li>\n<li><strong>Amino Acids</strong>: Stimulate GH release, supporting protein <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> and growth.</li>\n<li><strong>Starvation or Protein Deficiency</strong>: This leads to elevated GH levels to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a4d43e9d8416927771856f3d1cb32c\">conserve</span> body proteins and utilize fats as an energy source.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Physiological Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Exercise</strong>: Enhances GH secretion</li>\n<li><strong>Sleep</strong>: GH surges during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fdc13a6a116927771865b3a13263e\">deep sleep</span> are vital for growth and tissue repair processes.</li>\n<li><strong>Stress</strong>: Physical and emotional stressors can increase GH secretion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Hormonal Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Ghrelin</strong>: Increases GH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> and stimulates appetite.</li>\n<li><strong>Sex Hormones (Estrogen and Testosterone)</strong>: Contribute to increased GH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> during puberty, supporting growth and development.</li>\n<li><strong>Negative Feedback Control</strong>: GH and IGF-1 levels feedback to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b3de87b7c16927771901326efbcd2\">inhibit</span> further GH release, maintaining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"50796581771692777189251fbe5ef1\">homeostasis</span> and preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a1ae24f701692777187a7f60bbd9f\">excess</span> GH production.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the typical Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in a healthy adult?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "125 ml/min", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "200 ml/min", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "100 ml/min", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "150 ml/min", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 125 ml/min", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What renal function is represented by the formula UV/P?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Filtration", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tubular Secretion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tubular Reabsorption", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Clearance", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Clearance", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inulin Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Used to measure <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">Glomerular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">Filtration</span> Rate (GFR) as it is freely filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted.</li>\n<li>Not ideal for routine use due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27b78a96071692777190f4dfb93430\">intravenous</span> administration.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Creatinine Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Estimates GFR using creatinine, which is primarily filtered by the glomeruli.</li>\n<li>Slightly inaccurate due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> secretion, but practical for clinical settings.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>PAH Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Estimates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">Renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">Plasma</span> Flow (RPF).</li>\n<li>PAH is cleared through both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">glomerular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">filtration</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> secretion.</li>\n<li>Correction for PAH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00456bf7d8169277718782edf9fa2c\">extraction</span> ratio improves accuracy.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true regarding an increase in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increase in the resistance of the afferent arteriole", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decrease in the resistance of the efferent arteriole", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increase in Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increase in renal perfusion", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Increase in renal perfusion", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:650px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arteriole Change</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on Resistance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">Glomerular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b745c46c1692777189374f036950\">Hydrostatic</span> Pressure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on GFR</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on RPF</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Afferent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">Arteriole</span> Constriction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Afferent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">Arteriole</span> Dilation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Efferent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">Arteriole</span> Constriction- Mild</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slight increase</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Efferent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">Arteriole</span> Constriction- Severe</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Initially increases GFR then ultimately decreases.</li>\n<li>Severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">arteriole</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4880e9b3761692777185e64eba797c\">constriction</span> reduces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> and increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">filtration</span> fraction, concentrating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> proteins in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">glomerular</span> capillaries and elevating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">glomerular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e711a1abe1692777184b0bf50216b\">colloid</span> osmotic pressure.</li>\n<li>This counteracts the effect of increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b745c46c1692777189374f036950\">hydrostatic</span> pressure, ultimately reducing GFR</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Efferent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">Arteriole</span> Dilation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "When calculating the quantity of IV fluids required for a patient, what amount of daily transient loss/insensible loss would you consider?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "150-200 ml", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "500-600 ml", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "200-350 ml", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "350-400 ml", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 500-600 ml", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The countercurrent mechanism is present in which of the following parts of the body? A. Eye B. Testes C. Kidney D. Gut E. Lungs", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A and B are correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A, B, C are correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A, B, C, D, E are correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "B, C, D, E are correct", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. B, C, D, E are correct", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/27ltC4gI8OH1yhg0MruS1745295361.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Where is macula densa located?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Junction of thick descending limb and DCT", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Junction of thick descending limb and PCT", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Junction of thick ascending limb and DCT", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Junction of DCT and collecting duct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Junction of thick ascending limb and DCT", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/gyqxP5b4YasAx5aWkoYG1745297305.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 19 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 3 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following is an incorrect match?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gastrin - G cells from stomach", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Motilin - Mo cells from duodenum and jejunum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "CCK - D cells of duodenum and pancreas", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Secretin - S cells of duodenum and jenjunum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. CCK - D cells of duodenum and pancreas", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:651px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Secreting Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>CCK (Cholecystokinin)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>I cells</p>\n<p>(Option C)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Duodenum</p>\n<p>Jejunum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulates</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> secretion</li>\n<li>Pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> secretion</li>\n<li>Gallbladder <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> (Release of bile)</li>\n<li>Growth of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"938890efd616927771870f4a611546\">exocrine</span> pancreas</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Inhibits</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gastric emptying</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastrin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>G cells</p>\n<p>(Option A ruled out)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach (antrum) Duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulates:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gastric acid secretion</li>\n<li>Mucosal growth</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Secretin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S cells</p>\n<p>(Option D ruled out)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulates:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pepsin secretion</li>\n<li>Pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> secretion</li>\n<li>Biliary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> secretion</li>\n<li>Growth of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"938890efd616927771870f4a611546\">exocrine</span> pancreas</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Inhibits:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gastrin release and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> acid secretion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motilin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mo cells (Option B ruled out)</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Duodenum and jejunum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulates:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gastric motility</li>\n<li>Intestinal motility</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The correct sequence of events during vomiting are? 1. Relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter 2. Strong contractions in the stomach 3. Inspiration against a closed glottis 4. Relaxation of the pyloric sphincter 5. Relaxation of upper esophageal sphincter 6. Reverse peristalsis in the small intestine", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "6,4,2,5,1,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "6,4,3,2,1,5", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "4,6,2,1,3,5", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "4,6,2,5,3,1", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 6,4,3,2,1,5", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Step</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1. Relaxation of LES</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>LES relaxes to allow stomach contents to move into the esophagus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>2. Strong Contractions in Stomach</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abdominal and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b42867b61169277718692205c2447\">diaphragm</span> muscles contract to propel stomach contents upward.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>3. Inspiration Against Closed Glottis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep breath with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"427c7571fc1692777188fbb8492d21\">glottis</span> closed creates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"befa0a72121692777193663f2ca836\">negative pressure</span> for expulsion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4. Relaxation of UES</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>UES relaxes, allowing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58a09a3d07169277720271320338d4\">vomitus</span> to exit the mouth.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>5. Reverse <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69d8ba3cb3169277719543eceaf072\">Peristalsis</span> in Small Intestine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reverse <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69d8ba3cb3169277719543eceaf072\">peristalsis</span> pushes intestinal contents back into the stomach.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>6. Relaxation of Pyloric Sphincter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>In severe vomiting, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0319b53dbd16927771968db216b352\">pyloric sphincter</span> relaxes, aiding in expulsion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Following complete ileal and partial jejunal resection, the patient is most likely to develop?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Folic acid deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B12 deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Iron deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Reduced absorption of carbohydrates", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Vitamin B12 deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:736px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitamin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">Absorption</span> Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">Absorption</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fat-Soluble</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A</p>\n<p>D</p>\n<p>E</p>\n<p>K</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> (Duodenum, mainly jejunum).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Require <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> salts for emulsification.</li>\n<li>Incorporated into mixed micelles.</li>\n<li>Absorbed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c72d29ec4116927771942153c0d252\">passive</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> into enterocytes.</li>\n<li>Packaged into chylomicrons for transport.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Water-Soluble</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>B Vitamins</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Jejunum and Ileum.</p>\n<p>(B12 specifically in ileum)</p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Various mechanisms include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Active transport</li>\n<li>Passive diffusion</li>\n<li>Carrier-mediated transport</li>\n<li>Sodium-dependent transport</li>\n<li>B12 requires an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> factor</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sodium-dependent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74c9c0942a1692777180b936bbbfcc\">active transport</span> at low concentrations.</li>\n<li>Passive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> at high concentrations.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 13 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 23 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following secretions is NOT isotonic?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Salivary secretion", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gastric secretion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pancreatic secretion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Intestinal secretion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Salivary secretion", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JJrCEpYG2O6Dphkv0GoP1735963705.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XjbyLvC11fc68VjQKOzz1746103409.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about iron absorption is TRUE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Iron absorption starts in the jejunum.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phytic acid in cereals enhances iron absorption.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ferrous (Fe²) form of iron is absorbed more readily than the ferric (Fe³) form.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hepcidin directly binds to transferrin to regulate iron levels.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ferrous (Fe²) form of iron is absorbed more readily than the ferric (Fe³) form.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/R1XpAmBc3smbcZLVDWCY1735964642.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ka1PWbfIwC7M5FbcsJbd1746018179.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which vitamin is primarily absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine and requires an intrinsic factor for its absorption?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin D", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin C", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin B12", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin K", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Vitamin B12", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:736px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vitamin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">Absorption</span> Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">Absorption</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fat-Soluble</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A, <strong>D, </strong>E, <strong>K</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Options A and D)</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> (Duodenum, mainly jejunum).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Require <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> salts for emulsification.</li>\n<li>Incorporated into mixed micelles.</li>\n<li>Absorbed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c72d29ec4116927771942153c0d252\">passive</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> into enterocytes.</li>\n<li>Packaged into chylomicrons for transport.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Water-Soluble</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>B Vitamins</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Jejunum and Ileum.</p>\n<p>(B12 specifically in ileum)</p>\n<br/>\n\t\t\t </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Various mechanisms include:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Active transport</li>\n<li>Passive diffusion</li>\n<li>Carrier-mediated transport</li>\n<li>Sodium-dependent transport</li>\n<li>B12 requires an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">intrinsic</span> factor</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sodium-dependent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74c9c0942a1692777180b936bbbfcc\">active transport</span> at low concentrations.</li>\n<li>Passive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> at high concentrations.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/MYQofERGhK3z27Hr3YJR1746018457.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true regarding the process of protein digestion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pepsin initiates the digestion of proteins in the small intestine.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pepsin accounts for 90% of total protein digestion.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Collagen digestion starts in the small intestine.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The final step of protein digestion occurs inside the cytosol of Enterocytes.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. The final step of protein digestion occurs inside the cytosol of Enterocytes.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VftYequK3ry44ZLS56s11746031444.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A newborn presents with severe diarrhoea and dehydration shortly after birth. Stool analysis reveals undigested and unabsorbed carbohydrates. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely impaired in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "SGLT1-mediated absorption of glucose and galactose", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "GLUT5-mediated absorption of fructose", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Peptidase-mediated breakdown", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lipase mediated breakdown", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. SGLT1-mediated absorption of glucose and galactose", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZXN0X2iZSHowUEDLiPJL1735964324.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Tr6Fe4v69ybP0Q5HAGn91746031973.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following intestinal cells are likely to have a high zinc concentration?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Goblet cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Enteroendocrine cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Enterocytes", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Paneth cells", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Paneth cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RvqiWZcc0eg1hLuiJtwK1746032224.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old patient with obstructive jaundice from a common bile duct stone, confirmed by elevated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase, underwent successful stone extraction via ERCP. Post-procedure, the patient received education on bile flow regulation. Which of the following is not associated with bile synthesis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cholecystokinin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Secretin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cholesterol", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bile salts", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Cholecystokinin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormonal Regulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Secretin</strong><strong> (Option B)</strong>: Stimulates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> of a watery, bicarbonate-rich solution by epithelial cells in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> ducts.</li>\n<li><strong>Cholecystokinin (CCK)</strong>: Induces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f51bf91811692777188d929c8e851\">gallbladder</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5bc49d94df16927771975eae86de9f\">relaxation</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a73a42f071692777199a59120f494\">sphincter</span> of Oddi, facilitating the release of concentrated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> in response to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> foods.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neural Regulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Vagal Stimulation</strong>: Promotes weak <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f51bf91811692777188d929c8e851\">gallbladder</span> contraction.</li>\n<li><strong>Enteric Nervous System</strong>: Nerve fibres in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> stimulate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1f51bf91811692777188d929c8e851\">gallbladder</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> and secretion.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feedback Regulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It is influenced by the presence of fats and acids in the duodenum.</li>\n<li>Bile salts are the most potent regulators of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">Bile</span> synthesis, which is regulated by the feedback mechanism. <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SbOD4aEPE1efH2BlNGSH1746032763.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes in response to the presence of peptides and fatty acids in the small intestine?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Insulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cholecystokinin (CCK)", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Secretin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Gastrin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Cholecystokinin (CCK)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/R8rWto2lCY4OkgGfM1Yx1746033021.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male patient complains of frequent heartburn and bloating after meals, which worsens with large or spicy foods. He experiences relief with antacids, indicating excess gastric acid secretion. Which phase of gastric secretion is likely responsible for these symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cephalic Phase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gastric Phase", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Intestinal Phase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Basal Phase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Gastric Phase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cephalic Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Trigger:</strong> Initiated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d7e9fdf401692777199f2038941b6\">stimuli</span> such as sight, smell, thought, or taste of food.</li>\n<li><strong>Origin:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fec88fc386169277719326fdef547f\">Neurogenic</span> signals originate in the cerebral cortex, amygdala, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32b8d1e25c1692777189a123d50ec1\">hypothalamus</span> and are transmitted via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerves to stimulate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> secretion.</li>\n<li><strong>Contribution:</strong> Accounts for approximately 30% of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> secretion</li>\n<li>Associated with meal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3736620c0a1692777181fbaf863f1c\">anticipation</span> and preparation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastric Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Trigger:</strong> Begins when food enters the stomach.</li>\n<li><strong>Mechanisms:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8b7ff268db16927772018672ed7531\">vasovagal</span> reflexes between the stomach and brain.</li>\n<li>Local <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85c304623c1692777187da4d1f1ee7\">enteric</span> reflexes within the stomach.</li>\n<li>Gastrin release, which stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> juice secretion.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><strong>Duration:</strong> It lasts several hours while food remains in the stomach.</li>\n<li><strong>Contribution:</strong> Accounts for about 60% of total <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> secretion.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intestinal phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Trigger:</strong> Initiated by food reaching the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> of the small intestine.</li>\n<li><strong>Mechanism:</strong> Small amounts of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"212d9c968716927771888fdde3c211\">gastrin</span> released by duodenal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31ae8f4dc51692777193069d92be37\">mucosa</span> continue to stimulate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> juice secretion.</li>\n<li><strong>Contribution:</strong> Contributes to approximately 10% of the total acid response to a meal, ensuring continued <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a32cad4dbc169277718669cfb165a5\">digestive</span> support as food progresses through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a32cad4dbc169277718669cfb165a5\">digestive</span> tract.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9x7DwqrLgEY5rw8hWTNM1746033310.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following factors is associated with increased gastric acid secretion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Somatostatin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Secretin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Histamine", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Calcitonin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Histamine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:645px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factors increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factors inhibiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> acid secretion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Luminal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Peptides and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids.</li>\n<li>Stomach distention</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acidic pH</p>\n<p>Somatostatin<strong> </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neural</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fb29f3cd516927772017bd29c2581\">vagal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9dd87431ba1692777186ecfb21d258\">discharge</span> via GRP (Gastrin-Releasing Peptide)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>–</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blood burn</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Calcium</li>\n<li>Epinephrine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Secretin <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>GIP (Gastric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">Inhibitory</span> Peptide)</li>\n<li>VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) Glucagon</li>\n<li>Calcitonin<strong> (Option D).</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wps56H5gQTr7Ilv3i0zK1746090692.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true regarding the mechanism of gastric acid secretion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Release of K+ into the lumen by proton pump.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Secretion by the parietal cells in the stomach lining.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Intake of H+ by proton pump.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "H+ and Cl- are released together into the lumen.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Secretion by the parietal cells in the stomach lining.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yTB0dC9iKIFM4RLiOan71735963929.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nUkhk8MDEWIoRh0IcLdh1735963977.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/GciqFv4aZI7vHDpj89KD1735964015.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gEe14qVfqxHzdQmLySJI1746090982.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old female complains of excessive salivation irrespective of any sight or smell of food. Which of the following is true considering the autonomic regulation of salivary secretion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Parasympathetic increases secretion, and Sympathetic decreases secretion.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Parasympathetic decreases secretion, and Sympathetic increases secretion.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic increase secretion.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic decrease secretion.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic increase secretion.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ra5RMOwZnNx7m4WdWirP1735963844.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:620px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sympathetic System</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parasympathetic System</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Salivary Secretion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produces less saliva</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produces a larger volume of saliva.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Saliva Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mucus-rich and thick.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Watery and less viscous.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on Blood Vessels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No significant effect.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dilates blood vessels, increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> nutrition</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Saliva Composition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> and K+</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Higher concentrations of K+ and bicarbonate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Saliva Tonicity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Generally more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf33f8775d169277720289f4026e23\">viscous</span> and less hypotonic.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypotonic</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/OOJ9sdiPMciDGzXte0Ip1746103647.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which cells in the duodenum and jejunum secrete the hormone that stimulates bile release and pancreatic enzyme secretion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "G cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "I cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "S cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "K cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. I cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:651px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Secreting Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>CCK (Cholecystokinin)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>I cells</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Duodenum</p>\n<p>Jejunum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulates</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> secretion</li>\n<li>Pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> secretion</li>\n<li>Gallbladder <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> (Release of bile)</li>\n<li>Growth of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"938890efd616927771870f4a611546\">exocrine</span> pancreas</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Inhibits</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gastric emptying</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastrin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>G cells</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stomach (antrum) Duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulates:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gastric acid secretion</li>\n<li>Mucosal growth</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Secretin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S cells</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulates:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pepsin secretion</li>\n<li>Pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> secretion</li>\n<li>Biliary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> secretion</li>\n<li>Growth of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"938890efd616927771870f4a611546\">exocrine</span> pancreas</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Inhibits:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gastrin release and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> acid secretion</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>K cells</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Duodenum</p>\n<p>Jejunum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulates</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Insulin release from pancreatic β-cells</li>\n<li>β-cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8eedb6cec61692777196a6a3b93d3f\">proliferation</span> and survival</li>\n<li>Glucose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c2a4a949d16927771802ba54640cc\">adipose</span> tissue</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Inhibits</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gastric acid secretion</li>\n<li>Gastric motility</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6P7JMaCqztohtPDTdn8x1746029631.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old woman presents with symptoms of acid reflux and indigestion due to high acid content in her stomach. Which of the following is the most alkaline secretion in the GIT that can neutralise the acid content in her stomach?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Small intestinal juice", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pancreatic juice", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Saliva", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Gastric juice", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pancreatic juice", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of secretion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>pH</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Saliva</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>6.0-7.0<strong> (</strong><strong>Option C</strong><strong>)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gastric secretion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1.0-3.5<strong> (</strong><strong>Option D</strong><strong>)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pancreatic secretion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>8.0-8.3 <strong>(</strong><strong>Option B</strong><strong>)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bile</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7.8</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> secretion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7.5-8.0<strong> (</strong><strong>Option A</strong><strong>)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brunner’s <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> secretion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>8.0-8.9</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large intestinal secretion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7.5-8.0</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nrxhmOLukKgQakzvx8Hw1746103206.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old man presents with acute diarrhoea after returning from a trip from southeast Asia. Laboratory tests confirm an infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Which of the following peptides is most likely influenced by this bacterial toxin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Motilin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Guanylin", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Calcitonin gene receptor peptide (CGRP)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Guanylin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/DQyzpyZT0lMzaZxu0Gvg1746102945.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following GI hormones is not responsible for insulin secretion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "GLP-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "GIP", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "VIP", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "CCK", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. VIP", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>HORMONE </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>STIMULI </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>CELLS</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GIP (Gastric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> peptide)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(A.k.a Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protein, Fats, Carbohydrates.</p>\n<br/>\n\t\t\t </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>K cells of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> and jejunum.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glucagon-like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53172b32401692777195efbbb6b2e8\">peptide</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>L cells in the small intestine.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>CCK</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protein, Fats, Acid</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>I cells in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> and jejunum.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastrin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protein, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">Gastric</span> distension, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fb29f3cd516927772017bd29c2581\">Vagal</span> stimulation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>G cells in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> antrum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> and jejunum.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XFDM4wZb6aBeMe8Cac9d1746033780.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 52-year-old patient presents with symptoms of indigestion and steatorrhea. Laboratory tests suggest decreased bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas. Which Gastrointestinal hormone is most likely deficient in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cholecystokinin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gastrin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Secretin", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Motilin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Secretin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UJFkyzFWUn54Ly2RSQjn1746033522.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is NOT true regarding the effects of cholecystokinin on GI motility?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inhibition of gastric motility", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Contraction of sphincter of Oddi", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stimulation of intestinal peristalsis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Contraction of pyloric sphincter", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Contraction of sphincter of Oddi", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UCUwbutKlFChL60kN6wX1746031140.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a gastrointestinal hormone that acts on the pancreatic acinar cells to release all of the following except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bicarbonate ions", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pancreatic lipase", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Trypsinogen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Chymotrypsinogen", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Bicarbonate ions", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4HdejBOkymRtIPgE6Ei81735963285.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IXwLv8Odui0PJJW2BRK91746030927.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the primary stimulus for secretin release?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fatty acids in the small intestine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Amino acids in the small intestine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Acidic chyme entering the duodenum", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Distention of the stomach", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Acidic chyme entering the duodenum", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:616px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimuli</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Secretin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Primary: </strong>Acidic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a7574e71816927771845eb35eb63b\">chyme</span> entering the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"280e59e9331692777186f3beac2c41\">duodenum</span> (pH &lt; 4.5)</li>\n<li><strong>Secondary: </strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Fatty acids in the duodenum</li>\n<li>Peptides</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cholecystokinin</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(CCK)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Partially digested proteins (peptides)</li>\n<li>Fatty acids in the small intestine.</li>\n<li>Amino acids in the small intestine.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Chhc38W5jkVi4rO4BW0f1746030755.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old woman presents with fatigue, shortness of breath, and a sore tongue. Blood tests reveal macrocytic anaemia with low vitamin B12 levels. Further testing shows the presence of anti-intrinsic factor antibodies. What would you expect regarding this patient's serum gastrin levels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Normal gastrin levels", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fluctuating gastrin levels", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Elevated gastrin levels", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Low gastrin levels", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Elevated gastrin levels", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JCZBSmTg5FBFYKwI3ePS1727776704.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xA6ADAyqXjeJlLsmonZy1746030529.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is NOT a primary function of a hormone responsible for gastric acid production?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Stimulation of gastric acid secretion", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Trophic action on gastric mucosa", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Stimulation of gastric motility", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastric Secretion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> acid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> cells.</li>\n<li>Promotes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6a4968271692777195adb7c5c8f0\">pepsinogen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> from chief cells.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastric Motility</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enhances <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> and Promotes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> emptying.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Trophic Effects</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulates growth and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8eedb6cec61692777196a6a3b93d3f\">proliferation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> mucosa.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sphincter Control</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> of the lower oesophagal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a73a42f071692777199a59120f494\">sphincter</span> (LES) and prevents reflux.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FLDdgB2xctwGUA4AX7AI1746030143.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following does NOT stimulate the secretion of Gastrin hormone?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Presence of proteins in the stomach", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Parasympathetic stimuli", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Distension of the stomach", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Low pH in the stomach", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Low pH in the stomach", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimuli for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"212d9c968716927771888fdde3c211\">Gastrin</span> Release</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chemical Stimuli</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Proteins and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids in the stomach <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Peptides</li>\n<li>Calcium ions</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanical Stimuli</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Distension of the stomach <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neural Stimuli</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Vagal nerve stimulation</li>\n<li>Parasympathetic nervous system activation<strong> </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Other Factors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Caffeine</li>\n<li>Alcohol</li>\n<li>Certain medications (e.g., antacids)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Absence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">Inhibitory</span> Factors </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"038f5d38b41692777180a957459f95\">acidity</span> in the stomach (high pH)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Sa86NHHCcGna0O1j7hZ11746029879.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 33 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 11 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "All the factors inhibit gastric emptying except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Secretin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A large volume of solid meals", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypertonic solution", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypotonic solution", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Hypotonic solution", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vagal stimulation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulates antral contraction, promoting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> emptying</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liquid meal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Faster <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"397f16a7a71692777187ffffefa7e6\">emptying</span> due to lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2313fc54841692777202a008c72950\">viscosity</span> and faster transit through the stomach</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Motilin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulates antral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> emptying, especially during the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d00922f9fc16927771906aa4acce65\">interdigestive</span> state</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acid in the duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Releases secretin, inhibiting antral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> and stimulating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0319b53dbd16927771968db216b352\">pyloric sphincter</span> contraction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Products of fat digestion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Releases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"329e9ba42816927771838b17a56efc\">CCK</span> and GIP, inhibiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> emptying</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypertonic solutions in the duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Releases hormones inhibiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> emptying</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Products of protein digestion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Releases gastrin, CCK, and GIP, inhibiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> emptying</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large meal volume (solids)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prolongs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"397f16a7a71692777187ffffefa7e6\">emptying</span> time</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stretching of duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Initiates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"64a337198716927771877045965535\">enterogastric</span> reflex, inhibiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> emptying</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sympathetic stimulation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> (by norepinephrine) and increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0319b53dbd16927771968db216b352\">pyloric sphincter</span> tone.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hormones (CCK, GIP, secretin)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7KmUMhDcJh1JmGjhU3Ad1745995323.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly describes the roles of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus and the submucosal (Meissner's) plexus in the enteric nervous system?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Myenteric: enzyme secretion; Submucosal: motility", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Myenteric: motility; Submucosal: enzyme secretion and blood flow", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both: motility", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Submucosal: rhythmic contractions; Myenteric: mucosal surface area", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Myenteric: motility; Submucosal: enzyme secretion and blood flow", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZkZMhmvefDu6ePsLGxRo1735964853.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:658px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">longitudinal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> muscle layers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">circular</span> muscle and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbb10919e516927771917a9afcb633\">luminal</span> mucosa</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3a647ce2516927771881427f56c1d\">gastrointestinal</span> motility</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Controls <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> &amp; blood flow</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Control Over</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Peristalsis &amp; muscle contractions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secretion, absorption, and blood flow</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Involvement in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a32cad4dbc169277718669cfb165a5\">digestive</span> Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Movement of food through the GI tract</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulation of the internal environment of the GI tract</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:687px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. Mucosa: Epithelium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>6. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">Duct</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> outside tract</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>11. Vein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>16. Auerbach’s myenteric plexus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2. Mucosa: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9864ad42b21692777191febeee1002\">Lamina</span> propria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">Gland</span> in mucosa</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>12. Muscularis: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0919f0017e1692777184ac3748841f\">Circular</span> muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>17. Nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3. Mucosa: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c498ba4dd1692777193470f4af537\">Muscularis</span> mucosae</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>8. Submucosa</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>13. Muscularis: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ba18aa5e616927771918a45051a40\">Longitudinal</span> muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>18. Artery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4. Lumen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>9. Glands in submucosa</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>14. Serosa: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f206b2cc1e1692777182d953d68475\">Areola</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>19. Mesentry</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fb6bd90f016927771918d4a2993ed\">Lymphatic</span> tissue</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>10. Meissner’s <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7cb424e4921692777199f9951be2ce\">submucosal</span> plexus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>15. Serosa: Epithelium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/0GImYpJcF4ccWRz4C2ql1746015969.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 3-day-old newborn has not passed meconium since birth. The baby has a distended abdomen and frequent vomiting, which sometimes contains bile. Upon physical examination, there was a lack of stool in the rectal vault. An abdominal X-ray reveals a dilated colon with a narrowed segment near the rectum. What is the cause of this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Meconium ileus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased enteric ganglion cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Intestinal atresia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Endothelial B receptor gene mutation", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Endothelial B receptor gene mutation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5mVbwluHwZr4KZfYPHW31746016684.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is responsible for the basal electrical rhythm in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Parietal cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Chief cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Interstitial cells of Cajal", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Enteroendocrine cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Interstitial cells of Cajal", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wkvLojfIrHwKl36lp4z51735965050.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/a4Z01BYiN7kk7AKwpg6f1746017236.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the movement responsible for the movement of food bolus throughout the gastrointestinal tract?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Segmentation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Peristalsis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tonic contractions", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mass movement", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Peristalsis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5S05KZHlACkEPNH74Jcy1735972810.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1ytyWT0yM2xdjQ45NnNf1746008589.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which reflex is responsible for initiating mass movements in the colon?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Enterogastric reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gastrocolic reflex", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Rectocolic reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Colorectal reflex", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Gastrocolic reflex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/76ykUsFKobCtyYqCYgy71735972912.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zmvaWXzUGRbikGrMW5Ig1746008268.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What type of motility retards the movement of intestinal contents to provide time for digestion and absorption?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Peristalsis", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Segmentation", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mass movement", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Propulsion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Segmentation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/CwGV46WzAMXdj4JHqHur1736319238.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IuGRjvblPcaz0xb0RGtr1746007814.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the migrating motor complex (MMC) is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The MMC occurs during periods of digestion to facilitate nutrient absorption.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The MMC is initiated by motilin and consists of three phases.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The MMC contractions migrate orally at about 10 cm/min.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The MMC occurs at intervals of approximately 50 minutes in the interdigestive state.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The MMC is initiated by motilin and consists of three phases.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Of1gGnLrl4bWNRaVdtTO1735973552.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nxQISGxpOtiCpr97LKv41746007384.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following increases intestinal motility?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dehydration", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "High fibre diet", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Acid reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Opioids", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. High fibre diet", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:603px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Promoting intestinal motility</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibiting intestinal mobility</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dietary</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ace01719a1692777202ddafcebbc4\">fibre</span> diet</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ace01719a1692777202ddafcebbc4\">fibre</span> diet</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hydration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adequate hydration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dehydration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gastrin and motilin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secretin and somatostatin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neural</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Parasympathetic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sympathetic</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Physical activity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regular exercise</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sedentary lifestyle</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prokinetics</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Opioids and anticholinergics</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GI reflexes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gastrocolic reflex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enterogastric reflex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Food intake</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ingestion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fasting</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Electrolyte balance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adequate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> levels</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Electrolyte imbalances</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Health conditions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Infections (e.g. gastroenteritis)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intestinal obstructions and post-surgical states</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NIClOPxkiek7lwzTtnVr1746007051.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which segment of the gastrointestinal tract has the longest transit time?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Duodenum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Jejunum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Colon", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ileum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Colon", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/rqdCKw0iL8qxSAFu2aVW1746006646.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following mediates the receptive relaxation of the stomach?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sympathetic nervous system", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vagus nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Enteric nervous system", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hormonal control", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Vagus nerve", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/B6IBzPjaSpEDJq1B6iSc1746006028.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 21 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 21 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which substance inhibits the iron transporter on the basal side of the enterocyte?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hepcidin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ferritin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Transferrin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ferroportin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hepcidin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/B5FqfvX0h8SkcyPTPgUG1747377699.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify this movement that takes place in the intestine.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Segmented movement", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Peristalsis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Intersegmental contraction", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Diffusion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Peristalsis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3eiA4XXMJPqknkQq1Hxa1747029509.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotransmitter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acetylcholine (ACh) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulates contraction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acts on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ad3c97c2916927771938768dcf298\">muscarinic</span> receptors, increases motility</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Substance P </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Promotes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> contraction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Released by mucosal stimulation, enhances <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9adacf6f38169277719430ad3cd087\">orad</span> contraction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vasoactive Intestinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53172b32401692777195efbbb6b2e8\">Peptide</span> (VIP)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Promotes relaxation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acts on smooth muscle to induce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5bc49d94df16927771975eae86de9f\">relaxation</span> during peristalsis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Serotonin (5-HT)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> and initiates reflex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Released from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c13e383a01692777187ae85e093b6\">enterochromaffin</span> cells, activates 5-HT receptors</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nitric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e08c004e8f1692777194c9d37e17ad\">Oxide</span> (NO)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mediates relaxation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Released by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> neurons, assists VIP in relaxation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Calcitonin Gene-Related <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53172b32401692777195efbbb6b2e8\">Peptide</span> (CGRP)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Influences <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> signaling</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Modulated by serotonin, aids in coordinating reflexes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Enteropeptidase enzyme is secreted by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Stomach", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Duodenum", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Jejunum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ileum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Duodenum", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Enzyme</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mouth</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Salivary Amylase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Breaks down <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"24511b2ef716927771990798c3d939\">starch</span> into maltose</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lingual Lipase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Begins <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47d4bcce081692777186a1aafdde1a\">digestion</span> of lipids (mainly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c2680413281692777192c001cf96cb\">milk fat</span> in infants)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stomach </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pepsinogen (activated to Pepsin)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Breaks down proteins into smaller peptides</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gastric Lipase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Breaks down lipids, especially in infants</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"7\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Small Intestine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enteropeptidase (Enterokinase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Activates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f4289daa6816927772007d51f2e486\">trypsinogen</span> to trypsin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pancreatic Amylase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Continues carbohydrate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47d4bcce081692777186a1aafdde1a\">digestion</span> (starches to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8ea673008d1692777191f46338fc58\">maltose</span> and dextrins)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pancreatic Lipase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides and free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pancreatic Proteases (Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Break down proteins into peptides and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pancreatic Nucleases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Breaks down nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) into nucleotides</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Disaccharidases (Sucrase, Lactase, Maltase)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Break down disaccharides into monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, galactose, fructose)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aminopeptidases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Break down peptides into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Large Intestine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bacterial Enzymes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ferment carbohydrates (fiber) into short-chain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc6cd9a9f9169277720261812ea113\">fatty</span> acids (SCFAs) and gases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following factors is responsible for increasing gastric motility?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Presence of fatty food in the stomach", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Distension of the stomach", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Presence of tryptophan in the stomach", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The presence of acid in the stomach", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Distension of the stomach", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">Gastric</span> Motility</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Explanation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Distension of the stomach</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> motility</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stretching of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fda3b47a5c16927771994ab38f8a22\">stomach wall</span> activates mechanoreceptors, stimulating motility.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastrin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> motility</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hormone released in response to food, especially proteins, that stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> motility.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acetylcholine (ACh)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> motility</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Released by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f19a37b5916927771941ba9f5ef49\">parasympathetic</span> nervous system, promoting smooth muscle contraction.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Peptides and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> motility</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Presence of partially digested proteins or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acids triggers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"212d9c968716927771888fdde3c211\">gastrin</span> release.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"397f16a7a71692777187ffffefa7e6\">emptying</span> reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> motility</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reflex activated when food enters the duodenum, regulating the rate of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> emptying.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a32cad4dbc169277718669cfb165a5\">digestive</span> enzymes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> motility</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The release of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> juices and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a32cad4dbc169277718669cfb165a5\">digestive</span> enzymes aids in the mixing and movement of food.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In which of the following reflexes, gastric emptying is delayed when acidic content enters the duodenum?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gastrocolic", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Intestino intestinal", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gastroileal", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Enterogastric", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Enterogastric", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acid in the duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Releases secretin, inhibiting antral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> and stimulating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0319b53dbd16927771968db216b352\">pyloric sphincter</span> contraction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Products of fat digestion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Releases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"329e9ba42816927771838b17a56efc\">CCK</span> and GIP, inhibiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> emptying</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypertonic solutions in the duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Releases hormones inhibiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> emptying</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Products of protein digestion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Releases gastrin, CCK, and GIP, inhibiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> emptying</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large meal volume (solids)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prolongs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"397f16a7a71692777187ffffefa7e6\">emptying</span> time</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stretching of duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Initiates <strong>enterogastric reflex</strong>, inhibiting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"397f16a7a71692777187ffffefa7e6\">emptying</span> <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sympathetic stimulation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12347b15191692777188bc86d226e1\">gastric</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> (by norepinephrine) and increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0319b53dbd16927771968db216b352\">pyloric sphincter</span> tone.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hormones (CCK, GIP, secretin)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The least frequency of slow waves is seen in?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Duodenum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "lleum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Jejunum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Stomach", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Stomach", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/8a9jnwYfJbJ9tge0qrY41745582138.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>GI <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Frequency of Slow waves (per minute)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Stomach</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">3-5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Duodenum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">12-20</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Jejunum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">8-12</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ileum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">6-9</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Colon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">6-10</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following increases gastric acid secretion except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gastrin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Histamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Acetylcholine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Serotonin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Serotonin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presented with severe watery diarrhea resembling that of rice gruel stool. Damage of which structure is likely to have resulted in this diarrhea?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Zona occludens", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gap junction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Adherens junction", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hemidesmosomes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Zona occludens", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the cause of the relaxation of the intestinal segment following the segment containing the food bolus during peristalsis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "VIP", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Substances P", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dopamine from adrenergic fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Acetylcholine from myenteric fibers", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. VIP", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurotransmitter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acetylcholine (ACh) </strong><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulates contraction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acts on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ad3c97c2916927771938768dcf298\">muscarinic</span> receptors, increases motility</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Substance P </strong><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Promotes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> contraction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Released by mucosal stimulation, enhances <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9adacf6f38169277719430ad3cd087\">orad</span> contraction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vasoactive Intestinal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53172b32401692777195efbbb6b2e8\">Peptide</span> (VIP)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Promotes relaxation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acts on smooth muscle to induce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5bc49d94df16927771975eae86de9f\">relaxation</span> during peristalsis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Serotonin (5-HT)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> and initiates reflex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Released from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c13e383a01692777187ae85e093b6\">enterochromaffin</span> cells, activates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ee9dfbd7b81692777188b432973e2e\">5-HT</span> receptors</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nitric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e08c004e8f1692777194c9d37e17ad\">Oxide</span> (NO)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mediates relaxation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Released by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> neurons, assists <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00c49723621692777202af2d05b8d3\">VIP</span> in relaxation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Calcitonin Gene-Related <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53172b32401692777195efbbb6b2e8\">Peptide</span> (CGRP)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Influences <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> signaling</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Modulated by serotonin, aids in coordinating reflexes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most probable outcome for a patient who has undergone complete ileal and partial jejunal resection?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Folic acid deficiency", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin B12 deficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gastric ulcer", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Constipation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Vitamin B12 deficiency", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following functions is NOT attributed to the intestinal epithelium?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Absorption of the ions", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bile salts secretion", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mucous secretion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Secretion of digestive enzyme", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Bile salts secretion", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old patient underwent an endoscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract due to recurrent abdominal discomfort and altered bowel habits. Identify the arrow-marked structure in the given image.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bruner gland", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Interstitial cells of kajal", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Crypts of lieberkuhn", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Peyer's patch", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Bruner gland", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/Hp0u3VsuyyPYtiYgNBGF1747378732.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient who has undergone gastrectomy (surgical removal of part or all of the stomach) is at risk of deficiencies in certain nutrients. Which of the following vitamins is most likely to require supplementation in such a patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vitamin C", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vitamin D", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vitamin B12", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vitamin A", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Vitamin B12", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Vitamin B12\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following acts as a secondary messenger in the mechanism of gastric acid secretion ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "cGMP", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "cAMP", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "CCK-B receptor", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ach", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. cAMP", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - cAMP\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following functions is NOT attributed to the intestinal epithelium ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Absorption of the ions", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bile salts secretion", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mucous secretion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Secretion of digestive enzyme", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Bile salts secretion", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - B\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which co-transporter is primarily responsible for facilitating glucose absorption across the basolateral membrane of an enterocytein this scenario ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "SGLT1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "GLUT2", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "GLUT5", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "SGLT2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. GLUT2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - GLUT2: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "On which receptor does Hepcidin act to hinder the absorption of iron ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "DMT-1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ferroportin", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hephaestin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Transferrin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ferroportin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - F\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What are the effects of dietary fibers?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Reduces intestinal transit time", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "No role in metabolism", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Causes constipation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased blood Glucose", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Reduces intestinal transit time", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Reduces &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b643f545af1692777190088a3353d6\"&gt;intestinal transit&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which part of the liver stores vitamin A ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ito cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hepatocytes", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Endothelial cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Kupffer cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ito cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - I\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which hormone among the following does not exert its effects on the pancreas?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Secretin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gastrin", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cholecystokinin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "GIP", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Gastrin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - G\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Gastrointestinal Hormone</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Source</strong></p>\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" style=\"vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Action on Pancreas</strong></p>\n</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Secretin</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Stimulates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e2fe8c6c116927771946fb9a8adb0\">pancreas</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b8c92219216927771981950fdd0e8\">secrete</span> bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice, aiding in neutralizing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"038f5d38b41692777180a957459f95\">acidity</span> in the duodenum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Gastrin</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Stomach</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Indirectly affects pancreatic function by modulating the release of other hormones involved in pancreatic secretion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Cholecystokinin (CCK)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Duodenum</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Stimulates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> of pancreatic enzymes (lipase, amylase) to aid in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47d4bcce081692777186a1aafdde1a\">digestion</span> of fats and carbohydrates</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Small Intestine</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Stimulates the release of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> from pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\">beta</span> cells, helping regulate blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> levels</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The following Darrow Yannet diagram is suggestive of which condition? Note: The solid line is the original fluid compartment and the color shaded compartment with the dotted change caused by the condition.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Excessive sweating", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Adrenal insufficiency", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Diarrhea", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "SIADH", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Adrenal insufficiency", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/haAqxw2KBqDJVlWpPSkb1691490690.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f955f012f716927771801d01e7d163\"&gt;Adrenal&lt;/span&gt; insufficiency: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 31 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 54 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "The sodium iodide symporter is present in all of the following except", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thyroid gland", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Placenta", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Salivary gland", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pituitary gland", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Pituitary gland", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thyroid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">Gland</span> </strong><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Active <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa62c89591692777190c3b9e60490\">iodide</span> transport for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> hormone <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> (T3, T4) in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"031a38f17a16927772036476ede2ae\">follicular</span> cells.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Salivary Glands </strong><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Possible role in regulating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa62c89591692777190c3b9e60490\">iodide</span> content in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b0184a84d16927771981289924c2a\">saliva</span> (exact function unclear).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gastric Mucosa</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Potential involvement in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa62c89591692777190c3b9e60490\">iodide</span> transport within the stomach.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Placenta </strong><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Allows <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa62c89591692777190c3b9e60490\">iodide</span> transfer from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a191a950d7169277719148e72a75e2\">maternal</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> circulation, necessary for the development of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> gland.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mammary Glands</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa62c89591692777190c3b9e60490\">iodide</span> transfer during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4abd8094e51692777191b1eb073735\">lactation</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5af45ba59c16927771837f3aa7b6d9\">breastfeeding</span> purposes.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Kidney</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aids in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fa62c89591692777190c3b9e60490\">iodide</span> homeostasis, with expression in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> cells.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Other Tissues</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Observed in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"756a84577116927771871853f8642e\">extrathyroidal</span> tissues with unclear or under-researched roles.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The signaling sequence in a type 2 membrane protein with N-terminal facing cytoplasm is located in?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inside the membrane", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "At the C-terminal", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "At the N-terminal", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both inside the membrane and at C-terminal", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Inside the membrane", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The image shows changes in membrane potential during an action potential. The region marked between 4 to 5 is due to", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Influx of Na+", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Efflux of Na+", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Influx of K+", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Efflux of K+", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Efflux of K+", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/e621dCgSwF91SgtL3QNg1746704323.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/gzPcnmNkaKeFyoHok88A1745338179.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Membrane Potential</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Na+ Channels</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Resting State</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Polarized (-70 mV)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Depolarization (Rising Phase)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less negative, towards 0 mV.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapidly opening, then inactivating</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Overshoot (Peak)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Briefly positive (+35 mV).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inactivated</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Repolarization (Falling Phase)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Returning to negative</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inactivated</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>After-hyperpolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More negative.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Return to Resting State</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Returning to -70 mV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following organs has the least arteriovenous oxygen difference?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Brain", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Kidney", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Skin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Liver", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Kidney", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Organs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c19af349e16927771825f314a4a84\">Arteriovenous</span> oxygen difference (ml/L)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>62</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>14</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Skin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>25</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>34</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heart muscles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>114</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following molecules with their corresponding carriers in plasma. Transporter Organic Substance 1. Thyroxine A. Hemopexin 2. Fatty acid B. Prealbumin 3. Hemoglobin C. Albumin 4. Heme D. Haptoglobin", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-A, 2-D, 3-B, 4-C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-B, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Substance</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Primary Carrier(s)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Additional Notes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Thyroxine (T4)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Thyroxine-binding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a8bcc07ca16927771882f63452d6e\">globulin</span> (TBG)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Also carried by TTR and albumin; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> via OATPs/MCTs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Fatty Acids</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Albumin</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Maintains stable levels and supports energy utilization</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Oxygen</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Hemoglobin</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Binds four oxygen molecules per molecule</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Heme</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Hemopexin</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Protects against <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> damage, transports to liver</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following tissues are dependent on insulin for glucose uptake?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Liver", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Brain", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Kidneys", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/e5PECI77qQMv9ral9EMW1745296058.png"], "explanation": "\n<p><strong>References:</strong></p>\n<ul><li>↳ Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th Edition, Pg. 426, 428 GK Pal Comprehensive Textbook of Medical Physiology, Pg. 538, 535-538 Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th Edition, Pg. 975-979</li><li>↳ Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th Edition, Pg. 426, 428</li><li>↳ Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th Edition, Pg. 426, 428</li><li>↳ GK Pal Comprehensive Textbook of Medical Physiology, Pg. 538, 535-538</li><li>↳ GK Pal Comprehensive Textbook of Medical Physiology, Pg. 538, 535-538</li><li>↳ Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th Edition, Pg. 975-979</li><li>↳ Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th Edition, Pg. 975-979</li></u\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The second phase of saliva secretion involves:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Active Na+ reabsorption, passive Cl- reabsorption, passive K+ secretion, active secretion of HCO3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Passive Na+ reabsorption, active Cl- reabsorption, passive K+ secretion, active secretion of HCO3-", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Passive Na+ secretion, active Cl- reabsorption, active K+ secretion, passive secretion of HCO3-", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Active Na+ reabsorption, passive Cl- reabsorption, active K+ secretion, passive secretion of HCO3-", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Active Na+ reabsorption, passive Cl- reabsorption, active K+ secretion, passive secretion of HCO3-", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/qTPqfQrosaoM5rLKXu0E1745297515.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Question: What is the value of normal oncotic pressure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "12 mmHg", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "25 mmHg", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "32 mmHg", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "54 mmHg", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 25 mmHg", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pressure Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Value</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Capillary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b745c46c1692777189374f036950\">Hydrostatic</span> Pressure (Pc)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>36 mmHg (arteriolar) to 15 mmHg (venous)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pressure from blood within capillaries</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Colloid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"530d8c9bc016927771941b90373d01\">Osmotic Pressure</span> (πc)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>25 mmHg</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Constant across <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89e3252d5b16927771833fb9b432ae\">capillary</span> length</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Interstitial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b745c46c1692777189374f036950\">Hydrostatic</span> Pressure (Pi)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-3 mmHg</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Varies based on tissue type and conditions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Interstitial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e711a1abe1692777184b0bf50216b\">Colloid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"530d8c9bc016927771941b90373d01\">Osmotic Pressure</span> (πi)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>8 mmHg</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower due to less protein in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f46ba26d111692777190def3b1d80a\">interstitial</span> fluid</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What are the chloride equilibrium potentials when the extracellular concentration is 100 mmol/L, and the intracellular concentration is 10 mmol/L?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "+ 10 mV", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "– 10 mV", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "– 60 mV", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "+ 60 mV", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. – 60 mV", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/DtKwqOh0j16JJ73X0hmc1745388775.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/DtKwqOh0j16JJ73X0hmc1745388775.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "An individual is in an environment of a temperature of 47ºC. What is the mechanism of heat loss?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Radiation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Conduction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Convection", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sweating", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Sweating", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which electrolyte abnormality will lead to cardiac arrhythmia in patients with severe vomiting?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypokalemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hyponatremia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hyperkalemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypocalcemia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hypokalemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A child with loose stools for one day presented to your OPD. On examination, signs of dehydration were present and the child was given ORS. It facilitates glucose absorption through which of the following receptors?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "SGLT 1", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "SGLT 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "GLUT 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Na-Ca transporter", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. SGLT 1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Glucose Transporter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Various tissues, including brain, erythrocytes, and placenta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> in various tissues (constitutive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> transporter)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver, pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\">beta</span> cells, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> tubules, small intestine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates bidirectional <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> transport in liver, pancreatic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"806eb8418c16927771822855b56695\">beta</span> cells, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> tubules, and small intestine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brain, placenta, testes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates high-affinity <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> in neurons and other <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> dependent cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 4 </strong><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adipose tissue, skeletal muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insulin-regulated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> transporter. Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> in response to insulin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small intestine, testes, kidney, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c2a4a949d16927771802ba54640cc\">adipose</span> tissue, skeletal muscle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> transport (also transports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> to a lesser extent)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>SGLT 1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small intestine, kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sodium-dependent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> cotransporter. Facilitates active <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> in the small intestine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>SGLT 2 </strong><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sodium-dependent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> cotransporter. Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> in the kidneys</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Calculate the sodium deficit in a 30-year-old man weighing 70 kg with a sodium level of 120 mEq/L.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "280 mEq", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "480 mEq", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "840 mEq", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1400 mEq", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 840 mEq", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Factor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Value</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Desired Sodium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>140 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Current Sodium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>120 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>TBW for Male (70kg)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>42 L</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sodium Deficit</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>840 mEq</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A body fluid sample is being studied with Na: 10 mEq/L, K: 140 mEq/L, Cl: 4 mEq/L. Identify the compartment from which the fluid has been obtained.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Interstitial", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Intracellular fluid", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Extracellular fluid", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Plasma", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Intracellular fluid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fluid Compartment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Na<sup>+</sup> (mEq/L)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>K<sup>+</sup> (mEq/L)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ca<sup>2+</sup> (mEq/L)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cl<sup>-</sup> (mEq/L)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Protein (g/L)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Glucose (mg/dL)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>pH</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intracellular Fluid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10-20</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>140-150</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>&lt;0.0002</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>&lt;3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>100</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7.3-7.5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extracellular Fluid (Plasma) </strong><strong>(Options C&amp; D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>135-145</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3.5-5.5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1.3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>95-105</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>60-80</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>100</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7.4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extracellular Fluid (Interstitial) </strong><strong>(Options A &amp; C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>135-145</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4.0</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1.2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>100-115</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>100</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~7.4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "How do eukaryotes engage in intercellular communication?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lysosome", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Peroxisome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Exosome", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Genome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Exosome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium is mainly due to?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bicarbonate in the intracellular compartment", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calcium in the extracellular compartment", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Large intracellular proteins", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Large intracellular proteins", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following types of amino acids are present in the transmembranous part of the membrane receptor?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Amphipathic", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hydrophobic", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hydrophilic", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Hydrophobic", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following clotting factors would have decreased gamma carboxyglutamate residue in patients on warfarin therapy?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Factor 2", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Factor 11", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tissue factor", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Factor 5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Factor 2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1Y591eDnwNz42HXToxFj1746515624.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In ORS, sodium is given along with glucose to facilitate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Co-transport", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Osmosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Facilitated diffusion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Primary active transport", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Co-transport", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Lysosomal enzymes are present ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cytosol", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mitochondria", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Nucleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Cytosol", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Transport of iron into enterocytes is done by which of the following proteins:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Transferrin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ferroportin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hepcidin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Divalent metal transporter – 1", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Divalent metal transporter – 1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of these systems do not require ATP? 1. Paracellular 2. Simple diffusion 3. Facilitated diffusion 4. Antiport (Na/K ATPase) 5. Symport", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1,2,4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1,2,3", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1,4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 1,2,3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Transport Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>ATP Requirement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Example</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Paracellular transport</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Movement of substances between cells via tight junctions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ion movement in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> tubules</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Simple diffusion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Passive movement down a concentration gradient</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oxygen, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c32b3a9fac16927771831530888fdf\">carbon dioxide</span> transport</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Facilitated diffusion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carrier or channel-mediated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c72d29ec4116927771942153c0d252\">passive</span> transport</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GLUT-mediated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> transport</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Antiport (Na/K ATPase)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Active transport pumping ions in opposite directions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes (Primary active transport)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Na⁺/K⁺ pump in all cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symport</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cotransport of two molecules in the same direction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes (Secondary active transport)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Na⁺/Glucose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7cfeb63f8169277718599240ff253\">cotransport</span> in intestines</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with high blood pressure accompanied by a decrease in heart rate. What is the most likely physiological mechanism responsible for this response?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Stimulation of baroreceptors", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inhibition of baroreceptors", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bezold-Jarisch reflex (J reflex)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Stimulation of chemoreceptors", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Stimulation of baroreceptors", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Baroreceptors in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> and the aortic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> detect BP changes</li>\n<li>Increased BP <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad337177ee1692777199de941a0cda\">stretches</span> receptors, sending signals to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"13b0890d441692777188afdcb41e75\">glossopharyngeal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerves</li>\n<li>Medulla inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52abfe100916927772011ad20f3fda\">vasoconstrictor</span> center and stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fb29f3cd516927772017bd29c2581\">vagal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f19a37b5916927771941ba9f5ef49\">parasympathetic</span> center</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Actions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Vasodilation of blood vessels</li>\n<li>Decreased heart rate and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> strength</li>\n<li>Reduced BP due to lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> resistance and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Importance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Maintains BP stability during activities like standing</li>\n<li>Fastest acting</li>\n<li>Tends to reset within 1-2 days for long-term regulation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inhibits acetylcholine release from the presynaptic terminal", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inhibits acetylcholine reuptake", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Blocks the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inhibits acetylcholinesterase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Inhibits acetylcholine release from the presynaptic terminal", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Dehydration is more severe in infants compared to adults. Which of the following is a true statement about infants?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Extracellular fluid (ECF) is more than intracellular fluid (ICF)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Intracellular fluid (ICF) is more than extracellular fluid (ECF)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Total body water in infants is more than in adults", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Extracellular fluid equals intracellular fluid", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Total body water in infants is more than in adults", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which ion is most responsible for the resting membrane potential (RMP)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Potassium (K + )", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Calcium (Ca 2+ )", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sodium (Na + )", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Chloride (Cl - )", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Potassium (K + )", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following regulates body temperature?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypothalamus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Basal ganglia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Limbic system", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hypothalamus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/bnRHWXRkapOk0eW0TC5W1747662544.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:600px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Hypothalamic Nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Secretion/Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Ventromedial Nucleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Lesion produce obesity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Lateral Hypothalamic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Lesion produce aphagia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Anterior Hypothalamic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Heat dissipation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5e7bb15851692777191b39417c26a\">lesion</span> leads to hyperthermia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Posterior Hypothalamic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Heat conservation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5e7bb15851692777191b39417c26a\">lesion</span> leads to poikilothermy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Arcuate Nucleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Dopamine and GHRH</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Paraventricular</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>TRH</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Paraventricular &amp; Supraoptic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>ADH and Oxytocin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Suprachiasmatic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Circadian rhythm and CRH</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Preoptic area</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>GnRH</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Dynein protein is an example of?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Transport protein", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cell membrane protein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cell organelle adherent protein", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Intracellular junctional protein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Transport protein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best explains the role of a second messenger in cellular signaling?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Act on extracellular receptors", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Modulate extracellular hormone response", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Modulate intracellular hormone response", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Directly interacts with the cell's DNA", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Modulate intracellular hormone response", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Activation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Enzymes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Second Messengers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cellular Effects</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adenylyl Cyclase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GPCR-Gs binding</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adenylyl Cyclase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>cAMP</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Protein phosphorylation, e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"799202e6fe16927772009a1501b0a8\">thyroid</span> hormones, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f4575b0a516927771805f688177c0\">adrenocortical</span> steroids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phospholipase C</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GPCR binding</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phospholipase C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>IP3, DAG</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Calcium mobilization, smooth muscle contraction, protein phosphorylation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What physiological response is most likely to occur in a person exposed to high temperatures while exercising vigorously to maintain internal body temperature within a narrow range?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sweating and vasodilation in the skin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Shivering and vasoconstriction in the skin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased production of heat by the liver", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Sweating and vasodilation in the skin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mpOjBXFCqAtG15V9KTM21747377764.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the type of transport across the cell membrane given below.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Simple diffusion", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Facilitated diffusion", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Primary active transport", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Secondary active transport", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Facilitated diffusion", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/NMbsAsLfFAlA7kvcU6Kz1745906237.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> </strong><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Facilitated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> </strong><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Move from high to low <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6fe354b91616927771982cc53f71fc\">solute</span> concentration (downhill transport)</li>\n<li>It does not require energy.</li>\n<li>Not require carrier protein (channel protein may or may not be present)</li>\n<li>No saturation: more concentration leads to a higher rate of transport.</li>\n<li>Fick's law: Rate (J) = D.A.∆C/x\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>D: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">Diffusion</span> constant.</li>\n<li>A: Surface area of diffusion.</li>\n<li>X: Thickness of the membrane.</li>\n<li>∆C: Concentration difference between membranes (most important determinant).</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Movement of molecules across a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> via carrier protein.</li>\n<li>No expenditure of energy.</li>\n<li>For example, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> is transported by all types of GLUT.</li>\n<li>Saturation is achieved after a certain point called the plateau.</li>\n<li>The maximum transport rate occurs at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a4ced7da71692777195938424f299\">plateau</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4696a0f8d169277719865588e55c7\">saturation</span> point, called maximum (Tm).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which co-transporter is primarily responsible for facilitating glucose absorption across the basolateral membrane of an enterocyte?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "SGLT1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "GLUT2", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "GLUT5", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "SGLT2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. GLUT2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transporter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tissue Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brain, kidney, colon, placenta, erythrocytes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> uptake</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 2 (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Liver, pancreatic β cells, small intestine, kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enables rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cc20d2d7111692777201fb0caeb3f2\">uptake</span> or release</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brain, kidney, placenta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Assists in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> uptake</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Heart and skeletal muscle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c2a4a949d16927771802ba54640cc\">adipose</span> tissue</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mediates insulin-stimulated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> uptake</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT 5</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small intestine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5bac53d50169277720363f48a6b3a\">fructose</span> absorption</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>SGLT 1 </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Small <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7840cca3ed16927771901d2f6cb32b\">intestine</span> and kidney</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Actively transports <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> against a concentration gradient</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Kartagener syndrome is associated with defects in which of the following structures?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Microvilli", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Microtubules", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cilia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Microfilaments", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Cilia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspects</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Triad</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Chronic sinusitis</li>\n<li>Bronchiectasis</li>\n<li>Situs inversus</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d90d813c741692777193a2b52ba508\">mucociliary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a3fb1b8a816927771840e6a344cc0\">clearance</span> → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c64e3a661b1692777197afc2ff7bca\">recurrent</span> infections.</li>\n<li>Embryonic nodal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c3ceefdd5c16927771840391a4a4a4\">cilia</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3662597407169277718640a12868f5\">dysfunction</span> → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35a2ef94341692777198d9bf1cd98e\">situs</span> inversus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Recurrent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">tract</span> infections</li>\n<li>Chronic productive cough</li>\n<li>Nasal polyps</li>\n<li>Otitis media with hearing loss</li>\n<li>Male <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e259c6641e1692777190c1be1c1842\">infertility</span> (immotile sperm)</li>\n<li>Female <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"790585287b169277719995a5fe1e1a\">subfertility</span> (impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"efc83dab2c1692777202b5d1d06c4f\">fallopian</span> tube cilia)</li>\n<li>Neonatal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> distress</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the principal constituent of serum osmolality?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Potassium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sodium", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bicarbonate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hydrogen ions", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Sodium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is accurate regarding creatinine clearance?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Equal to inulin clearance", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Less than inulin clearance", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Greater than inulin clearance", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Equal to renal plasma flow", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Greater than inulin clearance", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inulin Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Used to measure <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">Glomerular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">Filtration</span> Rate (GFR) as it is freely filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted.</li>\n<li>Not ideal for routine use due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27b78a96071692777190f4dfb93430\">intravenous</span> administration.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Creatinine Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Estimates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c745475f51692777188c744487e6f\">GFR</span> using creatinine, which is primarily filtered by the glomeruli.</li>\n<li>Slightly inaccurate due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> secretion, but practical for clinical settings.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>PAH Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Estimates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">Renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">Plasma</span> Flow (RPF).</li>\n<li>PAH is cleared through both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">glomerular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">filtration</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> secretion.</li>\n<li>Correction for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"510f327287169277719462cb0ddbff\">PAH</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00456bf7d8169277718782edf9fa2c\">extraction</span> ratio improves accuracy.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A and B in the graph below represent which of the following ions, in terms of permeability for action potential generation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A is Na+, B is K+", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "A is Na+, B is Ca2+", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A is K+, B is Ca2+", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A is Ca2+, B is K+", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A is Na+, B is K+", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/udO1GJ74xZlOsgZtNNsX1746704979.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/CDkdu3Og5joe9D8fTrG51745337146.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Vessel A has a length of L and a diameter of D, and vessel B has 2L and 2D. Considering the flow is laminar through both cylinders, the flow through B is how many times as much as the flow through A?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "4 times", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "8 times", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "16 times", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "32 times", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 8 times", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/51IUMmW09qzVxfRnZoeM1746703942.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the normal insensible water loss?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "100 mL/hour", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "150 mL/hour", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "50 mL/hour", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "200 mL/hour", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 50 mL/hour", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Value</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Total <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dc2db3ca9816927771904d4191a548\">Insensible</span> Loss</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>600-800 mL/day</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Skin Diffusion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>300-400 mL/day</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Respiratory Loss</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>250-350 mL/day</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Percentage of Total Loss</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>30%-50%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient arrives at the emergency department unconscious. An arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis reveals the following results: pH: 7.1 PCO2: 23 mmHg PO2: 98 mmHg HCO3: 16 mEq/L What do these ABG results indicate about the patient's condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Metabolic acidosis", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Metabolic alkalosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Respiratory acidosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Respiratory alkalosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Metabolic acidosis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6caf3a39f416927771807e122b9032\">acidosis</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>High <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53e82fca731692777181e629a02799\">anion</span> gap </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Non-anion gap </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M</strong>ethanol poisoning</li>\n<li><strong>U</strong>remia: AKI, CKD</li>\n<li><strong>D</strong>iabetic ketoacidosis</li>\n<li><strong>P</strong>aracetamol poisoning</li>\n<li><strong>I</strong>ron and isoniazid</li>\n<li><strong>L</strong>actic acidosis</li>\n<li><strong>E</strong>thylene <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7451dcad4f1692777188609e12be1d\">glycol</span> poisoning</li>\n<li><strong>S</strong>alicylate poisoning</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>H</strong>yperchloremia</li>\n<li><strong>A</strong>ddison's disease</li>\n<li><strong>R</strong>enal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> acidosis</li>\n<li><strong>D</strong>iarrhoea and conditions causing GI loss of HCO3- (ureterosigmoidostomy or external <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"37863e7aec169277718310f33c6a11\">bowel</span> drainage)</li>\n<li><strong>A</strong>cetazolamide</li>\n<li><strong>S</strong>pironolactone and K-sparing diuretics</li>\n<li><strong>S</strong>aline <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3562d699c516927771909a426ea8ef\">infusion</span> (rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3562d699c516927771909a426ea8ef\">infusion</span> )</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reduced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53e82fca731692777181e629a02799\">anion</span> gap: </strong>Multiple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aa6a0dfcb61692777193561ed10fac\">myeloma</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7063996c3816927771930f70c92eb4\">nephrotic</span> syndrome</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What are the mechanisms involved in the absorption of glucose in the intestine?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Primary active transport", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Secondary active transport", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Facilitated diffusion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Diffusion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Secondary active transport", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Secondary &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"74c9c0942a1692777180b936bbbfcc\"&gt;active transport&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which indicator is suitable for measuring the total amount of body water?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Evan’s blue", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tritium oxide", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mannitol", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sucrose", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Tritium oxide", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Compartment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Indicator used</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Total body water</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deuterium oxide, tritium oxide, and aminopyrine</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ECF volume</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inulin, sucrose, mannitol, sucrose, thiosulphate, I125iothalamate</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plasma</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Evan’s blue and I125 albumin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most accurate method to measure the temperature of a soldier brought to the ER from Siachen , in order to rule out hypothermia in a limited resource setting ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Oral", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Rectal", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Infrared tympanic thermometer", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Axillary", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Rectal", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - R\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following organelle has DNA?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mitochondria", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Golgi complex", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "SER", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "RER", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Mitochondria", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option A-Mitoch\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Organelle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Presence of DNA</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Presence of RNA</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nucleus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mitochondria</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chloroplasts</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Endoplasmic Reticulum</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Golgi Apparatus</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ribosomes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lysosomes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Peroxisomes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Histamine is secreted by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Enterochromaffin cell", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Parietal cell", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Oxyntic cell", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Chief cell", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Enterochromaffin cell", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c13e383a01692777187ae85e093b6\"&gt;Enterochromaffin&lt;/span&g\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Substance Secreted</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Parietal cells</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hydrochloric acid (HCl)</li>\n<li>Intrinsic factor</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chief cells</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pepsinogen</li>\n<li>Gastric lipase</li>\n<li>Gastric amylase</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>G cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Gastrin</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>D cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Somatostatin</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">Enterochromaffin cells</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Histamine</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mucous cells</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Mucus</li>\n<li>Bicarbonate</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following options has the lowest concentration in intracellular fluid (ICF)compared to extracellular fluid ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcium", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Magnesium", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Potassium", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Protein", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Calcium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Calciu\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extracellular Fluid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intracellular Fluid</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Na<sup>+</sup></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>142 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>K<sup>+</sup></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>140 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ca<sup>2+</sup></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2.4 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.0001 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mg<sup>2+</sup></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1.2 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>58 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cl<sup>-</sup></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>103 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4 mEq</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>HCO<sub>3</sub></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>24 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Phosphates</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>75 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>SO<sub>4</sub></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 mEq/L</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>90 mg/dl</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0 to 20 mg/dl</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amino acids</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>30 mg/dl</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>200 mg/dl</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>pH</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7.4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7.0</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proteins</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 gm/dl (5mEq/L)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>16 gm/dl (40 mEq/L)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Nuclear signalling pathways are all except", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Caveolins", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "NF-kB", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Importins", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Rat proteins", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Rat proteins", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - R\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the transporter molecule responsible for transporting Fe2+ into the enterocytes ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ferroportin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hephaestin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Divalent metal Transporter 1", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Divalent Metal Transporter 2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Divalent metal Transporter 1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c9c29820b169277718670a8b16a3b\"&gt;Divalent&lt;/span&gt; Metal &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"850b296dd316927772005b651f6e87\"&gt;Transporter&lt;/span&gt; 1 (DMT1)\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the most effective stimulus for increasing aldosterone secretion ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hyperkalemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "ACTH", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypernatremia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hyponatremia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hyperkalemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Hyperk\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Conditions that alter <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"210102fdef1692777181bab45bdfe3\">aldosterone</span> secretion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>A. Conditions that increase secretion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li>Hemorrhage</li>\n<li>Hypovolemia</li>\n<li>Hyperkalemia</li>\n<li>Hyponatremia</li>\n<li>Standing</li>\n<li>Anxiety</li>\n<li>Physical trauma and surgery</li>\n<li>Secondary hyperaldosteronism: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"210102fdef1692777181bab45bdfe3\">Aldosterone</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> may increase in congestive heart failure, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e6e56aa3b1692777184226d2104e4\">cirrhosis</span> of liver, and nephritic syndrome.</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>B. Conditions that decrease secretion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li>Expansion of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e06a6e5a216927771861914f2e75d\">ECF</span> volume</li>\n<li>Hypernatremia</li>\n<li>Hypokalemia</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Glucose is absorbed in the intestine by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Primary active transport", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Facilitated diffusion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Simple diffusion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Secondary active transport", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Secondary active transport", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/7B2qO0jbFXYhyWndF65g1718340020.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D: Secondary activ\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a dietary fiber ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cellulose", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pectin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Gums", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Gums", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D-Gu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the effect on blood flow when the radius of a vessel is doubled?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "8 times", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "16 times", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "32 times", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "256 times", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 16 times", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - 16\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "When calculating the quantity of IV fluids required for a patient, what amount of daily transient loss/insensible loss would you consider ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "150-200 ml", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "500-600 ml", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "200-350 ml 350-400 ml", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "350-400 ml", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 500-600 ml", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - 500-6\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "I-125 labeled albumin is used for measurement of:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Plasma volume", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Interstitial fluid volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ICF", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "ECF", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Plasma volume", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\"&gt;Plasma&lt;/span&gt; volu\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Compartment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Indicator used</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Total body water</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>D<sub>2 </sub>O, tritium oxide, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a6f32509e16927771816786a0b748\">Antipyrine</span> (freely <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32343a48ea1692777195585b33c764\">permeable</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89e3252d5b16927771833fb9b432ae\">capillary</span> and cell membranes)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ECF volume</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inulin (Best), sucrose, <sup>22</sup>Na, <sup>125</sup>I-iothalamate, mannitol</p>\n<p>(freely <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32343a48ea1692777195585b33c764\">permeable</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89e3252d5b16927771833fb9b432ae\">capillary</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b570eecc716927771895830c56d4c\">impermeable</span> to the cell membrane)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ICF volume</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>To measure <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7f1b698651692777189791c57cac5\">ICF</span> volume, a substance that only distributes within cell fluid should be used. Injecting such a substance into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89e3252d5b16927771833fb9b432ae\">capillary</span> won't allow it to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fc6b3ee501692777183061d4f55ff\">bypass</span> the ISF to enter the cell directly. Therefore, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7f1b698651692777189791c57cac5\">ICF</span> volume is measured by determining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2ffd6e5c4416927772003e0e7881e3\">TBW</span> and ECF, and then subtracting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3e06a6e5a216927771861914f2e75d\">ECF</span> from TBW. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7f1b698651692777189791c57cac5\">ICF</span> volume = (TBW - ECF)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plasma</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Evans' blue, <sup>125</sup>I-albumin (Impermeable to capillaries)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ISF (Interstitial fluid)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ISF = (ECF – <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">Plasma</span> volume)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>RBC</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><sup>51</sup>Cr, <sup>59</sup>Fe tagged RBC</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the options below does not exemplify a feed-forward control mechanism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Temperature regulation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cephalic phase of gastric secretion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cerebellar action in motor coordination", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Exercise resulting in heart rate increase", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Exercise resulting in heart rate increase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Exercise resulting in h\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 64 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 8 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Apart from the abdominal cavity, which body part is included in e-FAST?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pelvic Cavity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Peripheral vessels", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thoracic cavity", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dural and subdural spaces", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Thoracic cavity", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "According to GCS, a verbal score of 1 indicates:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "No Verbal response", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inappropriate words", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Incomprehensible sounds", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Oriented response", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. No Verbal response", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:590px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Simplified Glasgow <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e39842f67b1692777184171cd1852a\">Coma</span> Scale (GCS) </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Response</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Score</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Eye Opening (E)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spontaneous</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>To speech</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>To pain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Verbal Response (V)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oriented</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5 <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Confused conversation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inappropriate words</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3 <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Incomprehensible sounds</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2 <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"6\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Motor Response (M)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obeys commands</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>6</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Localizes to pain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Withdraws from pain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abnormal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\">flexion</span> (decorticate)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Abnormal extension (decerebrate)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No response</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Most common site of peripheral aneurysm?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Brachial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Popliteal artery", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Radial artery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Femoral artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Popliteal artery", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which one of the following is absent in cases of massive blood transfusion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "DIC", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Febrile transfusion reaction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypercalcemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Thrombocytopenia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hypercalcemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:682px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complications of massive blood transfusion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complication</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypothermia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transfusion of cold blood (stored at 4°C).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Body temperature drops, leading to impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> mechanisms (coagulopathy), and worsening bleeding.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Coagulopathy</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dilution of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> factors and platelets due to transfusion; consumption of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> factors by ongoing haemorrhage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Impaired blood clotting, prolonged <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41e858bf2816927771836d46c619b9\">bleeding</span> time, thrombocytopenia, and increased risk of continued bleeding.</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>DIC</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Due to the release of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff2094828c1692777196941a65e6eb\">procoagulant</span> substances</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Leads to haemorrhage due to depleted <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7414bd02f216927771889b3e159ef4\">hemostatic</span> components, tissue hypoxia, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77aed446d2169277719007f42bf052\">infarction</span> due to microthrombi, or both.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Citrate Toxicity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large volumes of transfused blood contain citrate, which binds to calcium.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypocalcemia leads to muscle cramps, seizures, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrhythmias.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypocalcemia</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Packed red blood cells (PRBCs) and other blood products are preserved with <strong>citrate</strong>, an anticoagulant.</li>\n<li>Citrate binds to <strong>ionised calcium</strong> (Ca²⁺) in the recipient's blood, reducing the free <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> level - <strong>hypocalcemia</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Presents as muscle spasms, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrhythmias, and decreased myocardial contractility</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyperkalemia</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Potassium leaks from stored red blood cells into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> during storage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> levels (hyperkalemia) can cause <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrhythmias, potentially leading to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrest.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypokalemia</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Potassium may shift intracellularly once transfused red blood cells are metabolically revived.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypokalemia causes muscle weakness, paralysis, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> arrhythmias.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic Alkalosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3569209ba41692777184f88db9316d\">citrate</span> into bicarbonate.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased pH (alkalosis) can lead to muscle twitching, irritability, and impaired oxygen release from haemoglobin.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic Acidosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inadequate tissue <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33dfead74b1692777195931780bd9e\">perfusion</span> leads to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">lactic</span> acid accumulation.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lowered blood pH (acidosis) leads to confusion, fatigue, rapid breathing, and worsened <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2b5f013011692777183ea1b11ed9c\">cardiovascular</span> function.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transfusion Related <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">Acute</span> Lung Injury (TRALI)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Antibodies in transfused blood <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dddc752e1716927771807f985bb8bb\">activate</span> the recipient's immune response, causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e747a47db616927771908bff4b8931\">inflammation</span> and fluid buildup in the lungs.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-cardiogenic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> oedema, presenting as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">acute</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afafb9026e1692777186e3dd168fa8\">distress</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a249eeb5551692777189661d39c1b2\">hypoxia</span> within 6 hours of transfusion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transfusion Associated Circulatory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d02a99d051692777194aa3375023b\">Overload</span> (TACO)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Volume of transfused blood exceeds the patient’s capacity to manage, leading to fluid overload.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pulmonary oedema, shortness of breath, hypertension, and signs of heart failure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Iron Overload</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Repeated transfusions lead to excessive accumulation of iron.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Iron deposits in organs (e.g., liver, heart, pancreas), lead to organ damage and failure over time.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hemolytic Reactions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ABO or Rh incompatibility.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis), causes fever, chills, hemoglobinuria, and potentially <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4cdc8161f71692777180df58cafa93\">acute</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> failure or shock.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Allergic Reactions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reaction to proteins in transfused blood products.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Symptoms range from mild itching, rash, or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"14ccc7cf1c1692777189d4fb9d1fb5\">hives</span> to severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6d717efa216927771819fee139235\">anaphylaxis</span> (airway constriction, low blood pressure, shock).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bacterial Contamination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood products are contaminated during collection or storage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sepsis, characterized by fever, chills, low blood pressure, and possibly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39f67d7dde16927771985d3952058d\">septic</span> shock.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Febrile <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cbb73554631692777200444a9ea263\">transfusion</span> reaction</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It is a non-hemolytic condition that is not completely understood but is believed to be caused by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a459f313d9169277719789fdfb7ada\">residual</span> white blood cells in the blood unit or cytokines that accumulate during storage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fever, rigour, chills</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about ranula is FALSE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Mucus extravasation cyst", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Arises from submandibular salivary gland", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bluish, translucent cystic swelling on the floor of the mouth", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Marsupialization or excision is the treatment", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Arises from submandibular salivary gland", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/akYmkU4Zg2U6E2ZO9wmY1747024988.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/GNogQfMmb7mub03r2GvM1747024988.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:622px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Ranula</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Options A &amp; C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Ranulas are a type of <strong>extravasation mucocele</strong>, caused by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e73553a3a5169277719787fd5f4680\">rupture</span> of the main <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> or obstructed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e0948603216927771801829c2c085\">acini</span> of the <strong>sublingual gland</strong>.</li>\n<li>They appear as <strong>bluish, translucent, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38c41e122116927771859b63deb0ed\">cystic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3d212ebd316927771996e0c472d4a\">swelling</span> on the floor of the mouth</strong> and resemble the belly of a frog.</li>\n</ul>\n<figure class=\"caption_element\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"Ph0t0happy\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"CC-BY-SA-3.0\" data-source=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ranula_human_09.jpg\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"513\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/akYmkU4Zg2U6E2ZO9wmY1747024988.png\" width=\"573\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Commonly found in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> floor of the mouth.</li>\n<li>When it extends through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d0922475bc1692777193d420470423\">mylohyoid</span> muscle, it presents as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a94c9109b016927771997aa2985457\">submental</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3d212ebd316927771996e0c472d4a\">swelling</span> known as a<strong> \"plunging ranula.\"</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Typically soft, fluctuant, and painless unless infected.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Confirmed through Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</li>\n<li>Ultrasound</li>\n<li>Aspiration of thick, sticky <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b0184a84d16927771981289924c2a\">saliva</span> differentiates it from a lymphangioma.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Excision of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75089cc39e1692777199b8933bd249\">sublingual</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> is preferred. </strong></li>\n<li>Incision, drainage, and marsupialisation have low success rates. Although <strong>marsupialisation</strong> is often adequate, it has a higher <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1d849ebc9b1692777197d4af1fa8d2\">recurrence</span> rate compared to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"75089cc39e1692777199b8933bd249\">sublingual</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> excision.</li>\n<li>OK-432 injection</li>\n<li>Botulinum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41329dc9381692777200a9b6d57cf4\">toxin</span> injections</li>\n</ul>\n<figure class=\"caption_element\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"534\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/GNogQfMmb7mub03r2GvM1747024988.png\" width=\"534\"/>\n<figcaption>{{caption_text}}</figcaption>\n</figure>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the probable diagnosis for a patient who is taking steroids for psoriasis and is experiencing a low-grade fever only at night, weight loss, and an ulcer on her neck with undermined edges, as depicted in the provided image?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Psoriasis flare-up", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tubercular lymphadenitis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lymphosarcoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Syphilis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Tubercular lymphadenitis", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/1TH1dju86skmeaqbBBxB1747998760.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fEc4u0perN8HZQL6yWkS1747025426.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:688px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lymph <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">Node</span> TB (Tuberculous Lymphadenitis)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Most common</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728e7607f31692777187291e007a0b\">extrapulmonary</span> TB presentation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Risk Groups</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>HIV-positive individuals, Immunosuppressive individuals, children, and non-Caucasian women.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causative Organism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Previously M. bovis; now mainly M. tuberculosis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Presentation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Painless </strong>swelling in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4df97a6cbf169277719172fd1af767\">lymph</span> nodes, usually <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5c6cb079d16927771967e62ffee72\">posterior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53765334f31692777199cf434360de\">supraclavicular</span> (historically called scrofula).</li>\n<li><strong>Early disease: Discrete nodes</strong></li>\n<li>Advanced disease: Matted, nontender mass, possible <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10df63cea41692777203b470341d21\">fistula</span> draining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99368d5fef1692777183ea405bed67\">caseous</span> material.</li>\n<li>Pulmonary disease in &lt;50% of cases.</li>\n<li>Systemic symptoms are uncommon except in HIV-positive patients.</li>\n<li>Non-specific reaction → Matting → Cold <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5618681fbe16927771804370383aaa\">Abscess</span> → Collar stud <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5618681fbe16927771804370383aaa\">abscess</span> → Sinus formation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fine-needle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"831d67ad8a1692777182763ca62e4b\">aspiration</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"754ab07a2e1692777183ed178c883d\">biopsy</span> (80% yield) or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"81d12f9cb01692777199e44ff3f3c1\">surgical</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b3ce06c5169277718756ee95c1e9\">excision</span> biopsy.</strong></li>\n<li>Granulomatous lesions may or may not contain AFBs.</li>\n<li>Cultures are positive in 70–80% of cases.</li>\n<li>HIV-positive patients: Poorly organised or absent granulomas; higher bacterial loads increase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"552e9ef8811692777186997018b858\">diagnostic</span> yield.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Differential Diagnosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Infectious diseases</li>\n<li>Lymphomas</li>\n<li>Metastatic carcinomas</li>\n<li>Rare disorders: Kikuchi’s disease, Kimura’s disease, Castleman’s disease.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman comes to the OPD with a history of a lump in the left breast. On clinical examination, the size of the lump in the left breast is 9x10 cm with the following appearance and no axillary lymphadenopathy. The histopathology of the biopsy from the lump shows increased stromal cellularity and typical leaflike architecture. What is your likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phyllodes tumour", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Giant fibroadenoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inflammatory carcinoma", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ductal carcinoma", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Phyllodes tumour", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/d79JUMsTq9YVRORpAoQE1747116110.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the diagnosis from the given abdominal x-ray?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ureterocoele", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pelvic bone fracture", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Rectal foreign body", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bladder stone", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Rectal foreign body", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MyC6v9qsXI7vAK7gc0TR1748163282.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 18 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 18 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "During muscle contraction, which best describes the role of the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) and the ryanodine receptor (RyR) in skeletal muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "DHPR inhibits RyR to prevent calcium release.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "DHPR activates RyR to release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "RyR reuptakes calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "DHPR releases calcium directly into the muscle cytoplasm.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. DHPR activates RyR to release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/eZUptYhBE2LZbJAjbAs81736086116.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SnXrr1YnqfOgKIshZac11736086140.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZQIgLb8yWTkA9w83G9Qy1742894378.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the changes in the sarcomere during muscle contraction with their corresponding descriptions: 1. A band 2. H band 3. I band 4. M line Descriptions: A. Decreases or disappears during contraction B. Length remains the same during contraction C. Becomes more prominent during contraction D. Decreases in length during contraction", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-D", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-A, 2-B, 3-D, 4-C", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/kDkKMuLvMELj63Ldna6p1736086789.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zpslj7QRBzjlwk6ZTTmr1742903036.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement accurately describes the types of heat generated during muscle contraction and relaxation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Resting heat is produced during relaxation; activation heat during contraction.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Activation heat is produced during relaxation; shortening heat during rest.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Resting heat is produced at rest; activation, shortening, and relaxation heat during various phases of muscle activity.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Shortening heat is produced during rest; relaxation heat during contraction.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Resting heat is produced at rest; activation, shortening, and relaxation heat during various phases of muscle activity.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/oa9QP3C7F66y6lrEcJYi1742920112.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old male presents to the clinic with complaints of shortness of breath and fatigue during physical activity. Upon examination, the physician notes an elevated jugular venous pressure and an S3 heart sound. Echocardiography reveals dilated cardiac chambers with reduced ejection fraction. The physician explains that the heart is failing to pump efficiently, in part due to the length-tension relationship of the cardiac muscle. Which of the following best explains the difference between the length-tension relationship in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle relevant to this patient's condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The operating point for both skeletal and cardiac muscles is at the same point on the tension curve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Skeletal muscle generates maximal tension at near resting length, while cardiac muscle generates maximal tension at slightly shorter lengths.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Skeletal muscle maintains tension over a wider range of sarcomere lengths than cardiac muscle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both muscles lose tension rapidly when the sarcomere length is significantly shortened or stretched beyond optimal length.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Skeletal muscle generates maximal tension at near resting length, while cardiac muscle generates maximal tension at slightly shorter lengths.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/4qdHOOEwleZATuXDe8Vj1736086935.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/lw5IiRlgVKEIZmVMxo9J1742919670.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement best describes the length-tension relationship in skeletal muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The maximum tension is generated when the sarcomere length is 1.6 μm.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The number of cross-bridges and the tension generated decrease when the sarcomere length exceeds 2.2 μm.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Passive tension contributes to muscle tension even when the sarcomere length is optimal.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The sarcomere ruptures when the length exceeds 2.2 μm.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The number of cross-bridges and the tension generated decrease when the sarcomere length exceeds 2.2 μm.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Sug4855Qdn1FLiulpNpB1742907105.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Rigor mortis is a postmortem change resulting in the stiffening of muscles. Which of the following best explains the biochemical basis of rigor mortis in relation to the cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased calcium ion concentration in the sarcoplasm leads to continuous muscle contraction.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Depletion of ATP prevents the detachment of myosin heads from actin filaments.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Accumulation of lactic acid in muscles causes a permanent contraction.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Degradation of muscle proteins leads to muscle stiffness.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Depletion of ATP prevents the detachment of myosin heads from actin filaments.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/cj2zUxzjGjC7g1k5sEkE1736086889.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/W1osiGnfGR04gSffu04A1743876280.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Arrange the following steps in the correct sequence to describe the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction: Cross-bridge formation between myosin and actin Release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Binding of calcium ions to troponin C Detachment of the myosin head from actin Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi, re-cocking the myosin head Power stroke, moving the myosin head from 90 degrees to 45 degrees", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "2, 3, 1, 6, 4, 5", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "2, 3, 4, 1, 6, 5", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "2, 3, 1, 4, 5, 6", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2, 3, 1, 6, 5, 4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 2, 3, 1, 6, 4, 5", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sequential events during muscle contraction</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Release of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>An <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> triggers the release of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> ions (Ca²⁺) from the sarcoplasmic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6498ff211692777197ae0981e366\">reticulum</span> into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728bb228361692777185b98c34534b\">cytoplasm</span> of the muscle cell.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Binding of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> ions to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69d29372dc169277720014447abea8\">troponin</span> C</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Calcium ions bind to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69d29372dc169277720014447abea8\">troponin</span> C on the thin filaments, causing a conformational change in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69d29372dc169277720014447abea8\">troponin</span> complex.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cross-bridge formation between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> and actin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The conformational change in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69d29372dc169277720014447abea8\">troponin</span> complex moves <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fa8b7cefe1692777200094a773135\">tropomyosin</span> away from the myosin-binding sites on actin, allowing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> heads (with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923249383b169277718076e76192c8\">ADP</span> and Pi bound) to attach to the exposed binding sites on actin.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Power stroke, moving the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> head from 90 degrees to 45 degrees</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> head pivots from a 90-degree angle to a 45-degree angle, pulling the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8e023fb81e16927771802d21820404\">actin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2c2c255f216927772028fa256c9e9\">filament</span> toward the center of the sarcomere. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923249383b169277718076e76192c8\">ADP</span> and Pi are released during this movement.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Detachment of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> head from actin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A new <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> molecule binds to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> head, causing it to detach from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8e023fb81e16927771802d21820404\">actin</span> filament.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hydrolysis of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923249383b169277718076e76192c8\">ADP</span> and Pi, re-cocking the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> head</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> is hydrolyzed to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923249383b169277718076e76192c8\">ADP</span> and Pi, providing energy to re-cock the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> head back to the 90-degree position, ready for another cycle of contraction.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/lwpyZqPTu4JmebI8LDkZ1742905189.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the regulatory proteins of skeletal muscle is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tropomyosin prevents actin-myosin attachment in a resting muscle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tropomyosin is a filamentous protein, while troponin is a spherical protein consisting of 3 subunits.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Troponin C can bind with up to 4 calcium ions at a time, which initiates a conformational change in the troponin complex.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Troponin I attaches to tropomyosin, anchoring the troponin complex to the actin filament.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Troponin I attaches to tropomyosin, anchoring the troponin complex to the actin filament.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:608px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Regulatory Protein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tropomyosin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Spiral-shaped <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c7247fbd3a1692777202a138609acb\">filamentous</span> protein wrapped around <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8e023fb81e16927771802d21820404\">actin</span> filaments. <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Blocks myosin-binding sites on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8e023fb81e16927771802d21820404\">actin</span> in a resting muscle, preventing muscle contraction. <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Known as the <strong>gatekeeper molecule </strong>of muscle contraction.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Troponin T</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Attached to tropomyosin.</li>\n<li>Anchors the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69d29372dc169277720014447abea8\">troponin</span> complex to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8e023fb81e16927771802d21820404\">actin</span> filament.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Troponin I</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acts as the <strong>inhibitory subunit of troponin</strong>.</li>\n<li>Helps position <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fa8b7cefe1692777200094a773135\">tropomyosin</span> over myosin-binding sites on actin, preventing actin-myosin interaction in a resting muscle.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Troponin C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Binds with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> ions, up to 4 ions at a time <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>The binding of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> ions causes a conformational change in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69d29372dc169277720014447abea8\">troponin</span> complex, moving <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fa8b7cefe1692777200094a773135\">tropomyosin</span> away from the myosin-binding sites on actin, allowing muscle contraction.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XFfT1PSymQwQC5VT267z1742903920.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The sarcomere shortens as actin filaments slide over myosin filaments.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Contraction is triggered by action potential causing the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The I-band &amp;amp; H-zone shortens and can disappear during full contraction.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin, allowing myosin to attach to actin.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin, allowing myosin to attach to actin.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Kj7XFNepr5zcQnXyLoKR1742903527.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the labeled parts of the sarcomere (A, B, C, D, E) with their correct names. 1. Z-line 2. I-band 3. M-line 4. A-band 5. H-zone", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4, E-5", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-2, B-4, C-1, D-5, E-3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4, E-5", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-3, B-1, C-5, D-4, E-2", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. A-3, B-1, C-5, D-4, E-2", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5T0eYK63Ss6PELTrzaKz1736086825.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/A6sXD9IkJApWjWiDGhjh1736086837.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/AwLGcqcMieS9zIDoZpnJ1742903317.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old athlete presents with muscle pain following intense exercise. A muscle biopsy is performed, and microscopic examination reveals the structural organization of muscle tissue. Which of the following correctly matches the muscle components with their descriptions?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fascicle - individual muscle cell; Fibre - bundle of myofibrils; Myofibril - contains contractile proteins; Contractile protein - forms entire muscle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fascicle - bundle of muscle fibres; Fibre - single muscle cell; Myofibril - contains sarcomeres; Contractile protein - actin and myosin.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fascicle - single muscle cell; Fibre - contains sarcomeres; Myofibril - bundle of fascicles; Contractile protein - forms myofibrils", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fascicle - bundle of muscle fibres; Fibre - contains sarcomeres; Myofibril - individual muscle cell; Contractile protein - actin and myosin.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Fascicle - bundle of muscle fibres; Fibre - single muscle cell; Myofibril - contains sarcomeres; Contractile protein - actin and myosin.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RKkN4pmmaFCh0UxiFv8w1736085989.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BDQwGRTWFm8nzoLlaD251743875340.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Examine the image of a sarcomere below. Which band is indicated by the X ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A band", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "I band", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Z disc", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "H zone", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A band", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VtnbxcLPMEdAs8eEOr4E1736086654.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/y96NNrhvU4jFHx9YxxyP1736086668.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/cs1TDQtB1gYd418eP2im1742902745.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true regarding nerve-muscle physiology?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "SERCA is a protein of skeletal muscle encoded by gene ATP2A1", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Secondary active transport mechanism involving the NCX protein seen in skeletal muscle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calsequestrin protein is present only in smooth muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Calreticulin protein is present in cardiac muscle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. SERCA is a protein of skeletal muscle encoded by gene ATP2A1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/91u1FohUTzRERXzmnjXp1742897889.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old man undergoing surgery for a fractured tibia experiences a sudden onset of muscle rigidity, a rapid heart rate, and a high fever shortly after receiving general anesthesia. Mutation in which of the following channels is involved in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "RyR1", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "RyR2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "CaV", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "NaV", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. RyR1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mVlIjHmnMNYx35fH58nc1736086296.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4CJlRERACZ0yoCYryvIh1743876366.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes a unique characteristic of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle compared to skeletal muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T-tubules are absent, and calcium influx solely relies on diffusion through the sarcolemma.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Calcium-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is mediated by ryanodine receptors alone.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Extracellular calcium entry into T-tubules contributes significantly to calcium influx during the plateau phase of the action potential.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Relaxation of cardiac muscle is primarily initiated by potassium binding to troponin.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Extracellular calcium entry into T-tubules contributes significantly to calcium influx during the plateau phase of the action potential.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zsznWNlMOJxFK9A9xcg81736086253.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/unlef0LNAgYtJGuTTpfR1743876014.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following events directly results in the exposure of myosin-binding sites on actin filaments during skeletal muscle contraction?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ATP binding to myosin heads", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Depolarization of T-tubules", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Binding of acetylcholine (ACh) to muscle fiber receptors", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Conformational change in troponin complex", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Conformational change in troponin complex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xaW9mtI3JHAaHDY90Ppg1736086200.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EW1XaQsELTiF6CRyhW1G1743875889.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 10-year-old boy presents with progressive muscle weakness, difficulty walking, and frequent falls. His symptoms started around the age of 5 and have gradually worsened. Physical examination reveals calf hypertrophy and a positive Gower's sign. Laboratory tests show elevated serum creatine kinase levels. Genetic testing identifies a mutation in the dystrophin gene leading to the complete absence of dystrophin protein. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Becker Muscular Dystrophy", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vHrH0FBbrzSsJqKk1qJo1743875770.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 12-year-old boy presents to the OPD with complaints of difficulty climbing stairs, running, and lifting objects, and have noticed that his muscle weakness has gradually worsened. A muscle biopsy is performed, and immunohistochemical staining shows an absence of a key protein at the sarcolemma. Which of the following proteins is most likely absent, leading to this clinical presentation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dystrophin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Myosin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Actin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Troponin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Dystrophin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/QLiSajfjEEt2AlGFCkm71736086038.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dU7gSCYLDf1pNkwm07JD1743875534.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 28 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 20 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Schematic diagram of sarcomere is given below. Red coloured structure is myosin with heads. Based on the length-tension relationship of muscle fibres, between which sarcomere length does the sarcomere allow optimal muscle contraction?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A to B", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B to C", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "C to D", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "At any length", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. B to C", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vHgSPakBSRpafdZoDYOZ1736090193.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/69EEI8GP0QM44fODsyPL1736090198.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/R9XzhyJW7NMmjOO4Ar2s1736090206.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Cjttq32PRriNkqKUPzka1742989918.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Effects of various agents on the membrane potential of intestinal smooth muscle is given below. Addition of which of the following substances produces the response labeled with B :", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acetylcholine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cold", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stretch", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Adrenaline", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Adrenaline", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/6RHns93ejqi9GkbzmLRT1736090657.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lDCeR5GDhEGZWI369QfS1736090670.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/iDTR5Hepyf16FqY1vWt61742992343.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Electrical activity of individual muscle cells in the guinea pig is recorded. Sinusoidal fluctuation of membrane potential with firing on the rising phase of each wave is identified from the recording. Identify the muscle type:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "cardiac muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "skeletal muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "smooth muscle", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "none of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. smooth muscle", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yyTQlH2sVPEw8KSbb36p1736090616.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VEWE0AiONrxwLQgLmJYd1736090621.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1Aytfsw9lD4mRrQBLR6b1742991873.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Graph below is showing simple muscle twitch in frog gastrocnemius muscle. Calculate tetanising frequency of this muscle.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "25", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "20", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "10", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 25", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/wj2kn3VyJ00TaBr15rBM1736090572.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/3f3obRAvBhUMBulV5eK11736090577.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/n9OKvvSLmA2WRQA9jONf1742991607.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcium ions primarily come from the sarcoplasmic reticulum", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The latent period before contraction is similar to that of skeletal muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calcium ions diffuse into the cell from the extracellular fluid during contraction", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The concentration of calcium ions is higher inside the smooth muscle cell", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Calcium ions diffuse into the cell from the extracellular fluid during contraction", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Jg6nW6gukaIL6MoZIWGQ1736326401.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3UiFonzWlMQOlzlOappq1742991400.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is NOT a primary source/mechanism of calcium release for smooth muscle contraction?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Extracellular fluid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Mitochondria", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Calcium-induced calcium release from intracellular stores", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Mitochondria", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/C9M6nY1TifYxW5Zf3nkZ1742991178.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is a characteristic of multi-unit smooth muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fibers arranged in sheets or bundles", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Fibers contract as a single unit", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Discrete, separate fibers", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Connected by gap junctions", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Discrete, separate fibers", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KmTOY371kwaP2EYAIDtW1736090325.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Multi-Unit Smooth Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Unitary (Single-Unit) Smooth Muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Discrete, separate fibres.</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibers arranged in sheets or bundles <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Often innervated by single nerve-ending.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less dependent on nerve signals.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contraction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibers contract independently.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fibers contract as a single unit. <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell Connections</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Covered by a basement membrane, insulated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Connected by gap junctions <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Control</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mainly by nerve signals.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mainly by non-nervous stimuli.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Signal Propagation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Limited between fibres.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Action potentials can spread between fibres.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ciliary muscle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6e53fc929616927771900fbab3617f\">iris</span> muscle, and piloerector muscles.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3a647ce2516927771881427f56c1d\">gastrointestinal</span> tract, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cf978047b61692777183c0569f21f2\">bile</span> ducts, ureters, uterus, and many blood vessels.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Also Known As</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Syncytial smooth muscle, visceral smooth muscle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/CR8NFvcgpx5ATVfNmQTG1742990997.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A researcher investigating the electrical activity of smooth muscle cells comes across a specific group of cells in GIT similar to the cells in the S.A node of the heart that generates rhythmic activity without any stimulus. Which of the following will likely generate the above-mentioned activity in GIT cells?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Spike potential", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Action potential with plateau", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Slow wave rhythm", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Innervation of cells by ANS", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Slow wave rhythm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jLRmz3zCWkLgYg2Z6Rzv1736090244.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZzbPPt6feTBfENi0gULY1736090258.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EBqbPiTYii47xm0DjyF51736090280.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/8Axqq6oWYPEBPxbk5wv01742990809.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following combinations of features are characteristic of smooth muscle tissue?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Z-line and troponin present", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Caveolae and T-Tubule present", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calmodulin and titin present", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Voltage-gated calcium channels and calmodulin present", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Voltage-gated calcium channels and calmodulin present", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Smooth muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Skeletal muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spindle-shaped, single <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6f7ad44aa1692777193665a7f5d9a\">nucleated</span> cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Multiple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6f7ad44aa1692777193665a7f5d9a\">nucleated</span> cells.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neuromuscular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> is not present.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8b19cd5e161692777193ad958e52e0\">neuromuscular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> is present.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Caveolae is present. <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T-tubule is present. <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Predominantly, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> channels are present.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Predominantly, sodium channels are present.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Actin and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> are not properly organised.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Actin and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> are properly organised.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A dense body is present.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The Z- line is present. <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Calmodulin is present, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a6e75bb9416927772002b5755bf5a\">Titin</span> is absent. <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Troponin <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong> and Titin<strong> </strong><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong> are present.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ew3ideDpdmoljUd1XFLl1742990413.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 33-year-old competitive cyclist is preparing himself for a training program. What type of muscle fibres are important to improve his cycling performance during various stages of his race", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Only type I", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Only type II", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both type I and type II", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Smooth muscles and type II", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Both type I and type II", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of fibres</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Slow fibres (Type I)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fast fibres (Type II)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Size of fibres and their effect on contraction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slow fibres are small, providing endurance and prolonged <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> strength for longer periods. <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fast fibres are large and provide great strength of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> for a very short period. <strong>(Option B, D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Innervated by small nerve fibres.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>By large nerve fibres.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sarcoplasmic reticulum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum, slower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">ion</span> release.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extensive sarcoplasmic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6498ff211692777197ae0981e366\">reticulum</span> rapidly releases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> ions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blood Supply</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>An extensive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"72c06d2cc71692777183b1cbaf5bae\">blood vessel</span> system supplies extra oxygen.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less extensive blood supply.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More number of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18c9e7b9721692777192bd042528cc\">mitochondria</span> support a high level of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> metabolism.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large amounts of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e55eb31d591692777188cb1fad1f5e\">glycolytic</span> enzymes rapidly release energy through glycolysis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Myoglobin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present in large amounts, hence called red muscle.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less amounts of myoglobin, hence called white muscle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pO1ChlUN8UN6mlFlsG6K1742990187.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 23-year-old pianist comes to the clinic complaining of weakness in her fingers. She says she is unable to play a challenging piece in a song. Which of the following is the innervation ratio of the group of muscles affected in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1:1000", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1:2000", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1:600", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1:3", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 1:3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/QiS6uDeWsLp6TLrKYl6p1736089723.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspects</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Small-sized motor unit </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Large-sized motor unit</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Required for </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fine movements.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gross movements.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Present in </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Extraocular muscles (EOM) and the small muscles of our fingers.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower limb muscles, particularly the leg muscles, i.e., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba48dd7d5316927771888f9d2acf56\">gastrocnemius</span> and back muscles.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Innervation ratio</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1:3 to 6, i.e. one single <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">axon</span> supplies 3-6 skeletal muscle fibres. (Option D)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1:600 to 2000, i.e., one single <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">axon</span> supplies 600 - 2000 skeletal muscle fibres. (Option A, B, C)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xJZRXYvhmNV7o7wzhmau1742920522.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient has been experiencing occasional involuntary movement of his facial muscles for the past three days. On examination of his face, minute fasciculation of his right side facial muscles was seen. Which of the following statements regarding muscle fasciculation is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Can occur due to late neuronal damage or irritation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Not visible to the naked eye and can only be detected by an EMG.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Always indicative of neuromuscular disease.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It can be irregular and brief or persistent.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. It can be irregular and brief or persistent.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:646px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fasciculation </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fibrillation </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spontaneous muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> of a group of muscle fibres.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involuntary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> of individual muscle fibres.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Visibility</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Visible to the naked eye.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not visible to the naked eye</p>\n<p>Detected on EMG. <strong> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Irritation or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f71e485d131692777199151d1076d2\">spontaneous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> of motor neurons.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Damage to muscle fibers, can occur in late neuronal damage<strong> </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It is usually <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bbae82f1f16927771824f797639fa\">benign</span> but can indicate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e1987f81169277719209260ba0f1\">motor neuron</span> disorders.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Indicative of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8b19cd5e161692777193ad958e52e0\">neuromuscular</span> disease. <strong> </strong><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Duration and pattern </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Irregular and brief or persistent.</p>\n<p>(Option D)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regular with a consistent pattern on EMG.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensory function </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Usually intact.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Compromised if <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2d9476094c16927771933bcb162f19\">neuropathy</span> is present.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VX3N8x3Y9vr1wup0SNZH1742989302.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient presents with generalised muscle weakness. During an electromyography (EMG) study, you observe motor unit potentials (MUPs) with consistent amplitude, duration, and regular shape. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Early-stage amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Demyelinating polyneuropathy", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Normal muscle function", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Myopathy with fibre degeneration", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Normal muscle function", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tGEfWVXFJOHDBhWhej9b1742989009.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Based on the tetanisation of muscle fibres, which of the following statements is true regarding the tetanisation frequency?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is the frequency at which the muscle fibers show visible twitching", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "At tetanising frequency, successive contractions fuse into a smooth, continuous contraction.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "If the frequency exceeds the tetanising frequency, the strength of contraction increases.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "At this frequency, there are no calcium ions in the muscle sarcoplasm.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. At tetanising frequency, successive contractions fuse into a smooth, continuous contraction.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KBIJht6UBOEOkRRIi4dw1736090143.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VPSyrZL3hf7twtqc01tQ1742988763.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "During an experimental study, a researcher stimulates a skeletal muscle with increasing frequencies of electrical impulses. The tension recordings show successive contractions that do not fully relax between stimuli. This phenomenon is best described as?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Staircase phenomenon", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Incomplete tetanus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Treppe phenomenon", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Complete tetanus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Incomplete tetanus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tsmSJaffnB1iKR5aMdP71736090091.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Incomplete Tetanus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complete Tetanus</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscles are stimulated at an increased frequency, and each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> begins before the previous one fully relaxes.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Muscles are stimulated at a very high frequency, so each new stimulus occurs before it can relax completely.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sustained but oscillating tension output where the muscle shows partial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5bc49d94df16927771975eae86de9f\">relaxation</span> between contractions.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sustained <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> where the muscle remains in a state of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> tension without any relaxation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The tension curve shows successive peaks with incomplete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5bc49d94df16927771975eae86de9f\">relaxation</span> periods in between, leading to a wave-like pattern.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The tension curve shows a sustained <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a4ced7da71692777195938424f299\">plateau</span> with no dips or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5bc49d94df16927771975eae86de9f\">relaxation</span> periods, indicating continuous maximum contraction.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vQVHtwKgi1w6CcyPpyIJ1742988511.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "During a physiological study, a researcher observes incremental increases in muscle contraction height with repeated stimulations of a skeletal muscle. What is this phenomenon, also known as the Treppe phenomenon, primarily attributed to?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased availability of ATP in the muscle fibres.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Faster pumping of calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Enhanced sensitivity of the muscle fibres to acetylcholine.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Accumulation of residual calcium ions in the cytoplasm", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Accumulation of residual calcium ions in the cytoplasm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/oZtf09xUpp1iEi4WLP8H1736089993.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JRrF0QPonzjbgcR8VZbB1742922333.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "During a clinical examination, a neurologist stimulates the motor nerve supplying a patient's slow muscle fibre. Graphical recording of muscle tension shows distinct phases. Which of the following correctly identifies the sequence of phases and their durations?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Latency Period (10 ms), Contraction Period (40 ms), Relaxation Period (50 ms)", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Latency Period (20 ms), Peak Contraction (60 ms), Recovery Period (30 ms)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Activation Stage (30 ms), Maximum Contraction (70 ms), Relaxation Interval (40 ms)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Initiation Phase (40 ms), Contraction Peak (50 ms), Relaxation Phase (10 ms)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Latency Period (10 ms), Contraction Period (40 ms), Relaxation Period (50 ms)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xUGmuNI3e1b40DBqWmyw1736089944.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XqCc2delzkHmwlWPRcaF1742922075.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "During a physiology lab, students are studying the phases of a simple muscle twitch. They observe a brief delay between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of muscle contraction. What is this initial delay called?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Refractory period", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Contraction period", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Relaxation period", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Latency period", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Latency period", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ZkA6iYZQpBT3RpYMUHPy1736089880.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6KAhvw54lEUYmKxX7JN71742921845.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes the process of tetanisation in muscle physiology?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Individual twitch contractions at low frequency.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Overlapping muscle contractions increases total strength with higher frequency.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Relaxation between action potentials.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decrease in contraction strength with higher frequency.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Overlapping muscle contractions increases total strength with higher frequency.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/9GTsnmhiEkh3H7C7RHNY1736089805.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JEQfX002EVBmhm1ecAqL1742921492.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes the order in which the motor units are recruited?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Large motor units are excited first", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Small motor units are relaxed first", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Large motor units are recruited first", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Small motor units are excited first", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Small motor units are excited first", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ykoEWdLAu4F8xPomX4cO1742921221.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 30 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 26 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following best describes the difference between temporal summation and spatial summation in neurons?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "There is no difference between Temporal summation and Spatial summation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Temporal summation requires signals to occur close in time, spatial summation requires simultaneous signals at different synapses.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Temporal summation is not limited by the refractory period, spatial summation is.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Temporal summation combines signals from different synapses, spatial summation combines signals from the same synapse.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Temporal summation requires signals to occur close in time, spatial summation requires simultaneous signals at different synapses.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/RBWwPWm6ZqTt4d1LaN2Z1736088141.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YtW2dS0yXbZLflbqW3ki1736088149.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RQDDxDLmKWJIxcANebzt1736088216.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:649px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Temporal Summation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spatial Summation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong><br/>\n<strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Multiple subthreshold <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"082e153b9316927771872bec02a55d\">excitatory</span> signals at the same <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a0ce16121692777199554dcff349\">synapse</span> occurring close in time.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1389\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/RBWwPWm6ZqTt4d1LaN2Z1736088141.png\" width=\"1561\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Excitatory signals arriving at different synapses simultaneously or within a short timeframe.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"873\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/YtW2dS0yXbZLflbqW3ki1736088149.png\" width=\"1199\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Threshold for Excitation</strong><br/>\n<strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Summation of signals to reach the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc0588e63616927772009f1091e177\">threshold potential</span> for triggering an action potential.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Combined effect of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"082e153b9316927771872bec02a55d\">excitatory</span> signals at multiple synapses to reach the threshold.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Signal Source</strong><br/>\n<strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Same synapse</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Different synapses</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Current Flow</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Local depolarizing current spreads from the same synapse.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Local depolarizing currents from different synapses overlap.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Role in Action Potentials</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can trigger an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> if signals are close enough in time to summate and reach threshold.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can trigger an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> if multiple signals from different locations summate to reach threshold.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Impact of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3790c638ab16927771970a0a41d3ab\">Refractory</span> Period</strong><br/>\n<strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Limited by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3790c638ab16927771970a0a41d3ab\">refractory</span> period; if signals are too far apart, they won't summate.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not directly limited by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3790c638ab16927771970a0a41d3ab\">refractory</span> period; depends on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6495ef882b169277719896942b51c3\">spatial</span> proximity of signals.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neurons receiving frequent, rapid signals at a single synapse.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neurons receiving simultaneous input from multiple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e91c7a22e71692777196ef9e02b8c0\">presynaptic</span> neurons.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ujeNt6WX1r2eZBjR7ZqW1742375488.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Feedback control in voltage-gated ion channels in the membrane of neuron during action potential has been shown here. The phenomenon shown at point A is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Positive feedback", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Negative feedback", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Feedforward", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Voltage dependent opening", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Negative feedback", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/R5uHi1xoZJ1dnSlhHu121736089364.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/i5HjfIqQiOVUdEeke04l1736089404.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/V9UX8Zw8MSI9PY0bE8NL1736089417.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JXKZNwfbJD1JneQUazkO1742835479.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Neurologists decide to assess the excitability of different tissues by plotting the strength-duration relationship parameters on a graph. Which of the following tissues show the highest excitability?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Nerve", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Skin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Heart", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Nerve", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/9fbI0lCuthjwluf2TdVI1736089081.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JMf0WvFcfPjPt5Q34IPU1736089105.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6M8vgLLMfstiqyZXyS0H1736089170.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/m8b7Wdwhswbg0e50rEtB1736089223.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/W3xrevn4l3Ut0QAwcAQ91742835814.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old woman presents to the neurology clinic with complaints of tingling and numbness in her hands and feet. On examination, the neurologist decides to conduct nerve conduction studies to assess the function of her peripheral nerves. The results show a compound action potential (CAP) with multiple peaks and a biphasic waveform. What does the presence of multiple peaks indicate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Summation of action potentials from a single nerve fiber", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Different conduction velocities of various nerve fibers", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Biphasic nature of the waveform", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Single directional deflection", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Different conduction velocities of various nerve fibers", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zp5RddXYwnx5k8vVmyJ51736088899.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/lXbFkMxQWdLPP7Qalgwb1736088911.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gweiNDwwbV2bnfRIxNC41736088924.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:750px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action Potential - Monophasic/ Biphasic/ Compound</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Monophasic Action Potential:</strong></p>\n<p>Single directional deflection, recorded from a single fiber or small group.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1530\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/zp5RddXYwnx5k8vVmyJ51736088899.png\" width=\"2399\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Recording: </strong>One <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"91ff119f8e169277718738daf09e12\">electrode</span> inside the cell, the other outside.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Single Peak: Indicates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> of a single fiber or small group.</li>\n<li>Amplitude: Does not significantly increase with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> strength</li>\n<li><strong>Follows All-or-nothing Principle. </strong>It states that once an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> is initiated in a nerve fiber, it will travel the entire length of the fiber if the conditions are suitable, or it will not travel at all if the conditions are not right.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Biphasic Action Potential:</strong></p>\n<p>Two-phase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> with positive and negative deflections.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1299\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/lXbFkMxQWdLPP7Qalgwb1736088911.png\" width=\"1891\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Recording:</strong> Two electrodes of opposite <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff4e5164de169277719656324a44db\">polarity</span> detect the wave of depolarization.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Waveform: Upward <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0d8576d139169277718594452670bd\">deflection</span> followed by a downward deflection.</li>\n<li>Relation to CAP: Component of CAP, reflecting the activity of multiple fibers.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Compound <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">Action Potential</span> (CAP):</strong></p>\n<p>Summation of action potentials from different nerve fibers (Aα, Aβ, B, C) in a mixed nerve.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"604\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/gweiNDwwbV2bnfRIxNC41736088924.png\" width=\"1550\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Recording: </strong>Electrodes placed on the surface of the mixed nerve.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Multiple Peaks: Correspond to different <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> velocities; Aα fibers first.</li>\n<li>Amplitude: Increases with stronger stimulation.</li>\n<li>Waveform: <strong>Biphasic</strong>, showing positive and negative deflections.</li>\n<li><strong>Does not follow the All-or-nothing Principle. </strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pgZyT0GMuED8KLvJkW3C1742836075.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old man undergoes a minor surgical procedure on his hand under local anesthesia. Which of the following sensory modalities would be the FIRST to be lost?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Proprioception", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Discriminative Touch", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Motor function", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pain sensation", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Pain sensation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:598px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fiber Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spike Duration (ms)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Susceptibility to Local Anesthesia</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aα</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Proprioception, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> motor <strong>(Option A and C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>0.4–0.5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>++</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aβ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Discriminative Touch, pressure</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>++</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aγ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Motor to muscle spindles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>++++</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aδ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Pain (fast), temperature (cold)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>+++</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Preganglionic autonomic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>1.2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>++</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Pain (slow), temperature (warm), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28ec2061691692777196c06b1c0fd4\">Postganglionic</span> sympathetic.</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>2</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>+</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Susceptibility to Local Anesthesia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pressure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypoxia</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aγ and Aδ &gt;&gt; Aα and Aβ &gt;&gt; B &gt;&gt; C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Aα &gt; B &gt; C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>B &gt; A &gt; C</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/eVvQmWSLu6t12DvTxrkf1742835147.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following nerve fibre type with its respective property. Fibre type Property 1. Aα a. Preganglionic autonomic 2. Aβ b. Touch 3. Aδ c. Temperature 4. B d. Proprioception", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-a, 2-b, 3-d, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1-d, 2-b, 3-c, 4-a", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:780px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"8\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:780px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"8\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Classification of nerve fibres - Erlanger and Gasser and Lloyd-Hunt </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Fiber Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Erlanger-Gasser Classification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lloyd-Hunt Classification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Myelination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Conduction <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">Velocity</span> (m/s)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Diameter (µm)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Sensitivity to Blockade</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aα</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aα</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Ia, Ib</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Myelinated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Proprioception,</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> motor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>70-120</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>12-20</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Pressure - Most susceptible</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aβ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aβ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Touch,</strong> pressure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>30-70</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>5-12</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Pressure - Intermediate.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aγ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aγ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Motor to muscle spindles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>15-30</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>3-6</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aδ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aδ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Pain (fast), <strong>temperature</strong> <strong>(cold)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>12-30</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>2-5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Preganglionic autonomic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>3-15</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>&lt;3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Hypoxia - Most susceptible</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>C<br/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(Dorsal Root)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>IV</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Unmyelinated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Pain (slow), temperature (warm)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>0.5-2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>0.4-1.2</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Local anesthetics - Most susceptible</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>C (Sympathetic)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Postganglionic sympathetic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>0.7-2.3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>0.3-1.3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:780px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"8\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Classification of nerve fibres - Erlanger and Gasser and Lloyd-Hunt </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Fiber Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Erlanger-Gasser Classification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lloyd-Hunt Classification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Myelination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Conduction <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">Velocity</span> (m/s)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Diameter (µm)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Sensitivity to Blockade</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aα</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aα</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Ia, Ib</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Myelinated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Proprioception,</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> motor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>70-120</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>12-20</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Pressure - Most susceptible</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aβ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aβ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Touch,</strong> pressure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>30-70</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>5-12</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Pressure - Intermediate.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aγ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aγ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Motor to muscle spindles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>15-30</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>3-6</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aδ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Aδ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Pain (fast), <strong>temperature</strong> <strong>(cold)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>12-30</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>2-5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Preganglionic autonomic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>3-15</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>&lt;3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Hypoxia - Most susceptible</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>C<br/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t(Dorsal Root)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>IV</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Unmyelinated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Pain (slow), temperature (warm)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>0.5-2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>0.4-1.2</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Local anesthetics - Most susceptible</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>C (Sympathetic)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Postganglionic sympathetic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>0.7-2.3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>0.3-1.3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jFGOXIfmgEcuTbIIcAU31742834801.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following would decrease the conduction velocity of an action potential along an axon?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increasing the diameter of the axon.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decreasing the capacitance of the membrane.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increasing the axoplasmic resistance.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increasing the myelination of the axon.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increasing the axoplasmic resistance.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vBotAXFuO7CAdUrQMKGo1736326353.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:682px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Conduction <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">velocity</span> of the Action potential.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factors Influencing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Myelination</strong>: Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> velocity, enabling <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"966b2850081692777198cf5b799bfc\">saltatory</span> conduction. <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Axon Diameter</strong>: Larger <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"afb15e4a331692777186e495b370a1\">diameter</span> axons exhibit faster <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> velocities. <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Temperature</strong>: Higher temperatures increase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">ion</span> channel opening and closing speeds affecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> velocity.</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"245\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/vBotAXFuO7CAdUrQMKGo1736326353.png\" width=\"500\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Classification of Nerve Fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Larger, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd79d3db911692777193c60304ef85\">myelinated</span> fibers (like Aα fibers) - Faster <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> velocity.</li>\n<li>Smaller, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2488001c816927772014412348125\">unmyelinated</span> fibers (like C fibers) - Slower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"63bda90e3516927771848cbb473f04\">conduction</span> velocity.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n<ul>\n<li>A decrease in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7d912d7ad016927771843c787c111a\">chronaxie</span> after nerve repair suggests increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3892cfe03616927771872f834cf855\">excitability</span> and potential regeneration.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulus Strength </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A stronger stimulus doesn't increase the speed of an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> in a single nerve fiber, it might <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dddc752e1716927771807f985bb8bb\">activate</span> a greater number of fibers.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6KKdYRpB4Lp7ta4uCUrQ1742452855.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the conduction of action potentials is TRUE?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Speed of action potential conduction is inversely proportional to the degree of myelination of the axon.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Saltatory conduction occurs in both myelinated and unmyelinated axons.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next in myelinated axons.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The myelin sheath increases the flow of ions across the axonal membrane.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next in myelinated axons.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:617px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Conduction of action potential</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Unmyelinated</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Myelinated</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Conduction Speed</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Slower (0.25 m/s)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Faster (up to 100 m/s)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Action potential flows continuously along the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">axon</span> membrane. <strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Action potential \"jumps\" between nodes of Ranvier-saltatory conduction.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Myelin Sheath</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Present, decreases flow of ions, preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">ion</span> leakage across the membrane. <strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Nodes of Ranvier</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Present, rapid <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> regeneration.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Energy Efficiency</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Less energy efficient.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>More energy efficient.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Fiber Diameter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Smaller</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Larger</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/nR4SfzpbJY71M0x2CoEE1742452564.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What impact does hyperkalemia have on a neuron's resting membrane potential (RMP)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It causes depolarization, making the neuron more excitable.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "It causes hyperpolarization, making the neuron less excitable.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It has no effect on the RMP.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It increases the activity of the Na+/K+ -ATPase pump.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. It causes depolarization, making the neuron more excitable.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/KxdGltG4TZCJvyiTaJqA1736088525.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/yNgI4AEiLH9c7G4oCOr71736088536.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/cYKTxALfQW8OPOituS701736088544.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:774px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Condition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyperkalemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypokalemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>RMP</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Depolarized (Decreased RMP)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hyperpolarized (Increased RMP)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Explanation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba366417791692777187229d34e597\">extracellular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> reduces the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04136f692516927771888cf07d46a4\">gradient</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> to exit the cell, causing depolarization.</li>\n<li>The resting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> potential becomes less negative than the typical -70 mV.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>In hypokalemia, cells lose more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> ions due to leaky channels.</li>\n<li>The loss of positive charge increases the negative charge within the cell, causing hyperpolarization.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17d10546871692777193f302d45980\">Neuron</span> Excitability</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3892cfe03616927771872f834cf855\">excitability</span> can lead to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f71e485d131692777199151d1076d2\">spontaneous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c2d898b0b1692777202c5d43d5e78\">firing</span> and even cell death.</li>\n<li>Persistent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> inactivates voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> generation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3892cfe03616927771872f834cf855\">excitability</span> occurs as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> potential is further from the threshold for action potential.</li>\n<li>Hypokalemia also inhibits the Na-K-ATPase pump.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5tDOjtThUFbgpnNXpxZB1742834456.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "During an action potential, the voltage-gated sodium channel transitions through different states. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of these states during a single action potential cycle starting from RMP?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Closed → Open → Inactive → Open", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inactive → Closed → Open → Inactive", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Closed → Inactive → Open → Closed", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Closed → Open → Inactive → Closed", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Closed → Open → Inactive → Closed", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vR8kpxFm4qAEXYxxwFoc1736088420.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NbEhcy4FgKGXkh8Y1w5B1736088439.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/W6os0PYeSs6vnWsaZmO51736088448.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wMkTBa9z02UG7ckPymcE1736088467.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:767px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>M Gate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>H Gate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Closed</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"879\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/NbEhcy4FgKGXkh8Y1w5B1736088439.png\" width=\"2015\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Open</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>This is the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fefb59c3fe16927771971b43f0cf89\">resting state</span> of the voltage-gated sodium channel, where the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> gate (M gate) is closed, preventing sodium ions from entering the cell.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Open</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1219\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/W6os0PYeSs6vnWsaZmO51736088448.png\" width=\"2076\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Open</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Open</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>When the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> potential becomes less negative, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> gate opens rapidly.</li>\n<li>This allows a large influx of sodium ions into the cell, leading to depolarization.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inactive</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"1092\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/wMkTBa9z02UG7ckPymcE1736088467.png\" width=\"2353\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Open</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>If the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> potential remains depolarized for a prolonged period, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f7bf58a321692777190e32a914615\">inactivation</span> gate will close.</li>\n<li>The closed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f7bf58a321692777190e32a914615\">inactivation</span> gate prevents sodium ions from entering.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/cImlqSihynnNkCGBbah41742379069.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statements accurately describe the refractory period on a neuron's signaling properties?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ensures action potentials move in one direction along an axon.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Restricts the length of an action potential, stopping overly long depolarizations.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sets the intensity needed to start an action potential (threshold level).", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Aids in the summation of local potentials, facilitating action potential generation.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ensures action potentials move in one direction along an axon.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/i2dhARdfI10SwiaquE3U1736088390.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:733px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Absolute <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3790c638ab16927771970a0a41d3ab\">Refractory</span> Period</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Relative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3790c638ab16927771970a0a41d3ab\">Refractory</span> Period</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The initial phase of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3790c638ab16927771970a0a41d3ab\">refractory</span> period.</li>\n<li>The period during which a second <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> cannot be elicited, even with a strong stimulus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Follows the absolute <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3790c638ab16927771970a0a41d3ab\">refractory</span> period</li>\n<li>The period during which a stronger than-normal stimulus can elicit a second action potential.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Duration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sum of the total <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> period and the first 1/3rd of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40451a27bd1692777197d6c276d0bc\">repolarization</span> period of the action potential.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Last 2/3rd of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40451a27bd1692777197d6c276d0bc\">repolarization</span> period of the action potential.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Excitability</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No stimulus, no matter how strong.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stronger than normal stimuli</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inactive or open state.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transition from the inactive to the closed state.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Limits the maximum frequency of action potentials a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17d10546871692777193f302d45980\">neuron</span> can fire.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Encoding of stimulus strength by modulating the frequency of action potentials.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YeqoMWrORrZXC1jbX28d1742451895.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Based on the graph showing potassium ion permeability during an action potential, at which point does the permeability of potassium ions reach its peak?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Point A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Point C", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Point D", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Point F", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Point D", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TDvj8AYKLC1xYEQwSVBk1736088336.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/lJb6HMDMXgRPB7k5X3gV1736088354.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/B6dcwrnXQC6Ke2lYPz521742377292.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "The graph below depicts an action potential. Which of the following statements correctly describes the state of ion channels at the point marked \"X\" on the graph?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Na+ channels are closed; K+ channels are open.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Na+ channels are completely inactivated; K+ channels are open.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Na+ and K+ channels are open.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Na+ and K+ channels are closed.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Na+ channels are completely inactivated; K+ channels are open.", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/46Pw98jRavjFKLQkxES51736088269.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/krbnm9P6u884TpV0eRsf1736088286.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/kW8SBFRVmgE0FsgNgdYi1736088304.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:647px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Membrane Potential</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Na+ Channels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>K+ Channels</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Resting State</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Polarized (-70 mV)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Depolarization (Rising Phase)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less negative, towards 0 mV.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapidly opening, then inactivating</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slowly opens.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Overshoot (Peak)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Briefly positive (+35 mV).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inactivated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Open</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Repolarization (Falling Phase)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Returning to negative</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inactivated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Open</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>After-hyperpolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More negative.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slowly closing</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Return to Resting State</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Returning to -70 mV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3gh6NtLaDKgMmaLezp661742834050.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 75-year-old bedridden patient presents with severe pressure ulcers over the sacral region and complaints of muscle weakness and numbness in the lower limb. On examination, there is evidence of compromised blood flow and significant tissue damage. Which layer of the peripheral nerve is most likely affected in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Perineurium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Endoneurium", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Epineurium", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mesoneurium", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Epineurium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1rfZtFk3elnAfaTTxock1736087422.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:123px\">\n<p><strong>Endoneurium</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:501px\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eeb84933a41692777187cba6c665dd\">endoneurium</span> is a layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue covering each nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ace01719a1692777202ddafcebbc4\">fibre</span> within its Schwann cell and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9864ad42b21692777191febeee1002\">lamina</span> in a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> nerve.</li>\n<li>Contains collagen, fibroblast,schwann cells, endothelial cells and macrophages.</li>\n<li>Endoneurium holds adjoining nerve fibres together and facilitates their <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a00e90be0416927771803afbbf099b\">aggregation</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> fasciculi.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:123px\">\n<p><strong>Perineurium</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:501px\">\n<ul>\n<li>A thick layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue covering each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b17785d7c7169277720246b0430877\">fascicle</span> is called Perineurium.</li>\n<li>It comprises layers of flattened cells separated by layers of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d215f4a56c16927771842f34a24156\">collagen</span> fibres.</li>\n<li>Controls <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> of substances in and out of axons.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:123px\">\n<p><strong>Epineurium</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:501px\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f0b3b0a8216927772029052562b6d\">fasciculi</span> are held together by a fairly dense layer of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67e237a57c16927771859803f93ab3\">connective</span> tissue that surrounds the entire nerve and is called Epineurium.</li>\n<li>Contribute to the tensile strength of the nerve.</li>\n<li>Loss of this layer in bedridden patients can lead to pressure on nerve fibres and paralysis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gglKuB5VRxTxoFZaJjgz1742281373.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following accurately compares local potentials and action potentials?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Local potentials are all-or-none; action potentials are graded and decremental.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Local potentials can summate and are decremental; action potentials are all-or-nothing and non-decremental.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Local potentials have constant amplitude; action potentials vary and diminish with distance.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both local and action potentials propagate without diminishing and can summate.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Local potentials can summate and are decremental; action potentials are all-or-nothing and non-decremental.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/m6Jr0hg7BbznaQX4fkTi1736088103.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Local Potentials</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Action Potentials</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Amplitude</strong><br/>\n<strong>(Vs Option A&amp;C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Graded; varies with stimulus strength</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>All-or-nothing; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c75de951316927771819cdfdbdd6a\">amplitude</span> remains constant once threshold is reached</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Propagation</strong><br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decremental; diminishes with distance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Non-decremental; maintains magnitude over long distances</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Summation</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Can summate (spatial and temporal)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cannot summate; separated by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3790c638ab16927771970a0a41d3ab\">refractory</span> periods</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Initiate action potentials by reaching threshold at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">axon</span> hillock</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transmit signals over long distances along nerve fibers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ionic Basis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involves <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">ion</span> movements, similar to action potentials, but often localized</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Depolarization and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"40451a27bd1692777197d6c276d0bc\">repolarization</span> driven by voltage-gated Na⁺ and K⁺ channels</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hAhKR8L2MlpiGICUZ9C01742833138.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes the changes in the resting membrane potential (RMP) of neuron during depolarization and hyperpolarization?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Depolarization: RMP more negative; Hyperpolarization: RMP more positive.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Depolarization: RMP more positive; Hyperpolarization: RMP more negative.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Depolarization: RMP more negative; Hyperpolarization: RMP -65 mV.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Depolarization: RMP more positive; Hyperpolarization: RMP less negative.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Depolarization: RMP more positive; Hyperpolarization: RMP more negative.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:705px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:146px\">\n<p><strong>Depolarization:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:559px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sudden shift from negative to positive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> potential.</li>\n<li>Mechanism: Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c7103a9b516927771955682b6aaa4\">permeability</span> to Na⁺ ions allows rapid influx of Na⁺, neutralizing the negative potential.</li>\n<li>In large nerve fibers, Na⁺ influx can cause the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> potential to briefly become positive (overshoot).</li>\n<li><strong>Excitatory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"978bd0e89f1692777196add72e1254\">Postsynaptic</span> Potentials (EPSPs):</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Depolarizing events that can trigger an action potential.</li>\n<li>Excitatory neurotransmitters bind to receptors, opening <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">ion</span> channels and allowing positively charged ions to enter.</li>\n<li>Action potential is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3978e9614f1692777200abbe4cfa34\">triggered</span> if <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> reaches around -45 mV.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:146px\">\n<p><strong>Repolarization:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:559px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Return of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> potential to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fefb59c3fe16927771971b43f0cf89\">resting state</span> (-65 mV) following depolarization.</li>\n<li>Na⁺ channels close, reducing Na⁺ influx.</li>\n<li>K+ channels open wider, allowing K⁺ ions to exit rapidly.</li>\n<li>Restores negative <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> potential.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:146px\">\n<p><strong>Hyperpolarization:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:559px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential, below -65 mV.</li>\n<li>Inhibitory Neurotransmitters: Open channels allowing negatively charged ions (e.g., Cl⁻) to enter or positively charged (e.g., K⁺) to exit.</li>\n<li>Prolonged <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">Potassium</span> Channel Opening: Allows additional K⁺ outflow.</li>\n<li>Effect: Moves potential closer to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> Nernst potential, making the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17d10546871692777193f302d45980\">neuron</span> less likely to fire immediately.</li>\n<li>Recovery: Gradual return to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc0588e63616927772009f1091e177\">threshold potential</span> for new <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> generation.</li>\n<li><strong>Inhibitory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"978bd0e89f1692777196add72e1254\">Postsynaptic</span> Potentials (IPSPs):</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Hyperpolarizing events that make it harder for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17d10546871692777193f302d45980\">neuron</span> to fire an action potential.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:138px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:128px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Membrane Potential Change</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:197px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Ion Movement/Channel Activity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:161px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Threshold Impact</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:138px\">\n<p><strong>Resting Potential</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:128px\">\n<p>~ -65 mV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:197px\">\n<p>Higher K⁺ inside than outside</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:161px\">\n<p>Neutral</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:138px\">\n<p><strong>Depolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:128px\">\n<p>More positive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:197px\">\n<p>Na⁺ influx (channels open)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:161px\">\n<p>Possible Action Potential</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:138px\">\n<p><strong>EPSP</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:128px\">\n<p>More positive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:197px\">\n<p>Positive ions enter</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:161px\">\n<p>Triggers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">Action Potential</span> if threshold reached</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:138px\">\n<p><strong>Repolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:128px\">\n<p>Returns to -65 mV</p>\n<p>from peak of depolarization</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:197px\">\n<p>Na⁺ channels close, K⁺ channels open wider</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:161px\">\n<p>Returns to resting state</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:138px\">\n<p><strong>Hyperpolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:128px\">\n<p>More negative than -65 mV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:197px\">\n<p>Cl⁻ enters or K⁺ exits (channels remain open)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:161px\">\n<p>Less likely to fire immediately</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:138px\">\n<p><strong>IPSP</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:128px\">\n<p>More negative</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:197px\">\n<p>Negative ions enter or K⁺ exits</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:161px\">\n<p>Inhibits action potential</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/rZJYVSJdL2HUZQmNwHhX1742375070.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the ion with its equilibrium potential in a normal mammalian cell. Ion Equilibrium Potential (mV) 1. Sodium A. -70 2. Chloride B. +63 3. Potassium C. +132 4. Calcium D. -90", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-D, 2-C, 3-B, 4-A", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-C, 2-D, 3-A, 4-B", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:304px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Equilibrium Potential</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sodium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>+63 mV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chloride</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-70 mV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Potassium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-90 mV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Calcium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>+132 mV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5gNv81DjT9LYzDr2Pam81742366091.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 25-year-old woman presents with symptoms of confusion and lethargy. Her blood test shows a serum sodium level of 120 mEq/L. The intracellular concentration of sodium ([Na⁺]ᵢ) is 12 mEq/L. what is the equilibrium potential for sodium (in mV)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "61 mV", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "72 mV", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "82 mV", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "92 mV", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 61 mV", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/IkGlUvJVlrNAC41kyBgq1736087923.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Cr3b72TbHwVVprkTDtMc1742821180.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true regarding the leak channels?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Facilitate the rapid transmission of action potentials along the axon.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Responsible for generation of synaptic potentials at the postsynaptic membrane", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Help in maintaining resting membrane potential by allowing passive movement of ions", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Play a crucial role in the repolarization phase of the action potential", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Help in maintaining resting membrane potential by allowing passive movement of ions", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SjSiTUCn5mpQXjJukERx1742293320.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best explains the phenomenon where the distribution of ion species across a semipermeable membrane is influenced by the presence of a non-permeable ion, resulting in an uneven distribution of permeable ions?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Nernst Equation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bohr Effect", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gibbs-Donnan Effect", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Van't Hoff Law", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Gibbs-Donnan Effect", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IzibI9WkHlMT5niz5zaI1742820662.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is NOT true regarding resting membrane potential?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is created by diffusion of K+ from outside to inside the cell at rest", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The RMP of cardiac muscle is -90 mV", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "K+ is the major determinant of RMP", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The major contributor of RMP is through passive diffusion of ions", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. It is created by diffusion of K+ from outside to inside the cell at rest", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pclsQQuI2woGEPfneDfo1736087820.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:340px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>RMP</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neuron</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-70mV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Skeletal muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-95mV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Smooth muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-60mV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cardiac muscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-90mV<strong> (option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Astrocyte</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-90mV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Erythrocyte</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-12mV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Photoreceptor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-40mV (dark) to -70mV (light)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WInhKTY2vPZgSBWacDJX1742820455.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes the type, direction and mediators of axonal transport? 1 Anterograde Cell body to axon terminal Dynein 2 Anterograde Axon terminal to cell body Kinesin 3 Retrograde Axon terminal to cell body Dynein 4 Retrograde Cell body to axon terminal Kinesin", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "3", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/1M033jQjBmTg1779lyCN1736087786.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:714px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mediated by</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anterograde transport</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Kinesin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It involves the transport of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> material from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ac786d1a61692777198afcb5b874a\">soma</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">axon</span> terminal.</li>\n<li>It is responsible for the transport of proteins, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">synaptic</span> vesicles necessary for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">synaptic</span> transmission.</li>\n<li>Two types:</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fast axoplasmic transport</strong> at a rate of 400 mm/day, mediated by kinesin.</li>\n<li><strong>Slow axoplasmic transport </strong>at a rate of 0.5-2 mm/day, mediated by actin, neurofilaments and microtubules. Supplies material required for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"91229d427e169277719753f25af9f0\">regeneration</span> following nerve injury.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Retrograde transport</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dynein</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It involves the transport from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">axon</span> terminals to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6ac786d1a61692777198afcb5b874a\">soma</span> at a rate of about 200 mm/day.</li>\n<li>It is important for transport of viruses, toxins, nerve growth factors and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42c441fad11692777197258f322307\">reuptake</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">synaptic</span> neurotransmitters.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/MFavHlLQeFjgrzw0OE7p1742292213.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which type of neuron is primarily involved in the transmission of visual information from the retina to the brain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Unipolar neuron", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bipolar neuron", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Multipolar neuron", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both multipolar and bipolar neuron", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Both multipolar and bipolar neuron", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ctm35VrFEXJnWzLK3bPf1736087735.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:597px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Unipolar neuron</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Seen in invertebrates Have one process with several <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"22aad956ce1692777197529ede4020\">receptive</span> and releasing terminals</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bipolar neurons (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Seen in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17d8978bd1692777197621051012f\">retina</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"30cac2b1a216927771941c69ff66a3\">olfactory</span> epithelium</li>\n<li>Have two specialized processes</li>\n<li>Dendrite carries information to the cell</li>\n<li>Axon carries information from the cell</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pseudo-unipolar neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Seen in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> root ganglion.</li>\n<li>The developing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17d10546871692777193f302d45980\">neuron</span> has a single process that splits into two, both of which function as axons, one reaching up to the skin and the other to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Multipolar neurons </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Most common</li>\n<li>Seen in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bbd799518a169277718867e02de42f\">ganglion</span> cell, hippocampal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d3b981dbf916927771961c29f24614\">pyramidal</span> cells, cerebellar Purkinje cells, motor neurons, etc</li>\n<li>Have one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">axon</span> and multiple dendrites</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/cInHJ5782AXpMiJJIl7h1742290117.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old man presents with progressive muscle weakness and fatigue. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies indicate that the issue lies in the transmission of nerve impulses to his muscles, while central nervous system imaging shows no abnormalities. Which part of the neuron is most likely affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Initial Segment", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Axon", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dendrite", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Axon Terminal", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Axon Terminal", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/piIWbbvhq9cB9GWwjfLz1736087554.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JTUbapIOO6WRjGMMvg8T1736087563.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:666px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:181px\">\n<p><strong>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77f797c5e8169277718535480fa7fd\">Dendritic</span> zone </strong>(Receptor zone)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:485px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Receives information from other neurons and transmits impulses towards the cell body.</li>\n<li>Integrates local potentials from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">synaptic</span> connections.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:181px\">\n<p><strong>2. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">Axon</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9a50a52951692777189da6efd5e08\">Hillock</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dae94d127016927771902929a91254\">Initial segment</span> </strong> (Action Potential Generation zone)<strong> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:485px\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Action potentials are generated here.</strong></li>\n<li><strong>In motor neurons, it occurs at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">axon</span> hillock; in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> neurons, at the initial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b10ce4acbf169277719323ffd12306\">node</span> of Ranvier.</strong></li>\n<li>Summates local potentials from dendrites and generates action potentials if the threshold is reached.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:181px\">\n<p><strong>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">Axon</span> </strong><br/>\n\t\t\t(Transmission zone)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:485px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Long, slender process transmitting action potentials from the cell body to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">axon</span> terminals.</li>\n<li>Ensures rapid and efficient <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bface068bb16927771964819228c66\">propagation</span> of nerve impulses over long distances.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:181px\">\n<p><strong>4. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">Axon</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16b76d1d1c1692777200240efcb0e2\">Terminal</span> </strong>(Discharge zone)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:485px\">\n<ul>\n<li>Contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">synaptic</span> vesicles with neurotransmitters.</li>\n<li>When an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> reaches the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">axon</span> terminal, it triggers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e28fd027b416927771932bc23ba0a5\">neurotransmitter</span> release into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">synaptic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7aa38569251692777184021705e8de\">cleft</span> for communication with other neurons or target cells.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/94fRrj8sqSoGk9ytQUV41742819751.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In which part of the neuron are neurofibrillary tangles primarily found, which are associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dendrites", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Axon", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Soma", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Axon terminal", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Soma", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/b1AOsZ2vVXW8w1YB94Kk1736087518.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:709px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Axon</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell Body (Soma)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dendrites</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> process extending from the cell body to transmit signals to target organs.<br/>\n\t\t\t\t </li>\n<li>Originates from the<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">axon</span> hillock,</strong> a thickened area of the cell body.<br/>\n\t\t\t\t </li>\n<li>The<strong> initial segment</strong>, just after the<strong> </strong>axon hillock, is where action potentials are generated.<br/>\n\t\t\t\t </li>\n<li><strong>Axon terminal: </strong>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16b76d1d1c1692777200240efcb0e2\">terminal</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"93cb75311c16927771828ed307dcc0\">axon</span> loses <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"47fec911a316927771933b7607bdf0\">myelin</span> and branches into <strong>telodendria</strong>, which end in <strong>synaptic knobs</strong> (terminal buttons) containing neurotransmitters.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It is the center of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17d10546871692777193f302d45980\">neuron</span> containing the nucleus, which is the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> center and stores DNA.<br/>\n\t\t\t\t </li>\n<li>Contains organelles like <strong>Nissl bodies </strong>(stacks of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c01a5a8c221692777187daa368ab62\">endoplasmic reticulum</span> with ribosomes), <strong>mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.</strong><br/>\n\t\t\t\t </li>\n<li>Capable of <strong>protein synthesis</strong> with numerous Nissl granules.<br/>\n\t\t\t\t </li>\n<li><strong>Lacks centrioles,</strong> limiting regenerative capacity.<br/>\n\t\t\t\t </li>\n<li><strong>Contains cytoskeletal proteins</strong> like neurofilaments, microtubules, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8e023fb81e16927771802d21820404\">actin</span> microfilaments (In Alzheimer’s, neurofilaments <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> neurofibrillary tangles).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>These are numerous short extensions from the cell body that receive incoming signals and transmit them into the cell body.<br/>\n\t\t\t\t </li>\n<li>Have <strong>dendritic spines </strong>to increase surface area for signal reception.<br/>\n\t\t\t\t </li>\n<li>Contain <strong>Nissl granules</strong> for protein synthesis; involved in generating and conducting action potentials.<br/>\n\t\t\t\t </li>\n<li>Typically, about 10,000 dendrites per <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17d10546871692777193f302d45980\">neuron</span> are in the CNS.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/y6bCHYBKivNc1pfRpp9H1742819509.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old patient with brain tumor undergoes treatment with a novel chemotherapy drug targeting tumor cells. Despite the initial response, follow-up imaging shows minimal response and tumor progression. Which characteristic of the blood-brain barrier is responsible for this treatment challenge?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Impermeability to plasma proteins", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Impermeability to lipid-soluble molecules", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Presence of fenestrations in capillary walls", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lack of efflux transporters for drugs", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Impermeability to plasma proteins", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/hdzUcbdHrYLrB1ZVlRny1736087474.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:648px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe1a980b121692777182f88db01254\">BBB</span> is the barrier between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89e3252d5b16927771833fb9b432ae\">capillary</span> endothelial cells in the brain and epithelial cells in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"87b317afbd16927771844e0e534940\">choroid</span> plexus, limiting the exchange of substances into the brain.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anatomical Basis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed by two special structures:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Endothelial cells in brain capillaries are joined by tight junctions.</li>\n<li>Capillaries are surrounded by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f9ce365c11692777182e657d6ad5d\">astrocyte</span> foot processes.</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Permeability </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Easily Penetrated:</strong> Water, CO2, O2, lipid-soluble substances.</p>\n<p><strong>Not Penetrated:</strong> Proteins, polypeptides.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Circumventricular organs</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe1a980b121692777182f88db01254\">BBB</span> is deficient in certain brain regions known as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"70e2f7e17816927771848fc6272c84\">circumventricular</span> organs, which are outside the BBB:</p>\n<ol>\n<li>Organum vasculosum of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9864ad42b21692777191febeee1002\">lamina</span> terminalis (OVLT)</li>\n<li>Subfornical Organ</li>\n<li>Area postrema in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> oblongata</li>\n<li>Posterior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b775f0c475169277719593c573f6ff\">pituitary</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"979385c98a1692777192fb1721a16e\">median</span> eminence(ventral part) of hypothalamus</li>\n<li>Pineal gland</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions of BBB</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Maintain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a4d5e86b6416927771850468afd1ba\">constancy</span> of Na+, K+, Ca++, H+ and Mg++ in brain fluids</li>\n<li>Protect neurons from harmful toxins</li>\n<li>Prevents escape of neurotransmitters from brain into circulation</li>\n<li>Disruption of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe1a980b121692777182f88db01254\">BBB</span> helps in identifying the location and extent of lesions in the brain</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical importance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li>Kernicterus: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab274fa4f1692777189f9b6dad514\">Hyperbilirubinemia</span> damages the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2804c808516927771887dda93e56c\">ganglia</span> in infants due to an underdeveloped BBB.</li>\n<li>Brain Tumor<strong>:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe1a980b121692777182f88db01254\">BBB</span> is disrupted at the tumor site.</li>\n<li>Infection and Injury: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe1a980b121692777182f88db01254\">BBB</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"903370f259169277718385f6060dd7\">breakdown</span> occurs in infected or injured regions.</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3NdFbqS8BJqrFZMQl1w81742819120.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 36 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 33 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "What contributes to the latent period of muscle twitch? 1. Neuromuscular transmission 2. Excitation contraction coupling 3. Reuptake of calcium back into sarcoplasmic reticulum 4. Transmission impulse from nerve", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1,2,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1,4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1,2,4", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 1,2,4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Role in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cec2565ecd1692777191eed58869b2\">Latent</span> Period</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neuromuscular transmission</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ACh release at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8b19cd5e161692777193ad958e52e0\">neuromuscular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> triggers muscle fiber depolarization.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Excitation-contraction coupling</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Action potential spreads through T-tubules, leading to Ca²⁺ release.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nerve impulse transmission</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Action potential travels along the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e1987f81169277719209260ba0f1\">motor neuron</span> to reach the muscle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which type of nerve fiber is most likely to be affected in a 35-year-old female who experienced a tingling sensation over her arm after watching TV for an extended period of time with her hands placed under her head?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "B", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "C", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sympathetic", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:780px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"8\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Classification of nerve fibres - Erlanger and Gasser and Lloyd-Hunt </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Fiber Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Erlanger-Gasser Classification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Lloyd-Hunt Classification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Myelination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Conduction <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">Velocity</span> (m/s)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Diameter (µm)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Sensitivity to Blockade</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aα</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aα</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Ia, Ib</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Myelinated</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Proprioception, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> motor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>70-120</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>12-20</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Pressure - Most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55691242bb1692777199360f64cb67\">susceptible</span> <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aβ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aβ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Touch, pressure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>30-70</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>5-12</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Pressure - Intermediate.</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aγ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aγ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Motor to muscle spindles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>15-30</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>3-6</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aδ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aδ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Pain (fast), temperature (cold)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>12-30</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>2-5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Preganglionic autonomic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>3-15</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>&lt;3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Hypoxia - Most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55691242bb1692777199360f64cb67\">susceptible</span> <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C<br/>\n\t\t\t(Dorsal Root)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>IV</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Unmyelinated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Pain (slow), temperature (warm)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>0.5-2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>0.4-1.2</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Local anesthetics - Most <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55691242bb1692777199360f64cb67\">susceptible</span> <strong>(Options C &amp; D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C (Sympathetic)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Postganglionic sympathetic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>0.7-2.3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>0.3-1.3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes the mechanisms involved in depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization during a skeletal muscle action potential? Depolarization due to influx of Na + through voltage-gated channels Depolarization due to influx of Na + through ligand-gated channels Repolarization due to efflux of K + through a voltage-gated channel Repolarization due to efflux of K + through a ligand-gated channel Hyperpolarisation due to efflux of K +", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "2 and 4 are correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1,3 and 5 are correct", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1,4 and 5 are correct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2,4 and 5 are correct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1,3 and 5 are correct", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/P5lU0OThYGkqgNpojm2h1746517086.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Membrane Potential</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Na<sup>+</sup> Channels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>K<sup>+</sup> Channels</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Resting State</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Polarized (-70 mV)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Depolarization (Rising Phase)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less negative, towards 0 mV.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapidly opening, then inactivating</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slowly opens.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Overshoot (Peak)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Briefly positive (+35 mV).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inactivated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Open</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Repolarization (Falling Phase)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Returning to negative</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inactivated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Open</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>After-hyperpolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More negative.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slowly closing</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Return to Resting State</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Returning to -70 mV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In skeletal muscle, dihydropyridine, and ryanodine receptors are coupled by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Chemically", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Electrically", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chemically and then electrically", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mechanically", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Mechanically", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ydtYSyYlakbpNSV6R2gF1745474599.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fOXUgQsjoJ6f6Oo00jpN1746623214.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A neuron receiving 400 inputs from 150 sensory neurons can be best described as?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Divergence", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Convergence", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Feedback inhibition", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Feedforward system", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Convergence", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the underlying mechanism of action for pain reduction by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Central inhibition", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Desensitization", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gate control theory", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Descending inhibition", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Gate control theory", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true about skeletal muscle contraction? 1. Extracellular Ca 2+ is not essential for contraction 2. Ca 2+ is released from mitochondria 3. Ca 2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 4. Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels on sarcolemma have no role in EC coupling", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "2,3,4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 and 3", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1,2,4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1,3,4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1 and 3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/GZnnTMcKG0QgyvuTyGql1746623188.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Sequential events during muscle contraction</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Release of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>An <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> triggers the release of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> ions (Ca²⁺) from the sarcoplasmic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6498ff211692777197ae0981e366\">reticulum</span> into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728bb228361692777185b98c34534b\">cytoplasm</span> of the muscle cell. <strong>(Statement 2 ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Binding of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> ions to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69d29372dc169277720014447abea8\">troponin</span> C</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Calcium ions bind to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69d29372dc169277720014447abea8\">troponin</span> C on the thin filaments, causing a conformational change in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69d29372dc169277720014447abea8\">troponin</span> complex.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cross-bridge formation between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> and actin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The conformational change in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"69d29372dc169277720014447abea8\">troponin</span> complex moves <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fa8b7cefe1692777200094a773135\">tropomyosin</span> away from the myosin-binding sites on actin, allowing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> heads (with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923249383b169277718076e76192c8\">ADP</span> and Pi bound) to attach to the exposed binding sites on actin.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Power stroke, moving the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> head from 90 degrees to 45 degrees</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> head pivots from a 90-degree angle to a 45-degree angle, pulling the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8e023fb81e16927771802d21820404\">actin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f2c2c255f216927772028fa256c9e9\">filament</span> toward the center of the sarcomere. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923249383b169277718076e76192c8\">ADP</span> and Pi are released during this movement.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Detachment of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> head from actin</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A new <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> molecule binds to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> head, causing it to detach from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8e023fb81e16927771802d21820404\">actin</span> filament.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hydrolysis of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923249383b169277718076e76192c8\">ADP</span> and Pi, re-cocking the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> head</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5abb3a7e7f1692777182a8f4c42522\">ATP</span> is hydrolyzed to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923249383b169277718076e76192c8\">ADP</span> and Pi, providing energy to re-cock the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> head back to the 90-degree position, ready for another cycle of contraction.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What mediates the Inverse stretch reflex?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Golgi tendon", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Muscle spindle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Unmyelinated C fibres", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dorsal Column", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Golgi tendon", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reflex arc</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Receptor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Golgi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">Tendon</span> Organs (GTOs).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location of Receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Found at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> of muscles and tendons.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Afferent Fiber</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type Ib <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> fibers.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased tension within the muscle-tendon unit.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Response</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibition of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9268f2e1d16927771814cfef69cf4\">alpha</span> motor neurons leading to muscle relaxation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prevents damage to muscles and tendons from excessive force or tension.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What causes the detachment of myosin from actin filaments?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Attachment of ATP to the myosin head", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cessation of calcium release from the sarcoplasm", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Conformational change in Troponin T", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dissociation of ADP and Pi", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Attachment of ATP to the myosin head", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient came to the hospital after a road traffic accident. He had severe muscle injury, and his serum K + level was found to be 6.5 mEq/L. What will happen to the resting membrane potential in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "No change", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Becomes more negative", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Becomes more positive", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "First becomes more positive then negative", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Becomes more positive", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/QXEvAr8q3w6j0idUDOh21745299737.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/AYTQq11lUCMclvINBFVI1745299747.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Tic0OpiLyz7MjochxBeN1745299754.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Condition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Hyperkalemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Hypokalemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>RMP</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Depolarized (Decreased RMP)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hyperpolarized (Increased RMP)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Explanation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba366417791692777187229d34e597\">extracellular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> reduces the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04136f692516927771888cf07d46a4\">gradient</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> to exit the cell, causing depolarization.</li>\n<li>The resting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> potential becomes less negative than the typical -70 mV. <strong>(Option C) </strong><strong>(Options A &amp; D ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>In hypokalemia, cells lose more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> ions due to leaky channels.</li>\n<li>The loss of positive charge increases the negative charge within the cell, causing hyperpolarization. <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on Neuron Excitability</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3892cfe03616927771872f834cf855\">excitability</span> can lead to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f71e485d131692777199151d1076d2\">spontaneous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c2d898b0b1692777202c5d43d5e78\">firing</span> and even cell death.</li>\n<li>Persistent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dbaf58dd301692777186f2a8d7b3a0\">depolarization</span> inactivates voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> generation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3892cfe03616927771872f834cf855\">excitability</span> occurs as the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> potential is further from the threshold for action potential.</li>\n<li>Hypokalemia also inhibits the Na-K-ATPase pump.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement is accurate about the nerve action potential curve provided?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The threshold point is at A", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "At point E, the nerve is more excitable", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Point C to D is due to the opening of Na + and closure of K + channels", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Point B to D is a refractory period", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Point B to D is a refractory period", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/KeELmE7lhVHM5aVbtyj51745906238.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/KeELmE7lhVHM5aVbtyj51745906238.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Membrane Potential</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Na<sup>+</sup> Channels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>K<sup>+</sup> Channels</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Resting State- Point A </strong><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Polarized (-70 mV)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Depolarization (Rising Phase) </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less negative, towards 0 mV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapidly opening, then inactivating</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slowly opens</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Overshoot (Peak)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Briefly positive (+35 mV)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inactivated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Open</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Repolarization (Falling Phase)- Point C to D </strong><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Returning to negative</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inactivated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Open</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>After-hyperpolarization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>More negative</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slowly closing</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Return to Resting State- Point E </strong><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Returning to -70 mV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Closed</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Arrange the following parts of the sarcomere from the periphery to center. Z line M line A band H zone", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,3,4,2", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "4,2,3,1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "2,3,4,1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "3,1,4,2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1,3,4,2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/I2PkcL9ktXfO0VSBlRxV1745216632.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following ‘A fiber’ subtypes is responsible for motor innervation of the ends of the muscle spindle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alpha", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Beta", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gamma", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Delta", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Gamma", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:785px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"8\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Classification of nerve fibres - Erlanger and Gasser and Lloyd-Hunt </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Fiber Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Erlanger-Gasser Classification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Lloyd-Hunt Classification</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Myelination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Conduction <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">Velocity</span> (m/s)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Diameter (µm)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p><strong>Sensitivity to Blockade</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aα <strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aα</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Ia, Ib</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Myelinated</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Proprioception, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> motor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>70-120</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>12-20</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Pressure - Most susceptible</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aβ <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aβ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Touch, pressure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>30-70</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>5-12</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Pressure - Intermediate.</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aγ <strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aγ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Motor to muscle spindles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>15-30</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>3-6</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aδ <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Aδ</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Pain (fast), temperature (cold)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>12-30</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>2-5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Preganglionic autonomic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>3-15</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>&lt;3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Hypoxia - Most susceptible</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C<br/>\n\t\t\t(Dorsal Root)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>IV</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Unmyelinated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Pain (slow), temperature (warm)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>0.5-2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>0.4-1.2</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Local anesthetics - Most susceptible</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C (Sympathetic)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>Postganglionic sympathetic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>0.7-2.3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<p>0.3-1.3</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the marked ones in sarcomere?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A- Z line B- A band C-I band D-H band", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-Z line B- I band C- A band D- H band", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-M line B-I band C-H band D-I band", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-M line B-I band C- A band D- H band", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. A-Z line B- I band C- A band D- H band", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JQpp1giJJ7Ysh17aQlJ21741774676.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/v2dKzXYwEGxvFEH0T8GM1741774723.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:431px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Z line</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Defines <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4621bd564d16927771984726dbd76c\">sarcomere</span> boundary, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8e023fb81e16927771802d21820404\">actin</span> attachment</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>I band</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Actin-only region, shortens during contraction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>A band</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Myosin-containing region, remains constant</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>H band</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Myosin-only zone in A band, disappears in contraction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following changes occurs during muscle contraction while exercising?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "M length increase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A length decrease", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "I length decrease", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "M length increase and I decrease", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. I length decrease", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JycTELSNfpPgLWRewaIm1741085943.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Sequence the events in neuromuscular action potential conduction: Sodium channels open in the end plate Calcium enters at the nerve end plate Release of acetylcholine", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 → 2 → 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 → 3 → 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "3 → 2 → 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2 → 3 → 1", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 2 → 3 → 1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - 2 → 3 →\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A man presents to the hospital with complaints of drooping eyelids (ptosis) and increasing eye irritation. He notes that his symptoms worsen as the day goes on, particularly during outdoor activities. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lambert-Eaton syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Myasthenia gravis", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Botulism toxicity", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tetanus toxicity", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Myasthenia gravis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:664px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Myasthenia Gravis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06e07ce7821692777182e8ffd9676f\">autoantibody</span> target</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acetylcholine receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Voltage-gated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> channels</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced <strong>postsynaptic </strong>acetylcholine receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased <strong>presynaptic </strong>acetylcholine release</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fatigue pattern</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Worsens with activity</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Improves with brief exercise.</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reflexes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal or mildly reduced</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced or absent may improve after exercise.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Repetitive nerve stimulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decremental response.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Incremental response.</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Response to edrophonium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Improves symptoms.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Little to no improvement.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Voltage-gated calcium channel present on T-tubule is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "SERCA pump", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Troponin-myosin complex", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dihydropyridine receptor", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ryanodine receptor", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Dihydropyridine receptor", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/q4LCe5TQ1C1uAj37pGZc1747662386.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/FtZZLBDxirpbrBTRyoFs1747662405.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "How does the muscle spindle detect muscle length during muscle contraction?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Stretch receptor on the tendon", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stretch receptor in the muscle belly", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Golgi tendon organ", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mechanoreceptor in the joint capsule", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Stretch receptor in the muscle belly", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following components is absent in smooth muscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Actin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Myosin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tropomyosin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Troponin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Troponin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Smooth muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Skeletal muscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Spindle-shaped, single <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6f7ad44aa1692777193665a7f5d9a\">nucleated</span> cells.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Multiple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6f7ad44aa1692777193665a7f5d9a\">nucleated</span> cells.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Neuromuscular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> is not present.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8b19cd5e161692777193ad958e52e0\">neuromuscular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> is present.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Caveolae is present.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>T-tubule is present.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Predominantly, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> channels are present.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Predominantly, sodium channels are present.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Actin</strong> and<strong> myosin</strong> are present but not properly organised. <strong>(Options A and B)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Tropomyosin</strong> is present and plays a role in regulating the interaction between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8e023fb81e16927771802d21820404\">actin</span> and myosin.<strong> (Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Actin and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99c8e09d6f1692777193d7716ab6eb\">myosin</span> are properly organised.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A dense body is present.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The Z- line is present.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Calmodulin is present, and Titin is absent.</li>\n<li><strong>Troponin is absent</strong></li>\n</ul>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Troponin and Titin are present.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which protein does calcium bind to during smooth muscle contraction?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calmodulin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Troponin C", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Topoisomerase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Actin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Calmodulin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/drX5A3imK1fdwQ6atvHr1747377806.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The diagram displays nerve cell physiology. The event marked by 3 to 4 is due to _______ ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Na+ entering the cell", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Na+ exiting the cell", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "K+ exiting the cell", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "K+ entering the cell", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. K+ exiting the cell", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/59pD3EErbusN1jAnK1Co1746168801.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/oixNt1iXqRBYVBgwuvCC1746168861.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Assertion: RMP depends on proteins and phosphate ions. Reason: Diffusion potential can be calculated using Nernst equation. Choose the best statement regarding the assertion and reason.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Both true, Reason is not the explanation of assertion", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Assertion true", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both true, Reason is the explanation of assertion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Reason true", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Both true, Reason is not the explanation of assertion", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xirKGkewQ98u6Esg0ecc1745214458.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The resting membrane potential of nerve fiber is close to the isoelectric potential of:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Potassium ions", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sodium ions", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chloride ions", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Magnesium ions", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Chloride ions", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Ch\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following options has the slowest conduction velocity ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Postganglionic sympathetic fibers", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Somatic motor fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Preganglionic autonomic fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Touch and pressure fibers", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Postganglionic sympathetic fibers", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28ec2061691692777196c06b1c0fd4\"&gt;Postganglionic&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\"&gt;sympathetic&lt;/span&g\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Myelination</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Fiber type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Numerical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dda6ab11271692777184264b752d39\">classification</span> (By Lloyd and Hunt)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Conduction <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12c4510e191692777201c23ec126a3\">velocity</span> (m/sec)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Diameter (µm)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Myelinated</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n<p> </p>\n<p>A</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alpha</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ia</p>\n<p>Ib</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proprioception and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3db910d8571692777198303e3bcb27\">somatic</span> motor</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>70-120</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>12-20</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Beta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Touch and pressure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>30-70</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5-12</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gamma</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Efferent t o muscle spindle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>15-30</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Delta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>III</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pain (fast) and temperature (cold)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>12-30</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2-5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Myelinated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Preganglionic autonomic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3-12</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Unmyelinated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>IV</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pain (flow) and temperature (warm) and postganglionic</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.5-2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.5-2</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a calcium-binding protein?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calbindin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Calmodulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Troponin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Clathrin", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Clathrin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Clath\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the term used to describe the consistent amplitude of action potential when the stimulus is delivered at an intensity above the threshold ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "All or none law", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Local potential", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Absolute refractory period", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Relative refractory period", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. All or none law", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b5c051aedf16927771818e206f4417\"&gt;All or none&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which mechanism is responsible for the detachment of the myosin head from actin ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Binding of ATP", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Entry of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Change in troponin C configuration", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Release of ADP and Pi", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Binding of ATP", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/C1u5g1ni05DJW9oh50Iw1718343854.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Binding of ATP\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary function of acetylcholine in the nervous system?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inducing muscle contraction", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inhibiting neurotransmission", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Promoting bone growth", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Regulating blood sugar levels", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Inducing muscle contraction", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct option A - Inducing mu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the ions A and B based on the conductance graph of a neuron shown below :", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Na + , K +", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "K + , Na +", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Na + , Ca ++", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ca ++ , Na +", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Na + , K +", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/02Xk8FVFNGVixRGMchmL1691490616.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xESQMGKmI44gefnpcvtJ1718343565.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - N\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a feature of an electrical synapse ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pre and postsynaptic neurons are connected through gap junctions", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The direction of impulse is unidirectional", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Connexons are involved in electrical synapse", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The direction of impulse in bidirectional", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The direction of impulse is unidirectional", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/eaDgeXEaGXrT94qXJ9z81716554383.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Oi3GZlDEgKmVZpLBVnyA1716554391.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - The direction of impulse is unidirectional:</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Electrical Synapse</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Chemical Synapse</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Illustration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><img src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/eaDgeXEaGXrT94qXJ9z81716554383.png\" style=\"height:351px; width:500px\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><img src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/Oi3GZlDEgKmVZpLBVnyA1716554391.png\" style=\"height:376px; width:500px\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Occurrence</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rare</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Recreate this image</li>\n<li>Mostly present in the CNS</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Presynaptic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17d10546871692777193f302d45980\">neuron</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"978bd0e89f1692777196add72e1254\">postsynaptic</span> neuron</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Presynaptic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17d10546871692777193f302d45980\">neuron</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"978bd0e89f1692777196add72e1254\">postsynaptic</span> neuron</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Synaptic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7aa38569251692777184021705e8de\">Cleft</span> Width</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Narrow (2-4 nm, average 4 nm)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Wide (20-40 nm)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pre-synaptic Terminals</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No neurotransmitter-containing vesicles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Contains neurotransmitter-containing vesicles</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Channels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gap junctions between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e91c7a22e71692777196ef9e02b8c0\">presynaptic</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"978bd0e89f1692777196add72e1254\">postsynaptic</span> neuron</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>No gap junctions</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Synaptic Transmission</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Action potential (Na<sup>+</sup>) from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e91c7a22e71692777196ef9e02b8c0\">presynaptic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> can easily pass through the gap junctions to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"978bd0e89f1692777196add72e1254\">postsynaptic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> without any <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">synaptic</span> delay.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Release of neurotransmitters from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e91c7a22e71692777196ef9e02b8c0\">presynaptic</span> neuron; the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e28fd027b416927771932bc23ba0a5\">neurotransmitter</span> gets attached to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> on the post-synaptic membrane.</li>\n<li>This will lead to the release of either Ca<sup>++</sup> or Na<sup>+</sup> ions, leading to the generation of an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> in the post-synaptic neuron.</li>\n<li>There will be an average <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">synaptic</span> delay of 0.5 milliseconds (0.3 to 5 milliseconds) due to multiple steps at the level of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">synaptic</span> transmission.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transmission Direction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bidirectional</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Unidirectional (from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e91c7a22e71692777196ef9e02b8c0\">presynaptic</span> to postsynaptic)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mainly found in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">Inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"faa9349bf41692777194f3ea36ab45\">Olivary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> (ION), Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Distributed throughout the CNS</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Integrin connects with:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cadherin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dynein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Fibronectin", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Selectin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Fibronectin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - F\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary source of energy used by skeletal muscles to replenish ATP during a 100-meter dash ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Phosphocreatine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Aerobic glycolysis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Oxidation of Fatty acids", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Oxidation of triglycerides", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Phosphocreatine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Phosph\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 43 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 51 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "What are the consequences of experimental muscle spindle sectioning in frogs?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Voluntary Axn &amp;amp; stretch reflex present", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Voluntary Axn lost but stretch reflex present", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both are lost", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Voluntary Axn present, stretch reflex is lost.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Both are lost", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/obxGxhwE540tta1EJbO71687166776.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which cells are impacted in multiple sclerosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Microglia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Oligodendrocytes", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Astrocytes", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ependymal cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Oligodendrocytes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which functional area is most likely to be impacted by the vascular injury to the inferior frontal gyrus in this female patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Motor speech area", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Wernicke's area", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Auditory area", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Visual area", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Motor speech area", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Py8drqBgAYLPoqCR13901745217390.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:642px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Brodmann’s numbers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 1, 2, 3</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">Somatosensory</span> Cortex</strong></li>\n<li>Processes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff110f2cb71692777200a3483aa670\">tactile</span> information from the body.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Postcentral gyrus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Primary Motor Cortex</strong></li>\n<li>Controls voluntary movements via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a218fdbabf1692777185a2d48a9e1c\">corticospinal</span> and cortico-nuclear tracts.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Precentral gyrus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 8 </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Prefrontal Cortex</strong></li>\n<li>Involved in planning and decision-making.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> part of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> lobe.</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 17 </strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Primary Visual <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">Cortex</span> (V1)</strong></li>\n<li>Processes visual information from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00b4dbe9e4169277718881a95f7864\">geniculate</span> nucleus. <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occipital <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> (calcarine sulcus, cuneus, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7c3ba6f1c1692777191e58e8571b0\">lingual</span> gyrus).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 22</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Language comprehension (<strong>Wernicke’s area</strong>) <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> gyrus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 41</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> (Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> gyrus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 42</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Secondary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> cortex</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adjacent to BA 41</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BA 44 and 45</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Broca’s area </strong></li>\n<li>Speech production. (Motor speech)<strong> (Option A )</strong></li>\n<li>BA 44 (Opercular part): <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6a39c0ac2416927771992990d1db39\">Syntactic</span> processing (grammar).</li>\n<li>BA 45 (Triangular part): <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c63481bec169277719894cba92261\">Semantic</span> processing (meaning).</li>\n<li>Left BA 44 is typically larger, reflecting language dominance.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inferior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"231fafb8e116927771888a0efe57f1\">gyrus</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> lobe.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Where is the location of the lesion in Wernicke's hemianopic pupil?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Optic nerve", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Optic tract", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Optic radiation", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Optic chiasma", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Optic tract", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yzlg3KBGcBkeyWrPrN7W1746515896.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dYiz6vpXw8nn3hmLDVpD1746515906.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lesion Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Visual Field Defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pupillary Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Congruity</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Optic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1a1307223f16927772017a994bfc39\">Tract</span> (Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Homonymous hemianopia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>RAPD</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Incongruous (defect may not match)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00b4dbe9e4169277718881a95f7864\">Geniculate</span> Body (LGB)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Homonymous hemianopia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Normal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Incongruous (less congruous)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Optic Radiation</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Inferior or superior <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0600a6b52316927771899e12e7ec86\">homonymous</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e0b79d0fde16927771965173ff3031\">quadrantanopia</span> or hemianopia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Normal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Incongruous</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Visual Cortex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Homonymous hemianopia, often with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ebad8eb48c1692777191b5de5d04a1\">macular</span> sparing</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Normal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Congruous</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(more consistent)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Visual <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3aa5abc2fa169277719488e088076d\">Pathway</span> Lesions and Defects</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Site of Lesion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Fibers Affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Field Defect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Optic Nerve (Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ipsilateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">Temporal</span> + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">Nasal</span> Fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"313\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/yzlg3KBGcBkeyWrPrN7W1746515896.png\" width=\"313\"/></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Anopia</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Optic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e2cc97dc331692777184dee1ae5678\">Chiasma</span> (Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bilateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31c5d0e75f16927771938d8e2daa4c\">Nasal</span> Fibers</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"308\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/dYiz6vpXw8nn3hmLDVpD1746515906.png\" width=\"313\"/></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Bitemporal Hemianopia</strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>(Heteronymous Hemianopia)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which fibre is responsible for High-frequency vibration, pressure sensation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pacinian corpuscles", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Free nerve endings", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Meissner corpuscles", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Merkel discs", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Pacinian corpuscles", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zyNLewT5K8480CKPMW6J1746516190.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Rapidly Adapting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff110f2cb71692777200a3483aa670\">Tactile</span> Receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Structure </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Location </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pacinian Corpuscle</strong><br/>\n<strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Encapsulated nerve ending</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Detect tissue <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"316ac15070169277720221407d1017\">vibration</span> or other rapid changes in the mechanical state of tissues</strong></li>\n<li>Stimulated by rapid local <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">compression</span> of the tissue</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Immediately beneath the skin and deep in the fascial tissues of the body</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Meissner Corpuscle<br/>\n\t\t\t(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elongated, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e26ba9a1d41692777187d0ad03a8c1\">encapsulated</span> nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ae760ae1b169277718794068316b8\">ending</span> of a large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd79d3db911692777193c60304ef85\">myelinated</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> nerve fiber</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sensitive to movement of objects over the skin and low-frequency vibrations</li>\n<li>crucial for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6495ef882b169277719896942b51c3\">spatial</span> location discernment of touch sensations</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nonhairy skin, particularly abundant in fingertips and lips.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Merkel’s Disc (Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Disc-shaped expansion made up of Merkel cells and Aβ-afferent nerve endings</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Detect continuous touch and pressure,</li>\n<li>Transmit strong initial signal and weaker sustained signal,</li>\n<li>Localize touch sensations (Two point discrimination),</li>\n<li>Determine texture</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Underneath the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53782f88d31692777187177cb73b24\">epithelium</span> of the skin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Free Nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ae760ae1b169277718794068316b8\">Ending</span> (Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Unencapsulated nerve endings</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detect touch and pressure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Found everywhere in skin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old male presents with progressive weakness and spasticity in his right leg. He also notices increased muscle tone, hyperreflexia, and a positive Babinski sign on the same side. His left leg and upper limbs appear unaffected. MRI of the brain reveals a lesion involving the left motor cortex. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Parkinson's disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Multiple sclerosis (MS)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Right-sided upper motor neuron lesion", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Right-sided upper motor neuron lesion", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which molecular motor protein results in spread of the rabies virus from the site of inoculation to the central nervous system?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Kinesin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dynein", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Actin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Myosin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Dynein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the mediator of fast vibration sense?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Merkel’s disc", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Meissner’s corpuscles", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pacinian corpuscles", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ruffini’s end organ", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pacinian corpuscles", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/5AWi2RNU95pW7zp1Urve1748155728.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1Nf4njMiHlhZLxXYU13G1748155736.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/L80fW6iCwXDfVaTxFlM41748155747.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KzhKFrdLjRdgf7QiWTVb1748155754.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/lvika7d3quwHFGX2GMP11748155762.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JGtlro8AMxrDP01QFXeM1748155768.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:626px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rapidly Adapting Tactile Receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Adaptation </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pacinian Corpuscle</strong><br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Encapsulated nerve ending</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Detect tissue <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"316ac15070169277720221407d1017\">vibration</span> or other rapid changes in the mechanical state of tissues</li>\n<li>Stimulated by rapid local <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">compression</span> of the tissue</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Immediately beneath the skin and deep in the fascial tissues of the body</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adapts in a few hundredths of a second</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Meissner Corpuscle</strong><br/>\n\t\t\t </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elongated, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e26ba9a1d41692777187d0ad03a8c1\">encapsulated</span> nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ae760ae1b169277718794068316b8\">ending</span> of a large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd79d3db911692777193c60304ef85\">myelinated</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> nerve fiber</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sensitive to movement of objects over the skin and low-frequency vibrations</li>\n<li>crucial for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6495ef882b169277719896942b51c3\">spatial</span> location discernment of touch sensations</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nonhairy skin, particularly abundant in fingertips and lips.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adapts in a fraction of a second</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hair End </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve fiber entwined at the base of each hair</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detects :</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Movement of objects on the body surface or</li>\n<li>Initial contact with the body</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hairy skin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adapts readily</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/L80fW6iCwXDfVaTxFlM41748155747.png\" width=\"3724\"/></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/KzhKFrdLjRdgf7QiWTVb1748155754.png\" width=\"3754\"/></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/lvika7d3quwHFGX2GMP11748155762.png\" width=\"3785\"/></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/JGtlro8AMxrDP01QFXeM1748155768.png\" width=\"3716\"/></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Discriminatory touch, Stroking</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Texture, Edges, Braille</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pressure, Vibration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sustained pressure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapidly adapting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slowly adapting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapidly adapting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slowly adapting</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Center controlling vomiting?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Apneustic center", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pneumotaxic centre", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Area Postrema", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pre Botzinger complex", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Area Postrema", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presented to the ER with a history of a road traffic accident. On examination his vitals were stable, but he could not speak. He had normal handwriting skills, and could understand what was being asked of him to which he responded by nodding. Where could be the lesion for this clinical condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Broca’s area", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Wernicke’s area", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Primary motor cortex", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Occlusion of left internal carotid artery", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Broca’s area", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/yxQQnMDcWWStsV1IQbVz1748156083.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:532px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Brodmann Area</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>1, 2, 3</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> cortex; processes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff110f2cb71692777200a3483aa670\">tactile</span> information.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primary motor cortex; controls voluntary movements.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>5, 7</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Somatosensory association areas; integrate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> input.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>6</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Premotor/supplementary motor areas; plan movements.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>17</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primary visual cortex; processes visual data.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>18, 19</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Visual association areas; advanced visual processing.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>22</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Wernicke's area; facilitates language comprehension.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>44, 45</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Broca's area; involved in speech production.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Choose the correct options from the given statements of the enteric nervous system? 1. Vagus is the only afferent from gut 2. Functions independent of brain and SC 3. Myenteric plexus in the lamina propria 4. Exclusively under the influence of nerves 5. Parasympathetic connects enteric to CNS", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,2,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1,4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tYSAW5sR4xvJOXk8h9L31741774469.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Component</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Myenteric Plexus</strong> (Auerbach)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Controls <strong>motility and peristalsis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between muscle layers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Submucosal Plexus</strong> (Meissner)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regulates <strong>secretion and blood flow</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>In submucosa</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Autonomy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Functions independently but modulated by CNS</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Entire gut wall</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the term used to describe the opposition to passive stretching?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Spasticity", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Rigidity", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Paratonia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Spasticity", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Spasticity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Rigidity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Paratonia</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Refers to the tension or resistance in a muscle at rest.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Increased muscle tone characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c72d29ec4116927771942153c0d252\">passive</span> movement.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Increased resistance to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c72d29ec4116927771942153c0d252\">passive</span> movement independent of velocity.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Impaired ability to modulate muscle tone, leading to variable resistance to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c72d29ec4116927771942153c0d252\">passive</span> movement.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Underlying Causes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Can be influenced by factors such as muscle strength, neurological conditions, and psychological factors.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Commonly associated with upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e1987f81169277719209260ba0f1\">motor neuron</span> lesions, such as stroke, cerebral palsy, or multiple sclerosis.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Often seen in conditions like Parkinson's disease, where there is a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3662597407169277718640a12868f5\">dysfunction</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> ganglia.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Typically observed in individuals with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"35aa36279d16927772031c7ce8d6e5\">frontal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3662597407169277718640a12868f5\">dysfunction</span> or certain neurological conditions.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Can be increased (hypertonic) or decreased (hypotonic) depending on the condition.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone, meaning the resistance to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c72d29ec4116927771942153c0d252\">passive</span> movement increases with higher speed or sudden stretching.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Characterized by a constant, uniform increase in muscle tone regardless of the speed or force applied during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c72d29ec4116927771942153c0d252\">passive</span> movement.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Characterized by variable resistance to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c72d29ec4116927771942153c0d252\">passive</span> movement, fluctuating between increased and decreased muscle tone.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Associated Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Can be accompanied by weakness, stiffness, or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"458e050fdc16927771809854c9fd53\">abnormal</span> postures.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>May include muscle spasms, exaggerated reflexes, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d3cc5b04f16927771848eaf4788a0\">clonus</span> (rhythmic contractions), and associated functional impairments.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Often associated with a \"cogwheel\" or \"lead-pipe\" rigidity, where movements are jerky or exhibit a ratcheting sensation.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Associated with an inability to relax or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8459151fee1692777197d1ac765aa0\">resistive</span> behavior during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c72d29ec4116927771942153c0d252\">passive</span> movement testing.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Management</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Treatment may focus on addressing underlying causes, physical therapy, stretching exercises, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5bc49d94df16927771975eae86de9f\">relaxation</span> techniques.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Treatment approaches may include physical therapy, medications (such as muscle relaxants or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3cb8b8422c16927771836b57b4c79e\">botulinum toxin</span> injections), and modalities like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4f5917b20816927771990a45367450\">splinting</span> or orthotics.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Management strategies may involve medications <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4865847fa169277720044d7b530b0\">targeting</span> the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> ganglia, deep brain stimulation, and physical therapy.</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Management includes promoting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5bc49d94df16927771975eae86de9f\">relaxation</span> techniques, using clear and simple instructions, and modifying the environment to minimize resistance during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c72d29ec4116927771942153c0d252\">passive</span> movement.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the connecting structure between Broca's area and Wernicke's area?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Arcuate fasciculus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anterior commissure", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Corpus callosum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fornix", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Arcuate fasciculus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Brain Area</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Interconnections</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>Broca's Area</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>Involved in speech production and language processing</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>- Connected to Wernicke's area via the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"734bdc6ddd1692777182e15cb76ca5\">arcuate</span> fasciculus</p>\n<p>- Interconnects with motor <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> and other regions involved in speech</p>\n<p>- Receives input from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> and visual association areas</p>\n</td>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>Wernicke's Area</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>Involved in language comprehension and interpretation</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>- Connected to Broca's area via the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"734bdc6ddd1692777182e15cb76ca5\">arcuate</span> fasciculus</p>\n<p>- Interconnects with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> and visual association areas</p>\n<p>- Receives input from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"777420204116927771812106969c5e\">angular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"231fafb8e116927771888a0efe57f1\">gyrus</span> and other language-related areas</p>\n</td>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>Angular Gyrus</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>Involved in language processing and reading</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>- Connected to Wernicke's area and visual association areas</p>\n<p>- Interconnects with Broca's area and other language-related regions</p>\n<p>- Receives input from the visual <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> and other language-related areas</p>\n</td>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>Primary Auditory</p>\n<p>Cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>Processes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> information</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>- Connected to Wernicke's area and other language-related regions</p>\n<p>- Interconnects with Broca's area and other language-related regions</p>\n<p>- Receives input from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> system</p>\n</td>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>Visual Association</p>\n<p>Cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>Processes visual information</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">\n<p>- Connected to Wernicke's area, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"777420204116927771812106969c5e\">angular</span> gyrus, and other language areas</p>\n<p>- Interconnects with Broca's area and other language-related regions</p>\n<p>- Receives input from the visual system</p>\n</td>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td> </td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Reward centre in the brain is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Amygdala", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hippocampus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ventral tegmental area", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Ventral tegmental area", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Brain Center</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Respective Area(s)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Motor Cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Frontal lobe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Sensory Cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Parietal lobe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Visual Cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Occipital lobe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Auditory Cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Temporal lobe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Broca's Area</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Frontal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> (typically in the left hemisphere)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Wernicke's Area</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Temporal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d7dd6ae43c1692777191cf75c0bd58\">lobe</span> (typically in the left hemisphere)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Prefrontal Cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Frontal lobe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Somatosensory Cortex</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Parietal lobe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Hippocampus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"637ea4d17516927772003be2b2aae4\">temporal</span> lobe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Amygdala</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Temporal lobe</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What mediates Inverse stretch reflex?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Golgi tendon", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Muscle spindle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Unmyelinated C fibres", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dorsal Column", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Golgi tendon", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type of Stretch Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mediator</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Monosynaptic</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Muscle <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc5f7fef0e169277719952d19a4532\">spindle</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> neuron</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Polysynaptic</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Muscle spindle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> neuron, and interneuron</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Reciprocal Inhibition</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Muscle spindle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> neuron, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> interneuron</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Golgi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">Tendon</span> Reflex</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Golgi <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> organ and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> neuron</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Flexor Withdrawal Reflex</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Cutaneous receptors, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> neuron, and interneurons</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What specific region of the thalamus is associated with the regulation of motor control?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ventrolateral thalamus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ventral posteromedial", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ventral posterolateral", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior and inferior colliculi", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ventrolateral thalamus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Thalamic Nucleus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b858004a11692777196bac353c12b\">Posterolateral</span> (VPL)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Relays <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> information from the body to the primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> cortex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b1b0b6b9c716927771966dfdac754d\">Posteromedial</span> (VPM)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Relays <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> information from the face to the primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> cortex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00b4dbe9e4169277718881a95f7864\">Geniculate</span> (LGN)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Relays visual information from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">optic</span> tracts to the primary visual cortex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00b4dbe9e4169277718881a95f7864\">Geniculate</span> (MGN)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Relays <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> information from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bbc05a9c216927771844ff032232d\">colliculus</span> to the primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> cortex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> (VA)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Contributes to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"098b60fa37169277719232147d5fb7\">motor control</span> by receiving input from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> ganglia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> (VL)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Contributes to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"098b60fa37169277719232147d5fb7\">motor control</span> by receiving input from the cerebellum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Anterior (AN)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Involved in memory, emotion, and regulation of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fae243395d16927771917dbd1992e9\">limbic</span> system</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Intralaminar Nuclei</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Involved in arousal, attention, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c0c4e41b31692777192be0fbfce62\">modulation</span> of pain perception</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the term used to describe increased pain in response to a minor stimulus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypersensitivity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Causalgia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hyperalgesia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Allodynia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hyperalgesia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Stimulus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Mechanical stimulus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Physical pressure or trauma to tissues or organs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Thermal stimulus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Heat or cold applied to the body</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Chemical stimulus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Exposure to irritants or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"16a98a214c16927771852d7f6c344e\">corrosive</span> substances</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Electrical stimulus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Electric shocks or currents</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Inflammatory stimulus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Inflammation of tissues or organs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Ischemic stimulus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Lack of blood supply to tissues or organs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Nociceptive stimulus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Activation of specialized pain receptors (nociceptors) by harmful or potentially damaging stimuli</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Neuropathic stimulus</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Damage or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3662597407169277718640a12868f5\">dysfunction</span> of the nervous system, resulting in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"458e050fdc16927771809854c9fd53\">abnormal</span> pain perception</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The function of the Golgi tendon organ is to ___________", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sense changes in muscle direction", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sense changes in muscle tension", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sense changes in position of the muscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sense changes in length of the muscl", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Sense changes in muscle tension", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Sense Changes in Muscle T\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Where do the afferent fibers from baroreceptors, responsible for blood pressure regulation, go to?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Nucleus ambiguous", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Rostral-ventro lateral medulla", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Nucleus Tractus Solitariu", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Caudal ventrolateral medulla", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Nucleus Tractus Solitariu", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Maximum area in homunculus signifies", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Low control and skilled movements", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "More muscle fibers are present", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased preciseness of movements", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increased preciseness of movements", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C.\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Mechanical nociceptors and its response to a probe with blunt object, pinprick and toothed forceps with serrations is recorded as an output of a force transducer coupled to the stimulator. What could be inferred from this?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "There are no responses from the nociceptors when stimulated by blunt forceps", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pinching with toothed forceps cause stimulation of mechanonociceptors but no pain", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pricking with a needle does not stimulate nociceptors", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sharp pain sensation is carried by C fibres", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. There are no responses from the nociceptors when stimulated by blunt forceps", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/QnNLvR6Fg20nZAdb2VVp1741774152.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:550px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Fiber Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Speed</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Example</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aδ fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sharp, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8fb8df140b1692777191702bbc9358\">localized</span> pain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fast (myelinated)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Needle prick, pinching</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C fibers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dull, burning pain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slow (unmyelinated)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Persistent pain, heat</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Spinal nucleus of trigeminal is associated with which sensation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vibration", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Conscious proprioception", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pain", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Two point discrimination", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pain", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C – P\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following are typically associated with Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) lesions? Select all that apply. Atrophy Fasciculations DTR increased Rigidity", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 and 2", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "2 and 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1, 2 and 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2, 3 and 4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1 and 2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n<table align=\"left\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e1987f81169277719209260ba0f1\">motor neuron</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d5e7bb15851692777191b39417c26a\">lesion</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e1987f81169277719209260ba0f1\">motor neuron</span> lesion</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Atrophy</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None (disused atrophy)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Severe (loss of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ae7ad52281692777200ef75a10716\">trophic</span> factor)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fasciculation / Fibrillation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>None</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tone </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypertonia (spasticity &amp; rigidity)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypotonia (Decreased)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stretch <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20f478f55f1692777197e351415f8f\">reflex</span> (Deep <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"606c2acae5169277720052151cb04c\">tendon</span> reflex)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hyperactive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypoactive or, absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Muscle group affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regional</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Segmental / distal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Babinski sign</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Positive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In response to increased blood pressure which of the following is released at the level SA node?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Epinephrine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "NE", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dopamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ach", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Ach", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/AWBuPEnvrzRTQrZyVhy11717760835.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D – Ach\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40-year-old patient presented to the hospital with a complaint of chronic headache. Upon further investigation, a tumor was identified in the hypothalamus region, which was exerting pressure on the supraoptic nucleus. This structural alteration was found to be affecting hormonal regulation. Which hormone imbalance is most likely associated with this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ACTH", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "GH", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ADH", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "TSH", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. ADH", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old man presents with a peculiar speech. On further evaluation, a defect in the Wernicke's area of his brain is identified. Which of the following condition is associated with the given defect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "He can make the decision what he speaks", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Senseless continuous speaking", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "He is able to understand words and speak properly", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "He is understanding language but unable to speak", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Senseless continuous speaking", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Senseless continuous speaking\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Caffeine impairs with sleep by which of the following:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Blocks adenosine action and wakefulness", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Activate locus coeruleus and wakefulness", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "No role in maintaining wakefulness", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Activates histamine release and prevent sleep.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Blocks adenosine action and wakefulness", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/BNMcstxtVIi3dRyAWB751724909318.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient is experiencing phantom limb pain after amputation of right limb .What is observed on a PET scan in a patient with phantom limb pain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Expansion of right somatosensory fibers for the hand into neighboring areas", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Neighboring fibers of the right somatosensory area extending into the right-hand area", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Expansion of right sensory cortex", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Expansion of Left sensory cortex", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Neighboring fibers of the right somatosensory area extending into the right-hand area", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Neighboring fibers of the right &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\"&gt;somatosensory&lt;/span&gt; area extending into the right-h\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which receptor contributes to static 2 point discrimination?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Merkel cell", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Meissner corpuscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pacinian corpuscle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of them", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Merkel cell", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/g50jriLb6joHulX0Bfjq1741774637.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Receptor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Adaptation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Merkel cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slow-adapting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Static touch, two-point discrimination</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fingertips, lips, hair follicles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Meissner corpuscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid-adapting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Light touch, dynamic touch</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fingertips, palms, soles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pacinian corpuscles</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapid-adapting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vibration, deep pressure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep dermis, joints, ligaments</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A man was brought to the emergency after suddenly becoming unconscious while working in the field. On examination, his temperature was 105 degrees fahrenheit and his skin turgor was decreased. Which of the following would not be seen in the patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tachypnea", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypotension", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sweating", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Red hot skin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Sweating", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>System</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Key Changes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thermoregulatory</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hyperthermia (&gt;40°C), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e84a7987c16927771931012aced83\">necrosis</span> at extreme temperatures</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurological</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Confusion, agitation, seizures, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e39842f67b1692777184171cd1852a\">coma</span> (cerebral hypoperfusion, inflammation)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cardiovascular</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tachycardia, hypotension, distributive shock (vasodilation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> leakage)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Metabolic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acidosis (anaerobic metabolism), <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e0552462e16927771871413861fb7\">electrolyte</span> imbalances (hyperkalemia, hyponatremia)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Renal</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>AKI (rhabdomyolysis, dehydration, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> necrosis)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Respiratory</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tachypnea, Kussmaul breathing (severe acidosis)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hematological</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Endothelial damage, microthrombosis, DIC</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What causes the stimulation of the Pacinian corpuscle?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pain", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cold Temperature", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hot temperature", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pressure", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Pressure", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/rQaXNFqLMvdxNLfEA8Wq1745559521.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Bw2zxmRDVNA96gUrDp541745559533.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/FCNvdJdqLSeHlGZ0c2cl1747034406.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/iYurjcyEM80yJifUGQ0d1747034426.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/cwch9FpDT40Hx8tc4yYt1747034449.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/mMUbAjIwCYWaz0rRFC7g1747034473.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Rapidly Adapting Tactile Receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Structure </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Location </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Adaptation </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pacinian Corpuscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Encapsulated nerve ending</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Detect tissue <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"316ac15070169277720221407d1017\">vibration</span> or other rapid changes in the mechanical state of tissues</li>\n<li>Stimulated by rapid local <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56af81fad316927771843d2b4b1e4f\">compression</span> of the tissue</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Immediately beneath the skin and deep in the fascial tissues of the body</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adapts in a few hundredths of a second</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Meissner Corpuscle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elongated, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e26ba9a1d41692777187d0ad03a8c1\">encapsulated</span> nerve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7ae760ae1b169277718794068316b8\">ending</span> of a large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd79d3db911692777193c60304ef85\">myelinated</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> nerve fiber</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sensitive to movement of objects over the skin and low-frequency vibrations</li>\n<li>crucial for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6495ef882b169277719896942b51c3\">spatial</span> location discernment of touch sensations</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nonhairy skin, particularly abundant in fingertips and lips.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adapts in a fraction of a second</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hair End </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nerve fiber entwined at the base of each hair</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detects :</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Movement of objects on the body surface or</li>\n<li>Initial contact with the body</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hairy skin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Adapts readily</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img alt=\"Meissner's Corpuscles\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"12476\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"May2025\" height=\"336\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/notes/FCNvdJdqLSeHlGZ0c2cl1747034406.png\" width=\"300\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img alt=\"Merkel disc\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"12478\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"May2025\" height=\"333\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/notes/iYurjcyEM80yJifUGQ0d1747034426.png\" width=\"300\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img alt=\"Pacinian Corpuscles\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"12480\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"May2025\" height=\"330\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/notes/cwch9FpDT40Hx8tc4yYt1747034449.png\" width=\"300\"/></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img alt=\"Ruffini's Ending\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"12482\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"May2025\" height=\"336\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/notes/mMUbAjIwCYWaz0rRFC7g1747034473.png\" width=\"300\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Superficial</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deep</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Discriminatory touch, Stroking</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Texture, Edges, Braille</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pressure, Vibration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sustained pressure</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapidly adapting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slowly adapting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapidly adapting</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slowly adapting</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What findings would be observed in a patient who has suffered a cervical spine injury due to a road traffic accident, whereby the fracture fragment has penetrated the lateral aspect of the dorsal column tract?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Absence of ipsilateral lower limb proprioception", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Absence of fine motor movement of fingers", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Absence of ipsilateral arm proprioception", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Absence of contralateral lower limb proprioception", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Absence of ipsilateral arm proprioception", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ARIChZg0lIqp3C6yiaO81745300041.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Sensory Modalities</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Touch: Provides precise <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e485bb67f81692777191dfee6366cc\">localization</span> and fine gradations of intensity.</li>\n<li>Vibration: Detects rapid changes in stimulus through phasic sensations.</li>\n<li>Proprioception: Contributes to the sense of body position and movement.</li>\n<li>Pressure: Allows for the perception of fine degrees of pressure intensity.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Sensory receptors → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">Spinal</span> cord (dorsal roots) → Brain (somatosensory cortex)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>First-order neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Originate in mechanoreceptors, and enter <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> roots</li>\n<li>Pseudo-unipolar neurons with cell bodies in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> root ganglion</li>\n<li>Split into <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db46007ad21692777192dcc160a2e2\">medial</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> branches:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Medial branch: Travels up <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> column to brain</li>\n<li>Lateral branch: Synapses in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> horn, forming local reflexes, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b023a99c41692777199f0afcc23f6\">spinocerebellar</span> tracts</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Fibers from lower thoracic, sacral, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"683192f6b21692777191ae16feee76\">lumbar</span> regions (T7-T12, L, S) ascend to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> without synapsing, forming the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f06ed0fab169277720273078a8258\">fasciculus</span> gracilis</li>\n<li>Fibers from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> and upper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> regions (C, T1-T6) ascend to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> without synapsing, forming the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6f06ed0fab169277720273078a8258\">fasciculus</span> cuneatus <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Second-order neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Synapse in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> (cuneate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> for upper body, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"776c5be31e1692777188c8916fba20\">gracile</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> for lower body)</li>\n<li>Cross to opposite <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2fd6b3cdf516927771836603ca8c63\">brain stem</span> side, travel to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c5f024f21169277720046ac004a34\">thalamus</span> (medial lemniscus)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Third-order neurons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Synapse in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c5f024f21169277720046ac004a34\">thalamus</span> (ventrobasal complex)</li>\n<li>Project to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> (postcentral gyrus, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51df38de3d1692777194ced4c4bab5\">parietal</span> cortex)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The patient exhibits symptoms depicted in the image provided below. Shows the site of the lesion Experiences decreased proprioception, vibration, and discriminative touch on the affected side. Has loss of pain and temperature beginning one or two segments below the side of the lesion on the contralateral side. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Weber’s syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dejerine syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Brown Sequard syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Wallenberg syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Brown Sequard syndrome", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/kIv01vEbsJomlVYldXjk1747999064.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In case a small pain stimulus causes more pain, it is called?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypersensitivity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Causalgia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hyperalgesia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Allodynia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hyperalgesia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:712px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Criteria </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hyperalgesia (Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Allodynia (Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Severe pain from a stimulus that normally causes pain</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pain from a stimulus that normally wouldn't cause pain,</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensitivity </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Both increases sensitivity of nociceptive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> fibers</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Primary hyperalgesia:</strong> Excessive sensitivity of the pain receptors.<br/>\n\t\t\t\tEg : Extreme sensitivity of sunburned skin (results from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4fe92aaac71692777198234aaa055a\">sensitization</span> of pain receptors due to local tissue products like histamine, prostaglandins)<br/>\n\t\t\t\t </li>\n<li><strong>Secondary hyperalgesia:</strong> It is the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"eb1d0cae18169277720258152c1896\">facilitation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> transmission .<br/>\n\t\t\t\tEg: Lesions in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord or thalamus</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The exact cause is unknown. Likely involves error in neuronal conduction.</p>\n<p>Eg:Painful sensation from a light touch which is never painful</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Association </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Both types of pain is seen in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f14d4173d816927771937aaa53dc91\">neuropathic pain</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c5b75e91c61692777183b2ec0110da\">causalgia</span> (severe burning pain in a specific part of the body)<strong> (Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What specific region of the thalamus is associated with the regulation of motor control?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ventrolateral thalamus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ventral posteromedial", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ventral posterolateral", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Superior and inferior colliculi", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Ventrolateral thalamus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thalamic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">Nucleus</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b858004a11692777196bac353c12b\">Posterolateral</span> (VPL) <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Relays <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> information from the body to the primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> cortex</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b1b0b6b9c716927771966dfdac754d\">Posteromedial</span> (VPM) <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Relays <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> information from the face to the primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"be46da176016927771984a269a5b2c\">somatosensory</span> cortex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00b4dbe9e4169277718881a95f7864\">Geniculate</span> (LGN)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Relays visual information from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b9a354cdb1692777194802683234d\">optic</span> tracts to the primary visual cortex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00b4dbe9e4169277718881a95f7864\">Geniculate</span> (MGN)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Relays <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> information from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"49c4ef5b9d1692777190c0277f8344\">inferior</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1bbc05a9c216927771844ff032232d\">colliculus</span> to the primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f17057f75016927771829e70074368\">auditory</span> cortex</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">Anterior</span> (VA)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contributes to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"098b60fa37169277719232147d5fb7\">motor control</span> by receiving input from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> ganglia</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">Lateral</span> (VL) <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contributes to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"098b60fa37169277719232147d5fb7\">motor control</span> by receiving input from the cerebellum</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anterior (AN)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in memory, emotion, and regulation of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fae243395d16927771917dbd1992e9\">limbic</span> system</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intralaminar Nuclei</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involved in arousal, attention, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c0c4e41b31692777192be0fbfce62\">modulation</span> of pain perception</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In a young patient who experienced a head injury from a road traffic accident, his family reports a change in his behavior. They describe him as being excessively curious and constantly touching objects. He also exhibits rapid forgetfulness and attempts to put various things in his mouth, including plates. Additionally, they have observed him squeezing his genitals. Based on these symptoms, which structure is most likely to be affected in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gray matter around the aqueduct of Sylvius", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Amygdala", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anterior cingulate gyri", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Amygdala", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A person is having increased sexual activity ,increased appetite, anger and no fear, which is the structure injured?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Amygdala", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cingulate gyrus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypothalamus", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Hypothalamus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Corticospinal tract crosses at?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Midbrain", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pons", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Upper medulla", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Lower medulla", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Lower medulla", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the duration of short-term memory?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "3-6 Hours", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "12-18 hours", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "30-300 seconds", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "3-4 seconds", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 30-300 seconds", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Weber-Fechner law relates the magnitude of sensation to ___________.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Strength of muscle contraction", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Intensity of stimulus", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The amplitude of action potential", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Duration of stimulus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Intensity of stimulus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Intensity of stimulu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the homunculus, which of the following body parts exhibits the highest degree of representation ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Low control and skilled movements", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Crude touch", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The precision of movements", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The intensity of perception", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The precision of movements", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Y04jEwJzOj6F64cCQ1MY1717649920.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C -The &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55748e259a169277719699c6638990\"&gt;precision&lt;/span&gt; of mov\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is responsible for relieving pain when pressure is applied to the painful area.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Raphe nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Corticospinal tract", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Medial leminiscus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Medial longitudinal fasciculus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Raphe nucleus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"127f1d277616927771975f15621776\"&gt;Raphe&lt;/span&gt; nucleus: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What are the factors that can lead to a person drinking water as a result of the stimulation of the thirst mechanism ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dehydration", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hemorrhage", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vomiting", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All of the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - All of the above: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is Prosopagnosia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Impairment of consciousness", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Being unaware of one’s problems", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Difficulty in identifying known faces", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Failure to identify objects", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Difficulty in identifying known faces", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Difficulty in identifying k\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the defining characteristic of Brown-Séquard syndrome ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fine touch lost on the opposite side", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pain and temperature lost on the same side", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pain and temperature loss on the opposite side", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Only pain lost on the same side", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pain and temperature loss on the opposite side", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Pain and temperature loss on the opposite side: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which specific neurotransmitter is accountable for causing dilation of the small intestine in a forward direction?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "VIP", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Acetylcholine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Substance P", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Serotonin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. VIP", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the effect of a lesion in the medial lemniscus at the level of the pons ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pain and temperature loss in the same side", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pain and temperature loss in the opposite side", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Loss of tactile and proprioception on the same side", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Loss of tactile and proprioception on the opposite side", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Loss of tactile and proprioception on the opposite side", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mD4EEy7MZ9we5FECsniB1717647496.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Loss of &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff110f2cb71692777200a3483aa670\"&gt;tactile&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dfc9bfb34d1692777196105fe5da3c\"&gt;proprioception&lt;/span&gt; on th\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the options accurately describes decorticate rigidity ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is produced by the removal of cerebral cortex and basal ganglia.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Flexion of lower limbs and extension of upper limbs occurs.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Rigidity is pronounced.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It is characterized by flexion of upper limbs and extension of lower limbs.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. It is characterized by flexion of upper limbs and extension of lower limbs.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - It is characterized by &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"85ff8a7ff81692777202a827961a5c\"&gt;flexion&lt;/span&gt; of upper limbs and extension of lower limbs: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a characteristic of decerebrate rigidity according to the Herrington classification ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rigidity occurs in all the muscles of the body", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increase in the rate of discharge of the γ efferent neuron", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased excitability of the motor neuron pool", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mid Collicular lesion can lead to decerebrate rigidity", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Rigidity occurs in all the muscles of the body", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ab07bba3016927771976de44bf865\"&gt;Rigidity&lt;/span&gt; occurs in all the muscles of th\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which receptors are responsible for mediating the stretch reflex among the options provided ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Golgi tendon organ", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Merkel's disc", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Muscle spindle", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Meissner's corpuscles", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Muscle spindle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Muscle S\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the name of the first neuron in the optic pathway ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rods and cones", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ganglion cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cells in lateral geniculate body", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bipolar cells", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Bipolar cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - B\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 61 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 1 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Not seen in decompression sickness?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vision loss", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hearing loss", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hemodilution", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Coagulopathy", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hemodilution", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:438px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>System Affected</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Manifestations</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Neurological</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vision loss, confusion, vertigo, paralysis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Otorhinolaryngologic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hearing loss, tinnitus, dizziness</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cardiovascular</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coagulopathy, gas embolism, shock</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pulmonary</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dyspnea, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f8034b340e1692777184abcfab32f3\">chest pain</span> (\"chokes\")</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 11 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 1 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following fibers reach the Purkinje cell directly?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inferior olivary nucleus", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Raphe nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vestibular nucleus", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Locus coeruleus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Inferior olivary nucleus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Inferior &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"faa9349bf41692777194f3ea36ab45\"&gt;olivary&lt;/span&gt; nucleu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 11 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 12 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "What is the approximate daily production of non-volatile (metabolic) acids in an adult human body?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "12,000 to 24,000 mmol", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "70 to 100 mmol", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1,000 to 1,500 mmol", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "450 to 550 mmol", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 70 to 100 mmol", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:619px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Type of Acid</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Production Range</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Excretion Route</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Nonvolatile (Metabolic/Fixed)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>70 to 100 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a54ba8b661692777192f4b225fdc0\">mmol</span> H+ per day</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>40% via <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"189b6fc834169277719580eb39bb4c\">phosphate</span> systems</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>60% via NH4+ excretion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Volatile (Respiratory)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>12,000 to 24,000 mmol</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Exhaled as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c32b3a9fac16927771831530888fdf\">carbon dioxide</span> (CO2)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/rEqa0WMnVo7r9NkGLuRY1743679593.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "How does the excretion of ammonium (NH4+) contribute to bicarbonate (HCO3⁻) regulation in the kidneys?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It directly increases the concentration of HCO3⁻ in the urine.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "It generates HCO3⁻ , which is released into the bloodstream.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "It decreases the overall HCO3⁻ reabsorption in the kidneys.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It prevents the secretion of H+ in the renal tubules.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. It generates HCO3⁻ , which is released into the bloodstream.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/zk80z9UjmWooe2GxwiHn1736147487.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:618px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Filtration and Reabsorption</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Bicarbonate is filtered from the blood in the glomeruli. Approximately 85% to 90% is reabsorbed in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> tubule, with the remaining 10% reabsorbed in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ba1c48e851692777201a91713191e\">tubule</span> and collecting ducts.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Transport Mechanisms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Bicarbonate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> across the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67ef7ffbe61692777182686c1b57c4\">basolateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> cells occurs via sodium-bicarbonate cotransporters. This process excretes one <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">hydrogen</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">ion</span> for each <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">ion</span> reabsorbed.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Role of Ammonium</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Ammonium (NH4+) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> in the kidneys, derived from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"543f207eb51692777181723491a358\">amino</span> acid metabolism, generates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> ions released into the bloodstream, aiding in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> homeostasis.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xSlJTZD6CZU3QhBV4gtD1743679958.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which transport mechanism is primarily responsible for bicarbonate (HCO3⁻) reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Na ᐩ -K ᐩ ATPase pump", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Na ᐩ -H ᐩ antiporter", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cl⁻-HCO3⁻ antiporter", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "H ᐩ -ATPase pump", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Na ᐩ -H ᐩ antiporter", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/tJVCeho2oKYTMjpebpDB1736147617.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/o8pFTYOPpPglWP8GczRQ1743680380.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What effect does aldosterone have on acid secretion in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct (CD)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decreases the activity of H ᐩ -ATPase.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inhibits the secretion of H ᐩ .", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increases the activity of H ᐩ -ATPase", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "No effect on acid secretion.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increases the activity of H ᐩ -ATPase", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tJS4Yk4glg1lmRyRvUCE1743680845.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What triggers the formation of ammonium ions (NH4 ᐩ ) and bicarbonate (HCO3⁻) in the ammonia buffer system?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased sodium concentration", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alkalosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Acidosis", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dehydration", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Acidosis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>BUFFERS</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>DESCRIPTION</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bicarbonate Buffer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Most powerful <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba366417791692777187229d34e597\">extracellular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d374d494a169277718337f2820f3a\">buffer</span> system.</li>\n<li>Composed of H2CO3 and NaHCO3</li>\n<li>Buffers strong acids by forming H2CO3 and strong <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ec6e3e9e11692777182b1220b131a\">bases</span> by reacting with H+ to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> H2O and CO2.</li>\n<li>Effective due to regulation by kidneys and lungs.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phosphate Buffer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Composed of H2PO4⁻ and HPO4.</li>\n<li>pK of 6.8, effective in slightly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a983e569716927771805ed22b90d7\">acidic</span> urine.</li>\n<li>Phosphate concentration increases in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> fluid due to water reabsorption.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ammonia Buffer</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Composed of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"edbc0adbb31692777181ed0ee792d4\">ammonia</span> (NH3) and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3719e878a4169277718109b2d3f67e\">ammonium</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4b2f2a6d0a16927771902f60fa9ff7\">ion</span> (NH4<strong>ᐩ</strong>).</li>\n<li>In the liver, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2ce271388f1692777188515f75666c\">Glutamine</span> metabolized to 2NH4<strong>ᐩ</strong> and 2HCO3−.</li>\n<li>NH4<strong>ᐩ</strong> is secreted into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> lumen</li>\n<li>HCO3− reabsorbed into blood.</li>\n<li>Acidosis stimulates NH4<strong>ᐩ</strong> and HCO3⁻ formation; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0dae4cbf251692777181bd4fb21a24\">alkalosis</span> decreases their formation.</li>\n<li>The rate of NH4<strong>ᐩ</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> can increase significantly with chronic acidosis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Others</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(less significant)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Urate Buffer</li>\n<li>Citrate Buffer</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RJZLcCSFqcrZESCvPaab1743681012.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a prerequisite for a functional counter-current mechanism in the body?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Parallel and opposite flow of fluids", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Close proximity", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Active transport of solutes across all segments", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Selective permeability of pathways", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Active transport of solutes across all segments", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/T1mF855vWtds4ALeTrfH1736147715.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/z0RbryMvp9pPnDyLTQPA1743681567.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the primary aim of the counter-current mechanism in the kidneys?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "To dilute urine for better excretion of waste products", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "To conserve sodium and chloride ions in the body", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "To concentrate urine and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "To increase blood flow to the renal cortex", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. To concentrate urine and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PSwljRi9VG0xnw0NUmQ61743696032.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is NOT a component of the counter-current multiplier system in the kidneys?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cortical Collecting Duct (CCD)", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thick Ascending Limb (TAL) of the Loop of Henle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Thin Ascending Segment (ATS) of the Loop of Henle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Medullary Collecting Duct (MCD)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Cortical Collecting Duct (CCD)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLIER</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Site</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Proximal Tubule</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Delivers an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a31d6c7681692777190d2bb6756e8\">isosmotic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"92ab6958db169277720297c18cd6ab\">filtrate</span> to the loop of Henle, with approximately 65% of filtered electrolytes and water reabsorbed.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"612769eab6169277719463af223927\">osmolarity</span> here is around 300 mOsm/L, similar to plasma.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">Descending</span> Limb of the Loop of Henle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Highly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32343a48ea1692777195585b33c764\">permeable</span> to water due to the presence of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) channels and mildly <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32343a48ea1692777195585b33c764\">permeable</span> to solutes like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> and sodium chloride.</li>\n<li>As the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"92ab6958db169277720297c18cd6ab\">filtrate</span> moves deeper into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"443f35053c169277718919c0a5c883\">hyperosmotic</span> medulla, water exits by osmosis, concentrating the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> fluid.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">Ascending</span> Limb of the Loop of Henle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Impermeable to water but <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32343a48ea1692777195585b33c764\">permeable</span> to solutes.</li>\n<li>NaCl passively diffuses out, and some <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> enters, contributing to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a36e18386169277719259641cf29b\">medullary</span> hyperosmolarity. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thick <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">Ascending</span> Limb of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c66af26d51692777191285c6180d9\">Loop of Henle</span> (TAL)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Impermeable to water and urea, actively transports NaCl, Kᐩ out of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ba1c48e851692777201a91713191e\">tubule</span> into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"318304493d1692777190524bea4edd\">interstitium</span> using the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter.</li>\n<li>This action increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f46ba26d111692777190def3b1d80a\">interstitial</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"612769eab6169277719463af223927\">osmolarity</span> and delivers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c1412e72916927771893d06180642\">hypotonic</span> fluid to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> tubule. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Medullary Collecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">Duct</span> (MCD)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Under the influence of ADH, becomes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32343a48ea1692777195585b33c764\">permeable</span> to water.</li>\n<li>Water is reabsorbed from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71549103af1692777192ba4ce9cb19\">MCD</span> into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"443f35053c169277718919c0a5c883\">hyperosmotic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a36e18386169277719259641cf29b\">medullary</span> interstitium, concentrating the urine.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"71549103af1692777192ba4ce9cb19\">MCD</span> operates within the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"443f35053c169277718919c0a5c883\">hyperosmotic</span> environment established by the counter-current multiplier. <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6vcYJLNY7io2KrmZh8YT1743695826.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45 y/o patient presents with polyuria and polydipsia. Lab tests reveal a low urine osmolarity and a high plasma osmolarity. After administration of desmopressin (a synthetic analog of ADH), the patient's urine osmolarity increases significantly. Which of the following best explains the mechanism by which ADH improved the patient's condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ADH increases the permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to water.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "ADH decreases the active transport of sodium chloride in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "ADH increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "ADH causes the osmolarity of the medullary interstitium to decrease rapidly.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. ADH increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VKxG5DYoWdA5WR4sDewD1743695624.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about urea transport in the kidneys is correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "UT-A1 and UT-A3 in the cortical collecting duct are regulated by aldosterone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Urea helps establish the osmotic gradient in the medullary pyramids but is not involved in urine concentration.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A high-protein diet reduces the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "UT-B is found in erythrocytes and the descending limbs of the vasa recta.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. UT-B is found in erythrocytes and the descending limbs of the vasa recta.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Osmotic Gradient</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Urea helps establish it in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a36e18386169277719259641cf29b\">medullary</span> pyramids</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Concentrated Urine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Formed with the help of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> in collecting ducts</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Urea Transporters</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>UT-A1 to UT-A4 in kidneys</li>\n<li>UT-B in erythrocytes, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">vasa</span> recta</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Collecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">Duct</span> Transporters</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>UT-A1, UT-A3, regulated by vasopressin</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vasopressin Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a36e18386169277719259641cf29b\">medullary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"318304493d1692777190524bea4edd\">interstitium</span> during antidiuresis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dietary Impact</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High-protein diet increases, low-protein diet decreases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> concentrating ability</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/YKtUz9UWQ16PwJMc0FoY1743695331.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following substances plays the most crucial role in establishing and maintaining the hyperosmotic medullary interstitium?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sodium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Potassium", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Urea", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Chloride", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Urea", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xksxoK2Kw6VMnLQEe8vO1743694148.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following structures is responsible for maintaining the counter-current exchange mechanism in the kidney?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Loops of Henle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Collecting Ducts", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Vasa Recta", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Glomerulus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Vasa Recta", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">Vasa</span> Recta</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Maintains the osmotic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04136f692516927771888cf07d46a4\">gradient</span> established by the loops of Henle, crucial for concentrated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> production.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hairpin-loop blood vessels that descend and ascend alongside the loops of Henle.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Descending Limb</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Solutes (NaCl and urea) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89275101301692777186567d1912a0\">diffuse</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"318304493d1692777190524bea4edd\">interstitium</span> into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">vasa</span> recta.</li>\n<li>Water moves out of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">vasa</span> recta into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"318304493d1692777190524bea4edd\">interstitium</span> due to the osmotic gradient.</li>\n<li>Result: Blood becomes more concentrated as it descends.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ascending Limb</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Solutes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89275101301692777186567d1912a0\">diffuse</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">vasa</span> recta into the interstitium.</li>\n<li>Water moves from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"318304493d1692777190524bea4edd\">interstitium</span> into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">vasa</span> recta.</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">vasa</span> recta are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b2b613f720169277720293e763435e\">fenestrated</span> to facilitate this exchange.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Net Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Role:</strong> Prevents dissipation of the osmotic gradient.</li>\n<li><strong>Outcome:</strong> Maintains the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0cbb1769e1692777189fd5a90d39a\">hypertonicity</span> of the medulla, essential for water <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> and concentrated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> production.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Conclusion:</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Works with the loops of Henle to establish and maintain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a36e18386169277719259641cf29b\">medullary</span> osmotic gradient</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/n4WDjokvb9qY0DqBUHLl1743693944.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 22 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 40 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which segment of the nephron has the lowest osmolality under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Early distal tubule", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Descending limb of the loop of Henle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Collecting duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Late distal tubule", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Early distal tubule", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "How does the kidney react to shock?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increasing renal blood flow", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Constricting afferent arteriole", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increasing GFR", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both B and C", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Constricting afferent arteriole", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B: Constricting &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\"&gt;afferent&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Renin is secreted by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lacis cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Macula densa", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "JG cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Intraglomerular mesangial cell", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. JG cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is true about renal tubular transport?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Maximum reabsorption in the distal tubule", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Urea is absorbed 100% in PCT", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "H+ is absorbed in the proximal tubule", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Amino acid is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Amino acid is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the site of maximum water reabsorption?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Proximal tubule", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Loop of Henle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Distal convoluted tubule", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Collecting duct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Proximal tubule", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The protein in the glomerular basement membrane responsible for charge-dependent filtration is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fibronectin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Heparan sulfate", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Collagen Type IV", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Entactin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Heparan sulfate", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which part of the nephron forms the macula densa?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "PCT", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "DCT", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Afferent arteriole", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bowman's capsule", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. DCT", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/p44P40FFqjVj8wRJ2XBp1745474809.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Determine the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume in a participant who received an injection of 10 grams of mannitol into their venous blood. After reaching equilibrium, the urinary excretion of mannitol was observed to be 10%, while the plasma concentration of mannitol measured 65 mg per 100 ml.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "14L", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "10L", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "28L", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "20L", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 14L", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following factors is not necessary for determining creatinine clearance?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Urine creatinine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Serum creatinine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Urine flow per unit time", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The volume of serum passing through the kidney in 24 hours", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. The volume of serum passing through the kidney in 24 hours", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inulin Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Used to measure <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">Glomerular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">Filtration</span> Rate (GFR) as it is freely filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted.</li>\n<li>Not ideal for routine use due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27b78a96071692777190f4dfb93430\">intravenous</span> administration.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Creatinine Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Estimates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c745475f51692777188c744487e6f\">GFR</span> using creatinine, which is primarily filtered by the glomeruli.</li>\n<li>Slightly inaccurate due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> secretion, but practical for clinical settings.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>PAH Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Estimates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">Renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">Plasma</span> Flow (RPF).</li>\n<li>PAH is cleared through both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">glomerular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">filtration</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> secretion.</li>\n<li>Correction for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"510f327287169277719462cb0ddbff\">PAH</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00456bf7d8169277718782edf9fa2c\">extraction</span> ratio improves accuracy.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In negative feedback, infinite gain is seen in which of the following?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Blood volume control by kidney", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Temperature control in the hypothalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "BP control by baroreceptors", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Infinite gain is not possible", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Blood volume control by kidney", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Except for which of the following, the concentration of all the following decreases as the filtrate passes through the proximal convoluted tubule?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Aminoacid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chloride", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bicarbonate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Chloride", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/51ZnnyzK4HFr5juoGe0s1746602722.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Substance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Reabsorption mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Concentration change in PCT</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Glucose</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Actively reabsorbed via sodium-glucose co-transporters</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Decreases significantly</p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Amino acids</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Actively reabsorbed via sodium-amino acid co-transporters</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Decreases significantly</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Bicarbonate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Reabsorbed via sodium-hydrogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f3cd510981692777187f8f8c7cbc6\">exchanger</span> and sodium-bicarbonate co-transporter</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Decreases significantly</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Chloride</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Passively reabsorbed, relatively <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b570eecc716927771895830c56d4c\">impermeable</span> in early PCT</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Does not decrease significantly, may increase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following ions have decreased concentration on the luminal side of the proximal convoluted tubule except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Amino acids", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chloride", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bicarbonate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Chloride", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/loQ3aasHPWEvVxbJLTZN1745558912.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following ions in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is responsible for the reabsorption of divalent ions?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "H +", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "HCO3 -", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "K +", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Na +", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. K +", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/1cBL8lor9OYfJ51mOSH81747059924.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What causes decrease in GFR?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decrease in Glomerular coefficient", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decrease in glomerular oncotic pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increase in glomerular hydrostatic pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decrease of Bowman's hydrostatic pressure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Decrease in Glomerular coefficient", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Factor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Effect on GFR</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glomerular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b530604f9d1692777184cf1541ae41\">coefficient</span> (Kf)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>↓ Kf → ↓ GFR</strong> (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">glomerular</span> disease, fibrosis).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glomerular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5d369be246169277719451754ab37a\">oncotic</span> pressure (πG)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>↑ πG → ↓ GFR</strong> (e.g., dehydration, increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> proteins).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glomerular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b745c46c1692777189374f036950\">hydrostatic</span> pressure (PGC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>↑ PGC → ↑ GFR</strong> (e.g., hypertension).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bowman’s <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b745c46c1692777189374f036950\">hydrostatic</span> pressure (PBS)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>↑ PBS → ↓ GFR</strong> (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b72f5e96b16927772018dec8a87e2\">urinary</span> obstruction).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A renal biopsy image is shown. Identify the cells marked in the histological section.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Macula densa", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Lacis cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Podocytes", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Lacis cells", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VAp0zr3E4pe4q0F0NaAJ1741086630.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VbQgTrifBe28I5KQmqqs1741086821.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Component</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Macula densa</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ba1c48e851692777201a91713191e\">tubule</span> near <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> arteriole</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Senses sodium concentration &amp; regulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3567fba5001692777197a712b10a39\">renin</span> secretion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Afferent arteriole</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secrete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3567fba5001692777197a712b10a39\">renin</span> in response to low BP</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lacis cells (Extraglomerular mesangial cells)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> &amp; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> arterioles</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Facilitate communication between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"948746a830169277719140f9f93879\">macula</span> densa and JG cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Podocytes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Filtration barrier in glomerulus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following leads to a decrease in GFR?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased RBF", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased Glomerular hydrostatic pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decreased Bowman's oncotic pressure", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased Glomerular oncotic pressure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Decreased Bowman's oncotic pressure", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The formula for urea clearance is U×V/P, where U is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Urine volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Serum urea in mg/100 ml", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Urine concentration of urea in mg/100ml", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Urine concentration of urea in mg/ml", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Urine concentration of urea in mg/ml", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the correctly matched pair of substances with their renal clearance from the graph below.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A-Glucose, B-РАН, С- Bicarbonate and D - Inulin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A-Glucose, B- Bicarbonate, C- Inulin and D - PAH", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "A-PAH, B-Inulin, C- Glucose and D - Bicarbonate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-Inulin, B- Glucose, C - Bicarbonate and D PAH", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. A-Glucose, B- Bicarbonate, C- Inulin and D - PAH", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/TGMngWM32igx4G1XkiRi1745906236.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Substance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Key Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>A (Glucose)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Zero</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fully reabsorbed in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> tubule; not excreted in urine.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>B (Bicarbonate)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Less than GFR</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mostly reabsorbed by the kidneys, resulting in lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a3fb1b8a816927771840e6a344cc0\">clearance</span> than GFR.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>C (Inulin)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Equal to GFR</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Filtered but neither reabsorbed <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe5171bb0016927771933a5ca5d376\">nor</span> secreted; ideal for measuring GFR.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>D (PAH)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Greater than GFR</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Filtered and actively secreted; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3a3fb1b8a816927771840e6a344cc0\">clearance</span> exceeds GFR.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inulin Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Used to measure <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">Glomerular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">Filtration</span> Rate (GFR) as it is freely filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted.</li>\n<li>Not ideal for routine use due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27b78a96071692777190f4dfb93430\">intravenous</span> administration.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Creatinine Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Estimates GFR using creatinine, which is primarily filtered by the glomeruli.</li>\n<li>Slightly inaccurate due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> secretion, but practical for clinical settings.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>PAH Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Estimates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">Renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">Plasma</span> Flow (RPF).</li>\n<li>PAH is cleared through both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">glomerular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">filtration</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> secretion.</li>\n<li>Correction for PAH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00456bf7d8169277718782edf9fa2c\">extraction</span> ratio improves accuracy.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the adjacent graph, plateau phase represents which one of the following properties?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Elasticity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Plasticity", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Contractility", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Automaticity", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Plasticity", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/9oxwvi2ovsXAKvnkm7sZ1747395558.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "As filtrate flows through PCT, the concentration of all of the following decreases except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Amino-acid", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Glucose", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chloride", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bicarbonate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Chloride", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the reason that hemoglobin cannot pass through the glomerulus in a normal physiological state?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is a large molecule bound with another protein", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "It gets attracted to the negative charge of the glomerular filtration barrier", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both A and B", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. It is a large molecule bound with another protein", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which one of the following is not associated with renal auto-regulation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tubuloglomerular feedback", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Myogenic reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calcium", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Renal sympathetic system fibers", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Renal sympathetic system fibers", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Time Frame</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contribution</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Myogenic Response</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Afferent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">arteriole</span> smooth muscle contracts to pressure.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Constriction of arterioles to maintain RBF and GFR.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Seconds to minutes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~50%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tubuloglomerular Feedback</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Macula densa cells sense NaCl concentration.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Constriction/dilation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">arteriole</span> based on NaCl levels.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>30-60 seconds</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>35-50%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Third Regulatory Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Involves <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> factors like ATP, ANG II.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slower response impacting RBF and GFR.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Minutes to hours</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>&lt;15%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Connecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ba1c48e851692777201a91713191e\">Tubule</span> Feedback</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Feedback from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"448daaf99b16927771856958183758\">connecting tubule</span> on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">arteriole</span> tone.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dilation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">arteriole</span> in response to sodium increase.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Variable</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fine-tuning</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Calculate the net filtration pressure across the GBM for a patient with Glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient = 6 , Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure = 45, Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure = 20 , Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure = 10, Bowman’s capsule oncotic pressure = 0.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "90 mmHg", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "60 mmHg", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "30 mmHg", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "15 mmHg", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 15 mmHg", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YBUUt0vwkeH4CG0PHKYt1717658450.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "GFR is increased by all except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased renal blood flow", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Efferent arteriolar constriction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ureteric stone", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Afferent arteriolar vasodilation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ureteric stone", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - U\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Mark the TRUE statements:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Efferent arteriole dilation decreases RBF", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Afferent arteriole constriction increases GFR", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Efferent arteriolar constriction decreases renal blood flow", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Mild contraction of efferent arteriole decreases GFR", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Efferent arteriolar constriction decreases renal blood flow", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/e8FI84QNoFgtwwMfdSR01717669009.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\"&gt;Efferent&lt;/span&gt; arteriolar &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4880e9b3761692777185e64eba797c\"&gt;constriction&lt;/span&gt; decreases &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\"&gt;renal&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What happens to urine after passing the thin descending loop of Henle ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypotonic", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Normal", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypertonic", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Remains unchanged", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hypertonic", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - H\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nephron segment</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tonicity/Osmolality of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbb10919e516927771917a9afcb633\">Luminal</span> Content Relative to plasma</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Filtration (Glomerulus)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isotonic (same as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> osmolality)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proximal Tubule</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isotonic (the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fcb9396d1169277718069dd7fa788\">absorption</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6fe354b91616927771982cc53f71fc\">solute</span> is proportional to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> of water; thus, the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e17dff110169277720097f083b99b\">tonicity</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> will be the same as that of plasma)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Descending <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65b254877916927772008696d46c79\">Thin Segment</span> (DTS)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypertonic (water reabsorption, no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6fe354b91616927771982cc53f71fc\">solute</span> reabsorption)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Thick <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> Limb (TAL)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isotonic (Solute reabsorption, no water reabsorption)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">convoluted</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ba1c48e851692777201a91713191e\">Tubule</span> (DCT)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypotonic</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Collecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">Duct</span> (CD) – Presence of a crucial hormone, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401dd7c3941692777180e4d78eee80\">ADH</span> in the blood, determines whether there will be increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">filtration</span> or not.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>With <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401dd7c3941692777180e4d78eee80\">ADH</span> more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> of water: Hypertonic</li>\n<li>Without <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401dd7c3941692777180e4d78eee80\">ADH</span> water <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> is nil: More <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c1412e72916927771893d06180642\">hypotonic</span> (collecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> absorbs little sodium)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Glucose is absorbed by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Upper part of proximal tubule", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ascending limb of LOH", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cortical Collecting duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Medullary collecting duct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Upper part of proximal tubule", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Upper part of &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\"&gt;proximal&lt;/span&gt; tubule:</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tubular Segment</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">Reabsorption</span> (%)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Luminal Transporter(Lumen to cytoplasm)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basolateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"850b296dd316927772005b651f6e87\">Transporter</span> (Cytoplasm to blood)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proximal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">Convoluted</span> Tubules (PCT)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>90%</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>SGLT <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd04ba63bc1692777201f54e0ee060\">type II</span> (Secondary active Transporter)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>1 molecule of sodium and 1 molecule of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e87def492e1692777191eda63cfc5e\">lumen</span> to the cell.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GLUT-2 (Facilitated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> transporter)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proximal Straight Tubules (PST)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10%</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>SGLT <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"946a9a6be11692777201eb269e8327\">type I</span> (Secondary active Transporter)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>2 molecules of sodium and 1 molecule of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e87def492e1692777191eda63cfc5e\">lumen</span> to the cell.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GLUT-1 (Facilitated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> transporter)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Glucose is reabsorbed in which part?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Proximal convoluted tubule", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Proximal straight tubule", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Collecting duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Distal convoluted tubule", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Proximal convoluted tubule", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\"&gt;Proximal&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\"&gt;convoluted&lt;/span&gt; tubule:</p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tubular Segment</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Glucose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">Reabsorption</span> (%)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Luminal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"850b296dd316927772005b651f6e87\">Transporter</span> (Lumen to cytoplasm)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basolateral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"850b296dd316927772005b651f6e87\">Transporter</span> (Cytoplasm to blood)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proximal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">Convoluted</span> Tubules (PCT)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>90%</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>SGLT <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd04ba63bc1692777201f54e0ee060\">type II</span> (Secondary active Transporter)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>1 molecule of sodium and 1 molecule of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e87def492e1692777191eda63cfc5e\">lumen</span> to the cell.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GLUT-2 (Facilitated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> transporter)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proximal Straight Tubules (PST)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10%</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>SGLT <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"946a9a6be11692777201eb269e8327\">type I</span> (Secondary active Transporter)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>2 molecules of sodium and 1 molecule of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e87def492e1692777191eda63cfc5e\">lumen</span> to the cell.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>GLUT-1 (Facilitated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> transporter)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the diluting segment of the kidney?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "PCT", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Collecting duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ascending thick loop of Henle", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Descending loop of Henle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ascending thick loop of Henle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\"&gt;Ascending&lt;/span&gt; thick loop of H\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following are true regarding the actions of endothelin-1 except_________.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bronchodilation", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Vasoconstriction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decreased GFR", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Has inotropic effect", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Bronchodilation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following components is not responsible for the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the kidney ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sodium outflow in thick ascending limb", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Water outflow in thin descending limb", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sodium outflow in thin ascending limb", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Flow of tubular fluid from PCT to DCT", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Flow of tubular fluid from PCT to DCT", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Flow of &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\"&gt;tubular&lt;/span&gt; fluid from &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"406aede9e21692777194b4cefe9958\"&gt;PCT&lt;/span&gt; to DCT\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Through which aquaporin channel does ADH act?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/JeBKubloML4VHhjsu5Eg1717656035.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the role of tubuloglomerular feedback?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Regulate GFR", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decrease plasma sodium", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increase plasma volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decrease tubular secretion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Regulate GFR", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Regulate GFR\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "According to myogenic hypothesis of renal autoregulation the afferent arterioles contract in response?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "NO", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Noradrenaline", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calcium", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Adenosine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Calcium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Calciu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Normal anion gap is_____mEq/L?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "4-6", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "6-12", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "12-24", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "24-50", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 6-12", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - 6-12\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">Metabolic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6caf3a39f416927771807e122b9032\">acidosis</span> with</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53e82fca731692777181e629a02799\">Anion</span> gap</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Normal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53e82fca731692777181e629a02799\">Anion</span> gap</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53e82fca731692777181e629a02799\">Anion</span> gap</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(i) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5603ff98316927771865d7ae41f16\">Diabetic</span> ketoacidosis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(i) Diarrhea</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(i) Multiple myeloma</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(ii) Starvation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(ii) Renat tubular</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(ii) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42659effea16927771919c6224e529\">Lithium</span> intoxication</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(iii) Uremia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(iii) Addison's disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(iv) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">Lactic</span> acidosis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Why is sugar added to ORS?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Enhance acceptability", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Enhance shelf life", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Enhance salt absorption", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Enhance taste", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Enhance salt absorption", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Enh\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Normal anion gap value is____ mEq/L?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "4-6", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "6-12", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "12-24", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "24-50", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 6-12", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - 6-12\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Causes of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">Metabolic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6caf3a39f416927771807e122b9032\">acidosis</span> with</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53e82fca731692777181e629a02799\">Anion</span> gap</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53e82fca731692777181e629a02799\">Anion</span> gap</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53e82fca731692777181e629a02799\">Anion</span> gap</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(i) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a5603ff98316927771865d7ae41f16\">Diabetic</span> ketoacidosis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(i) Diarrhea</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(i) Multiple myeloma</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(ii) Starvation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(ii) Renat tubular</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(ii) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42659effea16927771919c6224e529\">Lithium</span> intoxication</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(iii) Uremia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(iii) Addison's disease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>(iv) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b82539c9ae1692777191a3f7ddd7bb\">Lactic</span> acidosis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Hyperkalemia refers to the serum potassium concentration of _____.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "4.5 mEq/L", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "6.0 mEq/L", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "4.0 mEq/L", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "5 meq/L", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 6.0 mEq/L", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - 6.0 mEq/L: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The cause of edema in nephrotic syndrome is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased colloid osmotic pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased hydrostatic pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decreased colloid osmotic pressure", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased hydrostatic pressure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Decreased colloid osmotic pressure", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Decreased &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e711a1abe1692777184b0bf50216b\"&gt;colloid&lt;/span&gt; osmotic pressu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the adjacent graph, plateau phase represents which one of the following properties?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Elasticity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Plasticity", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Contractility", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Automaticity", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Plasticity", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/97HvKglYEH7jUbOObCkC1714647840.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - P\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 50 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - 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Efferent arteriole mild constriction - GFR increased", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:645px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arteriole Change</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on Resistance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">Glomerular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b745c46c1692777189374f036950\">Hydrostatic</span> Pressure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on GFR</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Afferent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">Arteriole</span> Constriction</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Afferent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">Arteriole</span> Dilation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Efferent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">Arteriole</span> Constriction- Mild</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slight increase</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Efferent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">Arteriole</span> Constriction- Severe</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Initially increases GFR then ultimately decreases.</li>\n<li>Severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">arteriole</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4880e9b3761692777185e64eba797c\">constriction</span> reduces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> and increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">filtration</span> fraction, concentrating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> proteins in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">glomerular</span> capillaries and elevating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">glomerular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e711a1abe1692777184b0bf50216b\">colloid</span> osmotic pressure.</li>\n<li>This counteracts the effect of increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"20b745c46c1692777189374f036950\">hydrostatic</span> pressure, ultimately reducing GFR</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Efferent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bf9d31e4c81692777182230292a7a3\">Arteriole</span> Dilation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/EkCbozVH7XuzpCeWmpQG1743438073.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A physiologist is studying the effect of food additives on GFR in order to determine what additives should be avoided in individuals with CKD. Caffeine was found to affect urine output through an effect on GFR. What is the effect and the mechanism involved?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increase urine output; afferent arteriole vasodilation", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increase urine output; efferent arteriole vasodilation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increase urine output; afferent arteriole vasoconstriction", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decrease urine output; afferent arteriole vasodilation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Increase urine output; afferent arteriole vasodilation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BAEkmeJ2t6LHawKVgxaC1743527235.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 56-year-old man is admitted to the ED with an acute myocardial infarction. The man was transferred to the CCU and was placed on 24 h intake and output. A few days later his 24 hr urinary output was decreased. An increase in which of the following contributes to the reduced urine flow in a patient with congestive heart failure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ANP", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Urodilatin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Renal perfusion pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Renal sympathetic nerve activity", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Renal sympathetic nerve activity", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/DE3S0M903nRbdc9NpX0V1743528348.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes what happens to the PAH excretion rate when the plasma concentration of PAH exceeds the transport maximum (Tm)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The excretion rate continues to increase linearly with increasing plasma concentration upto a certain level.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The excretion rate reaches a plateau and remains constant despite further increases in plasma concentration beyond a level..", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The excretion rate decreases with increasing plasma concentration.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The excretion rate first increases linearly, then decreases after reaching the transport maximum.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The excretion rate reaches a plateau and remains constant despite further increases in plasma concentration beyond a level..", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Hkt9kkzDkCwdR2sNiQv21736149359.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/LnHWoW3zR81qdkUfwrMa1743528722.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is NOT a component of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Macula densa", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Juxtaglomerular cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Extraglomerular mesangial cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Loop of Henle", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Loop of Henle", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VBnmjvInUMyN1QTcwQc11736149295.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UlMZcCIHnIW3K4tHIM9Z1743528493.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best explains the relationship between creatinine clearance (CrCl) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Creatinine clearance is a direct measure of GFR.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Creatinine clearance is an indirect measure of GFR and typically overestimates GFR.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Creatinine clearance underestimates GFR because it accounts for tubular secretion of creatinine.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Normal creatinine clearance is 50mL/min.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Creatinine clearance is an indirect measure of GFR and typically overestimates GFR.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BQmKwF7K8Wl2c7ecsfpD1743528129.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about \"free water clearance\" (C H2O ) is correct? Free water clearance = C H2O Urine osmolality = U osm Plasma osmolality = P osm Urine flow rate = V̇", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Free water clearance is positive when the urine is hypotonic and negative when the urine is hypertonic.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Free water clearance is the same as urine flow rate (V̇).", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Free water clearance is calculated using C H2O = U osm (V̇)/ P osm.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Free water clearance is positive when the urine is hypertonic and negative when the urine is hypotonic.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Free water clearance is positive when the urine is hypotonic and negative when the urine is hypertonic.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/u9ECXTWX3HseVnMHEMGA1736149214.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mvm3uSjPpQkcUotxRsjm1743527836.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient's hematocrit (the fraction of blood volume occupied by red blood cells) is 40%. The patient's renal plasma flow (RPF) is measured to be 600 mL/min. What is this patient's renal blood flow (RBF)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "360 mL/min", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "720 mL/min", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1000 mL/min", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1500 mL/min", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 1000 mL/min", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dQBCEFZG5xMn8WyZbr641743509575.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Why is inulin clearance the gold standard for measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inulin is readily available and naturally produced in the body", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inulin is freely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted, providing an accurate measurement of GFR.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inulin has a high plasma concentration that enhances measurement accuracy", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inulin is rapidly metabolised by the kidneys, making it easier to measure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Inulin is freely filtered and neither reabsorbed nor secreted, providing an accurate measurement of GFR.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2wkCmL4uM8w83Lh29gh31743509331.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient has a urine concentration of a substance of 10 mg/mL, a urine flow rate of 2 mL/min, and a plasma concentration of that substance of 5 mg/mL. What is the clearance rate of this substance?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "4 mL/min", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "5 mL/min", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "10 mL/min", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "20 mL/min", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 4 mL/min", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inulin Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Used to measure <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">Glomerular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">Filtration</span> Rate (GFR) as it is freely filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted.</li>\n<li>Not ideal for routine use due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27b78a96071692777190f4dfb93430\">intravenous</span> administration.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Creatinine Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Estimates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c745475f51692777188c744487e6f\">GFR</span> using creatinine, which is primarily filtered by the glomeruli.</li>\n<li>Slightly inaccurate due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> secretion, but practical for clinical settings.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>PAH Clearance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Estimates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">Renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">Plasma</span> Flow (RPF).</li>\n<li>PAH is cleared through both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">glomerular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">filtration</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> secretion.</li>\n<li>Correction for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"510f327287169277719462cb0ddbff\">PAH</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"00456bf7d8169277718782edf9fa2c\">extraction</span> ratio improves accuracy.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6BG4IoodLpmbZapDIfmh1743508779.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old patient with severe renal artery stenosis is admitted for hypertension management. The physician decides to prescribe a medication to control the blood pressure but must avoid drugs that could adversely affect kidney function due to the existing renal impairment. Which drug is contraindicated in this patient due to the risk of worsening renal function?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Beta-blocker", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Calcium channel blocker", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Diuretic", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NXStpebzWtsZPsZLBpFp1743508498.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin II?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Constriction of efferent arterioles in the kidneys", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decreased sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stimulation of aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased thirst and vasopressin (ADH) secretion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Decreased sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:650px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Renal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">Tubular</span> Reabsorption</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Directly increases sodium <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bdbac654081692777196f9aab116f0\">proximal</span> tubules, loops of Henle, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> tubules, and collecting tubules. (Option B)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vasoconstriction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Angiotensin II constricts arterioles, especially <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> arterioles in the kidneys, increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">glomerular</span> pressure and maintaining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c745475f51692777188c744487e6f\">GFR</span> even at low blood pressure. (Option A)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aldosterone Secretion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f955f012f716927771801d01e7d163\">adrenal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> to release aldosterone, enhancing sodium and water <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b668aed705169277719744b6db8f8e\">retention</span> in the kidneys. (Option C)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Baroreflex Sensitivity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduces <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5f69a877f0169277718282c4697572\">baroreflex</span> sensitivity in the brain, boosting its effects on blood pressure.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>5</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thirst and Hormone Secretion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases thirst, stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"699f9aa3cf1692777201b501b79deb\">vasopressin</span> (ADH) release for water reabsorption, and triggers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"55fd11666f1692777180e80135bda8\">ACTH</span> secretion. (Option D)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>6</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mesangial Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ca2289e348169277718516017eb2ba\">contraction</span> of mesangial cells, potentially reducing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c745475f51692777188c744487e6f\">GFR</span> by decreasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">filtration</span> surface area</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>System Interactions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Effects are influenced by sodium intake, blood volume, and other hormones. Active during low sodium or volume <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7061e0e0051692777186ba9c5f27df\">depletion</span> to maintain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c745475f51692777188c744487e6f\">GFR</span> and fluid balance.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tcfyoudHaaEEkplw0QcI1743508057.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following increase GFR except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bradykinin", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Nitric Oxide", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sympathetic Nerves", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Prostaglandins (PGE2, PGI2)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Sympathetic Nerves", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:686px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mediator</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c745475f51692777188c744487e6f\">GFR</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Additional Notes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Prostaglandins (PGE2, PGI2) (Option D)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cause vasodilation; especially important in counteracting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f0b42b17016927772014c586d44b7\">vasoconstriction</span> from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5731c5431416927771999e54e2563b\">sympathetic</span> nerves or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c4d00ed86c1692777181c0c43a452a\">angiotensin</span> II</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bradykinin (Option A)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Functions similarly to prostaglandins by causing vasodilation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nitric <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e08c004e8f1692777194c9d37e17ad\">Oxide</span> (Option B)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Important for maintaining normal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f7653c9ef1692777187deaa35f749\">excretion</span> of sodium and water; decreased production <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d0fca798b1692777191b6cd41880f\">linked</span> to hypertension</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Angiotensin II</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Biphasic effect on GFR</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Constricts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8833ce72c71692777187014d5585e7\">efferent</span> arterioles, increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ad1e71a4a1692777188853097f685\">glomerular</span> pressure; severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4880e9b3761692777185e64eba797c\">constriction</span> decreases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c745475f51692777188c744487e6f\">GFR</span> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sympathetic Nerves (Option C)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decrease</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cause vasoconstriction, especially under stress or volume depletion</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Endothelin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vasoconstriction</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pZnRvIV4psMIZh1cdznT1743438522.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about nephrons is correct? Total renal blood flow rate is 1000 to 1260 ml/minute Tubular reabsorption is the first step in urine production Chronic kidney disease occurs when there is a 75% reduction in the original number of nephrons. The cortical region of the kidney is most vulnerable to ischemia. Nephrons can regenerate after age 40. Maintains Acid-Base balance by secreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Statements 1, 2, and 5.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Statements 1, 3, and 6.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Statements 2, 4, and 6", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Statements 3, 4, and 5.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Statements 1, 3, and 6.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:637px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nephrons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Structural and functional units of the kidney</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Number per Kidney</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.8 to 1.2 million (average of 1 million)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Length</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4.5 to 6.5 cm (average of 5 cm)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Renal Blood Flow</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Total <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">Blood Flow</span> Rate: </strong>1000 to 1260 ml/minute (20 to 25% of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output)</li>\n<li><strong>Blood Flow Distribution:</strong> Cortex: 90%, Medulla: 10%</li>\n<li><strong>Vulnerability to Ischemia: </strong>The<strong> </strong>Medulla is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"607476ab371692777196d0cb2f13bc\">prone</span> to ischemia; the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ffaf5d05751692777185e49d0166d3\">Corticomedullary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9f0942c0b51692777190ee876713e5\">junction</span> is more vulnerable</li>\n<li><strong>Plasma Flow Rate: </strong>625 to 700 ml/minute through both kidneys combined</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nephron Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Glomerular Filtration: </strong>First step in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> formation; filters water, ions, and small molecules from blood into Bowman's capsule</li>\n<li><strong>Tubular Reabsorption:</strong> Process where the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32562f5afa1692777193c891837db9\">nephron</span> removes water and solutes from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"92ab6958db169277720297c18cd6ab\">filtrate</span> and returns them to the blood</li>\n<li><strong>Tubular Secretion:</strong> Transfer of materials from blood into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> fluid</li>\n<li><strong>Excretion: </strong>Final <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"86c65ffa40169277718763f4072c2f\">elimination</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> from the body</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Additional Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Regulation of Blood Pressure:</strong> By controlling <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9b690b70c16927771833aae799b33\">blood volume</span> through <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> mechanisms</li>\n<li><strong>Acid-Base Balance: </strong>By secreting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">hydrogen</span> ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate</li>\n<li><strong>Electrolyte Balance:</strong> By reabsorbing and secreting electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium</li>\n<li><strong>Erythropoietin Production:</strong> A hormone that stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"248111ded81692777197946454db52\">red blood cell</span> production in the bone marrow, especially in response to low oxygen levels in the blood</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Age-Specific Dynamics of Nephron</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Nephrons cannot regenerate.</li>\n<li>Nephron count decreases by 10% every 10 year after age 40.</li>\n<li>By age 80, about 40% of nephrons remain functional.</li>\n<li>Chronic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4aa6035df41692777190b41d4a1583\">kidney</span> disease occurs when there is a 70 to 75% reduction in the original number of nephrons.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/G2UQRM0GsXiCIYqfBhNx1743353649.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for Myogenic Autoregulation of renal blood flow?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Calcium influx", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Activation of sympathetic fibers", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Angiotensin release", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dopamine release", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Calcium influx", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Ic1jMPE5tkaOazK1OwtU1743437807.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Calculate Renal Plasma Flow (RPF) if the GFR is 125 ml/min and the Filtration Fraction (FF) is 0.2.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "625", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "500", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "25", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "50", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 625", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/6UCHHRfs8N6BUCxUf1351743437542.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Calculate the Net Filtration Pressure from the values given below: Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure = 60 mmHg Bowman’s Capsule Pressure = 18 mmHg Glomerular Colloid Osmotic Pressure = 32 mmHg", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "10 mmHg", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "20 mmHg", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "30 mmHg", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "15 mmHg", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 10 mmHg", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/nzXSIpopejAzg2DQ3OK91736149132.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/sIYx9NDUIEIejCvVn8JT1743437100.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "If the molecular radius of a substance is 3.0 nm, it is known as:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Freely filtrable substance", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Selectively permeable substance", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Impermeable substance", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Selectively permeable substance", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of substance </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Molecular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec7c10c0421692777197d151a4c0b5\">radius</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Explanation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Freely filtrable</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>&lt;1.8 nm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Easily pass through the barrier</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sodium</li>\n<li>Potassium</li>\n<li>Water</li>\n<li>Urea</li>\n<li>Creatinine</li>\n<li>Inulin</li>\n<li>PAH</li>\n<li>Bicarbonate</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Selectively permeable</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1.8-4.2 nm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The charge on them determines filtration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Albumin</li>\n<li>Haemoglobin</li>\n<li>Myoglobin</li>\n<li>Bence Jones proteins</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Impermeable</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>&gt;4.2 nm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It cannot be filtered</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/J3OPvM1XOpCuJ1clxRyt1743436850.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following diseases can be caused by the defects in proteins of the slit diaphragm?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All of the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:443px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Protein</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Disease </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nephrin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Congenital <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7063996c3816927771930f70c92eb4\">Nephrotic</span> Syndrome of Finnish type</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Podocin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Steroid-Resistant <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7063996c3816927771930f70c92eb4\">Nephrotic</span> Syndrome</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>ꭤ-Actinin</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Focal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6c572343621692777198867cf8d853\">Segmental</span> Glomerulosclerosis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jwz02L22f8Yvn7p2fQh41743436651.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding the Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM) is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is not a part of the glomerular filtration barrier", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Contains type 3 collagen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Excludes substances larger than 8 nm", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Charges of substances do not affect their permeability through GBM", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Excludes substances larger than 8 nm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Aspect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Description</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Structure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>A specialized <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> forming a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44e9c0bbec169277719829907370ee\">sheath</span> shared by neighboring capillaries</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contents</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fine fibrils in a gel-like matrix</li>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"14958c535b1692777192abd2a85abf\">matrix</span> contains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26a46d0aaa169277720147f4f40f57\">type 4</span> collagen, laminin, fibronectin, and other negatively charged proteins</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Permeability</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Permits free passage of neutral substances up to 4 nm in diameter</li>\n<li>Excludes substances larger than 8 nm</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Molecular Charge Influence</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Charge on molecules affects their passage into Bowman's capsule.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/krHiMrwszswuvSBGsIU01743357630.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the primary site of action of acetazolamide in the nephron?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Proximal convoluted tubule", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Loop of Henle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Distal convoluted tubule", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Collecting duct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Proximal convoluted tubule", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FkwGhui5KYILWoBeYeBo1743356873.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following characteristics correctly differentiates the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) from the Collecting Duct (CT)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Paracellular transport present in CT and not in PCT", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Brush border of epithelium present in PCT, not in CT", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tight junctions are tight in PCT and leaky in CT", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Carbonic anhydrase type 4 absent in PCT, but present in CT", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Brush border of epithelium present in PCT, not in CT", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:664px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Proximal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">Convoluted</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ba1c48e851692777201a91713191e\">Tubule</span> (PCT)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Collecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">Duct</span> (CT)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Epithelium Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0acd7f0c95169277718587e7a53876\">cuboidal</span> with brush border</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Simple <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0acd7f0c95169277718587e7a53876\">cuboidal</span> to columnar without brush border</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Brush Border</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Microvilli</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dense <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4087852c1e1692777192e866353a05\">microvilli</span> (forming brush border)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Absent microvilli</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Paracellular Transport</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Significant due to leaky tight junctions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Minimal due to tight tight junctions</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tight Junctions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Leaky</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tight</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Carbonic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a72e82d651692777181ef79d77e61\">Anhydrase</span> Type 4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Present in microvilli</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Generally absent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mitochondrial Density</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower than PCT</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transport Mechanisms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Active and passive</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primarily passive</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reabsorption of Glucose</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Almost complete</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Minimal</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VOrqTdj6QiUWAuUp0VnO1743356436.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 58-year-old patient with chronic renal failure presents with symptoms of fatigue, fluid retention, and low serum potassium levels. On examination, the patient shows signs of hypertension and oedema. Which of the following types of cells being defective in the renal tubules is responsible for the following condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Principal Cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alpha Intercalated Cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Beta Intercalated Cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Juxtaglomerular Cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Principal Cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:610px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functions</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Principal Cells</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sodium reabsorption</li>\n<li>Potassium secretion</li>\n<li>Water reabsorption</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Responsive to aldosterone</li>\n<li>ADH receptors</li>\n<li>Columnar epithelium</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alpha Intercalated Cells</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Secrete H⁺ ions</li>\n<li>Reabsorb bicarbonate</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Apical H⁺-ATPases</li>\n<li>Cuboidal epithelium</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Beta Intercalated Cells</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Secrete bicarbonate</li>\n<li>Reabsorb H⁺ ions</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Apical <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> transporters</li>\n<li>Cuboidal epithelium</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BO9nwh5YDFJNr2tIAUIK1743355542.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which part of the proximal tubule is the most vulnerable and prone to ischemia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "S1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "S2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "S3", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "S2 and S3", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. S3", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/pXv6Lopu3QcJUCcAhhXD1736148980.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>S3</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proximal to the glomerulus.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Between S1 and S3.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Near the loop of Henle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reabsorption of nutrients, ions, and water.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reabsorption of water, ions, and bicarbonate.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reabsorption of sodium, bicarbonate, and nutrients.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"da5d70d6c016927771839e073ce917\">brush border</span> density.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"da5d70d6c016927771839e073ce917\">brush border</span> is present but less extensive than S1.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High mitochondrial density.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Risk of ischaemia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Least prone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intermediate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Most prone</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Y4HXIPtW9nIclnVMRWB91743355043.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match each component of the countercurrent system with its respective function: Components Functions 1. Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle a. Blood loses water and gains solutes as it passes through the hyperosmotic medullary interstitium. 2. Descending Limb of Loop of Henle b. Blood gains water and loses solutes as it passes through the less concentrated interstitium. 3. Ascending Vasa Recta c. Actively transports sodium and chloride into the interstitium, diluting the filtrate. 4. Descending Vasa Recta d. Permeable to water; water is reabsorbed into the interstitium, concentrating the filtrate.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-d", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1-d, 2-a, 3-c, 4-b", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jj6y1A3oTESpFeXzIYys1736148914.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:617px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Countercurrent Multiplier System</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Countercurrent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f3cd510981692777187f8f8c7cbc6\">Exchanger</span> System</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location:</strong> Loop of Henle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location: </strong>Vasa Recta</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function: </strong>Creates an osmotic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04136f692516927771888cf07d46a4\">gradient</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> to concentrate urine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function: </strong>Maintains the osmotic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04136f692516927771888cf07d46a4\">gradient</span> established by the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2430a3c498169277718598392c380c\">countercurrent</span> multiplier system and supplies nutrients to the medulla</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Descending Limb:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32343a48ea1692777195585b33c764\">Permeable</span> to water; water is reabsorbed into the interstitium, concentrating the filtrate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Descending <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">Vasa</span> Recta: </strong>Blood loses water, and gains <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6fe354b91616927771982cc53f71fc\">solute</span> as it descends through the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"443f35053c169277718919c0a5c883\">hyperosmotic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a36e18386169277719259641cf29b\">medullary</span> interstitium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ascending Limb:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b570eecc716927771895830c56d4c\">Impermeable</span> to water; actively transports sodium and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7dbd0ab551692777184f9b1a73c6d\">chloride</span> out into the interstitium, diluting the filtrate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ascending <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">Vasa</span> Recta: </strong>Blood gains water and loses solutes as it ascends through the less concentrated interstitium.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2430a3c498169277718598392c380c\">Countercurrent</span> flow between <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> limbs multiplies the osmotic gradient, enabling the concentration of urine</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism:</strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2430a3c498169277718598392c380c\">Countercurrent</span> exchange of water and solutes between blood in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">vasa</span> recta and the surrounding <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"318304493d1692777190524bea4edd\">interstitium</span> preserves the osmotic gradient</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UyanoUluuJJmrGG4KmI21743354518.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements correctly differentiates between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cortical nephrons have longer loops of Henle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Juxtamedullary nephrons constitute approximately 85% in the kidney.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cortical nephrons usually have a higher filtration rate.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Juxtamedullary nephrons are located primarily in the renal cortex, whereas cortical nephrons are in the renal medulla.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Cortical nephrons usually have a higher filtration rate.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:671px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cortical Nephrons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Juxtamedullary Nephrons</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Renal cortex.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Near the boundary between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cab8787ce916927771852a7e72f34d\">cortex</span> and medulla.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Percentage of Total Nephrons</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Approximately 85%</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Approximately 15%</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Loop of Henle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Short and extends only into the outer medulla.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Long and extends deep into the inner medulla.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vasa Recta</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Short and less extensive.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Long <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">vasa</span> recta, which follows the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c66af26d51692777191285c6180d9\">loop of Henle</span> into the medulla.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Glomerular Capsule</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Has a larger surface area relative to the length of the loop of Henle.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Smaller surface area relative to the length of the loop of Henle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Filtration Rate</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"83d76f27051692777202029aee0cd3\">filtration</span> rate but more specialised in concentration.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Presence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"948746a830169277719140f9f93879\">Macula</span> Densa</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Typically not present.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>These nephrons are closely associated with the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25d00b4de31692777190c3129e2243\">juxtaglomerular</span> apparatus.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primarily involved in regulating blood composition and volume through <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> and secretion.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Concentration of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> due to the longer loops and extensive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06595275c11692777201aee0394042\">vasa</span> recta</li>\n<li>Contributing to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a36e18386169277719259641cf29b\">medullary</span> osmotic gradient.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RrEXrYHDcDkR9Csqk54v1743353873.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 36 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 20 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 45-year-old woman presents with a 6-month history of muscle weakness, fatigue, and frequent urination. Her blood pressure is 160/95 mmHg. Investigations: Serum K+: 2.8 mEq/L, Serum Na+: 148 mEq/L, Plasma aldosterone: 35 ng/dL, Plasma renin activity: 0.2 ng/mL/h. What is the most likely diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Bartter's syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gitelman's syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Conn's syndrome", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Liddle's syndrome", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Conn's syndrome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:642px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Condition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blood Pressure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Serum K+</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>pH</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Urine Ca2+</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aldosterone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Renin</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bartter's Syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alkalosis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal/Elevated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gitelman's Syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low/Normal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alkalosis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal/Elevated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Liddle's Syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alkalosis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>-</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Conn's Syndrome</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alkalosis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Elevated</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WQkc76uBApQLfg1AyfOz1743871770.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "When a nephrologist studying kidney reabsorption encounters the effects of Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) on water reabsorption, what is the most likely influence of ADH on water reabsorption?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Facultative water reabsorption involves glucose transporters", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Facultative reabsorption dependent on ADH", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Obligatory reabsorption dependent of ADH", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Facultative reabsorption occurs in proximal tubules", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Facultative reabsorption dependent on ADH", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Facultative Water Absorption</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Obligatory Water Absorption</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">convoluted</span> tubules and collecting ducts.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Proximal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">convoluted</span> tubules and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> limb of the loop of Henle.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Insertion of aquaporin-2 channels via ADH</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Follows <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6fe354b91616927771982cc53f71fc\">solute</span> (mainly sodium) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> due to osmotic gradient.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect of ADH</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases water reabsorption</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not influenced by ADH</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Result</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Concentrated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">urine</span> when <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401dd7c3941692777180e4d78eee80\">ADH</span> is high.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Constant <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> rate.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BzhpANv8NvsiewaTn5uS1743696353.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 52-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes is being monitored for her renal glucose handling. During the monitoring, the clinician noticed that glucose appeared in her urine even at low plasma glucose concentrations. What is the most likely cause?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Explained by Splay effect", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "High Renal threshold for glucose", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased Transport maximum", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased Glomerular filtration", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Explained by Splay effect", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/skA40vlhhvZxMQPkJHjL1736150797.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wM0bIBmq9t62AZGJJSEz1743874282.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 63-year-old male complains of increased micturition, tingling numbness, and a non-healing ulcer. On examination, his FBS is 260 mg/dl, and he has glucose in his urine. What is the most likely cause of glucose in urine?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decreased tubular secretion of glucose.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Exceeded renal threshold of glucose.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased insulin sensitivity.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased tubular reabsorption of glucose.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Exceeded renal threshold of glucose.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jR7z3aDwQOwdRC8wR3Oo1736150746.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/1rNIPeXHSH2NY1DDljjq1743874507.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 47-year-old diabetic woman is being treated with medication that inhibits the reabsorption of glucose by the kidneys. What is the likely transporter inhibited by oral hyperglycemic medication, and what is its likely absorption mechanism?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "SGLT-2, Secondary active transport", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "GLUT-2, Facilitated diffusion", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "SGLT-2, Facilitated diffusion", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "GLUT-2, Secondary active transport", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. SGLT-2, Secondary active transport", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ufQBsEOoeQM0aReAKwVo1736150680.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/OppDGcr6WeM0ULJRI0ts1736150904.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspects</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Luminal transporters</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Basolateral transporters</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>SGLT-1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>SGLT-2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT-1</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>GLUT-2</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location in PCT</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>In the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">distal</span> part (S3 segment)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>In the later part</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S3 segment</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>S1 segment</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inhibition by medication</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Yes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Transport mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transport of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e87def492e1692777191eda63cfc5e\">lumen</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728bb228361692777185b98c34534b\">cytoplasm</span> by secondary active transporter.</p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transport of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"af3ae60c0c16927771889b84ca41c0\">glucose</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728bb228361692777185b98c34534b\">cytoplasm</span> to blood by facilitated diffusion.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/i9zMRKOBCaxp9w4UcbP51743873464.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old female complains of muscle weakness, metabolic alkalosis and hypertension. Genetic analysis reveals a mutation of ENaC. What is the most likely condition that occurs due to a mutation of ENaC?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Gordon Syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Barttin syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Gitelman’s syndrome", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Liddle's syndrome", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Liddle's syndrome", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bL9EPLgRw8UQn5TAxCdl1743873220.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which channels are not typically found on the luminal side of principal cells in the DCT?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Renal Outer Medullary Potassium (ROMK) channel", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channel", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2)", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/USdjhM3V9t2wImBJOlNZ1736321951.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:667px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Channel/Transporter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Role</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Epithelial <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"276be2047116927771989f7bf5ed02\">Sodium Channel</span> (ENaC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Luminal membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sodium <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e87def492e1692777191eda63cfc5e\">lumen</span> into the cell.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Renal Outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a36e18386169277719259641cf29b\">Medullary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">Potassium</span> (ROMK) channel</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Potassium <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> from the cell into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> lumen.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channel</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Water <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> under the influence of ADH.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aquaporin - Type 3/4</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Basolateral membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Water <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> from cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728bb228361692777185b98c34534b\">cytoplasm</span> to blood.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Na+-K+ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"597e455849169277718275e4dc5936\">ATPase</span> pump</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Active transport of sodium out of the cell into blood and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> into the cell.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zDXDRNd05ZjGUBgDiG3a1743771417.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about the cells in the distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule is NOT correct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Principal cells are responsible for sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type A intercalated cells secrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Amiloride and triamterene act as potassium-sparing diuretics by blocking sodium channels in principal cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Spironolactone and eplerenone increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in principal cells", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Spironolactone and eplerenone increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in principal cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/moMg84u4UfKLVzzPpLO81736150180.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/AyIJNYN7O9p8w287WmUz1736150208.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ODKCMKxY02xPHUmzTKV31736150243.png"], "explanation": "<table align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:691px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Principal Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Intercalated Cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Main Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sodium <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> (Option A)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Acid-base regulation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Proportion</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>60-70% of cells in collecting tubules and ducts.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>30-40% of cells in collecting tubules and ducts.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Types</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> -</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Type A</li>\n<li>Type B</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Processes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Na+ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> via Na+ channels</p>\n<p>K+ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> via K+ channels</p>\n<p>Water <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> (regulated by ADH).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type A: </strong>(Option B)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>H+ secretion</li>\n<li>HCO3- reabsorption</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Type B:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>HCO3- secretion</li>\n<li>H+ reabsorption</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Transporters</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Na+-K+ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"597e455849169277718275e4dc5936\">ATPase</span> pump in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67ef7ffbe61692777182686c1b57c4\">basolateral</span> membrane.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type A</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>H+-ATPase (apical</li>\n<li>H+-K+-ATPase (apical)</li>\n<li>Cl--HCO3- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f3cd510981692777187f8f8c7cbc6\">exchanger</span> (basolateral)</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>Type B:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>H+-ATPase (basolateral)</li>\n<li>Pendrin (Cl--HCO3- exchanger, apical)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormonal Regulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Responsive to aldosterone</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not primarily regulated by aldosterone.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diuretic Targets</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primary targets for potassium-sparing diuretics</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not primary targets for most diuretics.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Specific Diuretics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Spironolactone and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7833fe56401692777187f075d48c5a\">eplerenone</span> (aldosterone antagonists)</li>\n<li>Amiloride and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65987b1f2416927772006d129913cf\">triamterene</span> (Na+ channel blockers) (Option C)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Not specifically targeted by common diuretics.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect of K+-sparing Diuretics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decrease Na+ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> and K+ secretion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Minimal direct effect.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WA02lItwPO3PXe7qCbmx1743872701.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Gitelman syndrome?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hyperkalemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypercalciuria", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypomagnesemia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Metabolic acidosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Hypomagnesemia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/LZVnsH0YupLwFILTD14j1743771665.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding Bartter's syndrome is NOT true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Caused by mutations in the sodium-chloride-potassium co-transporter in the loop of Henle.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Common features include hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Typically inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Leads to the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Typically inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/kj1WpdxDQHWeiURyMNIQ1743872240.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "While flowing through which of the following segments does the filtrate become progressively hypertonic compared to plasma?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "D", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "B", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "C", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. B", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GP50VMHKigFzJ3F7HMg01736149774.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/vU89hBW6D65nKPVn25Co1736136339.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Nephron Segment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tonicity relative to Plasma</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Filtration (Glomerulus)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isotonic (Same as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> osmolality)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Proximal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">Convoluted</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ba1c48e851692777201a91713191e\">Tubule</span> (PCT)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Isotonic</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Absorption of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6fe354b91616927771982cc53f71fc\">solute</span> is proportional to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> of water.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">Descending</span> Limb </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypertonic (Water reabsorption, no <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6fe354b91616927771982cc53f71fc\">solute</span> reabsorption)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Isotonic - - - - -&gt; Hypertonic</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thick <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">Ascending</span> Limb </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hypertonic - - - - - &gt; Isotonic\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>(Solute reabsorption, no water reabsorption)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">Convoluted</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ba1c48e851692777201a91713191e\">Tubule</span> (DCT)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypotonic</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Collecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">Duct</span> (CD) </strong></p>\n<p>It depends upon the presence of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"401dd7c3941692777180e4d78eee80\">ADH</span> in the blood</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>With ADH, </strong>more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> of water and Hypertonic.</li>\n<li><strong>Without ADH, </strong>water <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> is nil, which i<strong>s more</strong> hypotonic.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qmGPY3ftGhEGMR1MmGQ71743767652.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true regarding the roles of principal cells and type A intercalated cells in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and cortical collecting ducts?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type B intercalated cells reabsorb bicarbonate ions and secrete hydrogen ions.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type B intercalated cells reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium ions", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Principal cells reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium ions into the tubular lumen.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Type A intercalated cells reabsorb potassium ions and secrete bicarbonate.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Principal cells reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium ions into the tubular lumen.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:674px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cell </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Channel / Pump</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Side </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Principal Cells</strong></p>\n<p>(Option C)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Na+-K+ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"597e455849169277718275e4dc5936\">ATPase</span> pump</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basolateral membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Exchanges sodium with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b9356afdba16927771979d068c6587\">renal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f46ba26d111692777190def3b1d80a\">interstitial</span> fluid.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sodium channels</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Luminal membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reabsorb sodium from the lumen.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Potassium channels</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Luminal membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secrete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> into the lumen..</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfd35769b016927771901681bcc115\">Intercalated</span> Cells</strong></p>\n<p>(Option D)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>H+-ATPase pump</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Luminal membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secrete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">hydrogen</span> ions into the lumen.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>H+-K+ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"597e455849169277718275e4dc5936\">ATPase</span> pump</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Luminal membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reabsorb <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> ions from the lumen.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chloride-bicarbonate exchanger</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basolateral membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Exchanges <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7dbd0ab551692777184f9b1a73c6d\">Chloride</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f46ba26d111692777190def3b1d80a\">interstitial</span> fluid.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type B <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfd35769b016927771901681bcc115\">Intercalated</span> Cells</strong></p>\n<p>(Option A and B)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>H+-ATPase pump</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Basolateral membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reabsorb <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">hydrogen</span> ions.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chloride-bicarbonate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f3cd510981692777187f8f8c7cbc6\">exchanger</span> (Pendrin)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Apical membrane</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Secrete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> into the lumen.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UKpCOaUnfq4HFmNQ7MhL1745946744.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old man presents with muscle cramps and tetany for the past 2 days. Investigations reveal hypocalcemia and elevated phosphate levels. If the hypocalcemia is caused by damage to the part of the nephron responsible for the maximum reabsorption of calcium, which part of the nephron is likely affected?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Loop of Henle", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Distal convoluted tubule", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Proximal tubule", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Collecting duct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Proximal tubule", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/X7nVhWtZ2pDD2irdADsI1745946439.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements regarding potassium homeostasis by the renal tubule is NOT True?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Maximum K+ reabsorption occurs in the PCT.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Principal cells are the major site for K+ secretion.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Reabsorption of K+ in the PCT depends on the daily changes in potassium intake.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Type B intercalated cells secrete potassium into the tubule when there is excess K+.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Reabsorption of K+ in the PCT depends on the daily changes in potassium intake.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/hGXvLVQdn4CvhxkZ4gG61736136909.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xbx3GlOB94mPGxchIVwR1736150100.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:588px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Site </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Potassium <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>PCT</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Maximum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3086fd09371692777197a351ddde07\">reabsorption</span> (65%).</li>\n<li>Does not depend on daily K+ intake.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Loop of Henle </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>About 30% of K+ is reabsorbed.</li>\n<li>Potassium is cotransported with sodium and chloride.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>DCT and Collecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">duct</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Principal cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Major site for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> secretion</li>\n<li>Na+-K+ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"597e455849169277718275e4dc5936\">ATPase</span> pump moves K+ into the cell from the interstitium.</li>\n<li>Passive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> of K+ from the cell into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e87def492e1692777191eda63cfc5e\">lumen</span> through ROMK and BK channels.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfd35769b016927771901681bcc115\">intercalated</span> cells.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Reabsorbs <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> depletion.</li>\n<li><strong>Mechanism: </strong>Hydrogen-potassium <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"597e455849169277718275e4dc5936\">ATPase</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"850b296dd316927772005b651f6e87\">transporter</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fbb10919e516927771917a9afcb633\">luminal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> exchanges <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">hydrogen</span> ions for potassium</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type B <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfd35769b016927771901681bcc115\">intercalated</span> cells</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Secrete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> when there is an excess.</li>\n<li><strong>Mechanism: </strong>Hydrogen-potassium <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"597e455849169277718275e4dc5936\">ATPase</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"850b296dd316927772005b651f6e87\">transporter</span> on the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67ef7ffbe61692777182686c1b57c4\">basolateral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> pumps <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a995a613a016927771969d4395dc80\">potassium</span> into the cell, which then diffuses into the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"98d387b7bd1692777201278b27be72\">tubular</span> lumen.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vZUCNezWkKi1GtW6noPF1743770156.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "At which part of the renal tubule does the maximum reabsorption of sodium occur?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Proximal convoluted tubule", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thick Ascending loop of Henle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Distal convoluted tubule", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Collecting duct", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Proximal convoluted tubule", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/dg8eT6jv3Uit5vf2RFPN1736152409.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/jcuLjJfEeFjuLfwVq4Ey1743769850.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Where is the sodium-glucose-linked transporter (SGLT) located in the renal tubule?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Early part of the Proximal convoluted tubule", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ascending Loop of Henle", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Distal convoluted tubule", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Later part of the Proximal convoluted tubule", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Early part of the Proximal convoluted tubule", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GF8PKrjIImiAifATzu6V1736149956.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:661px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>PART of TUBULE</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>TRANSPORTERS</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Proximal tubule</strong></p>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\t </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Early <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"406aede9e21692777194b4cefe9958\">PCT</span> </strong>(Option A)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter (SGLT)</li>\n<li>Sodium-Amino Acid Cotransporter</li>\n<li>Sodium-Hydrogen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f3cd510981692777187f8f8c7cbc6\">Exchanger</span> (NHE)</li>\n<li>Na+/K+ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"597e455849169277718275e4dc5936\">ATPase</span> Pump</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Late <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"406aede9e21692777194b4cefe9958\">PCT</span> </strong>(Option D)</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sodium-Chloride Cotransporter</li>\n<li>Chloride Channels</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0cf8ac70611692777186b133d027f6\">descending</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c66af26d51692777191285c6180d9\">loop of Henle</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Freely <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32343a48ea1692777195585b33c764\">permeable</span> to water and some solutes such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"38d4be106e169277720105b006c26b\">urea</span> and sodium</li>\n<li>No specific transporter</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thick <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> loop of Henle</strong></p>\n<p>(Option B)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Na+-K+-2Cl− Co-transporter (NKCC2)</li>\n<li>Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger</li>\n<li>Na+/K+ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"597e455849169277718275e4dc5936\">ATPase</span> Pump</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">convoluted</span> tubule</strong> (Option C)</p>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\t \n\t\t\t<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Early DCT</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sodium-chloride <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b7f35e85b71692777185cd0aa6cf3a\">cotransporter</span> (NCC)</li>\n<li>Na+/K+ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"597e455849169277718275e4dc5936\">ATPase</span> Pump</li>\n<li>Chloride Channels</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Late DCT</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Principal Cells</strong>:\n\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Epithelial Sodium Channels (ENaC)</li>\n<li>Potassium Channels</li>\n<li>Na+/K+ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"597e455849169277718275e4dc5936\">ATPase</span> Pump</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type A <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfd35769b016927771901681bcc115\">Intercalated</span> Cells:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Hydrogen-ATPase</li>\n<li>Hydrogen-Potassium ATPase</li>\n<li>Chloride-Bicarbonate Exchanger</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type B <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfd35769b016927771901681bcc115\">Intercalated</span> Cells:</strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Hydrogen-ATPase (Basolateral)</li>\n<li>Chloride-Bicarbonate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f3cd510981692777187f8f8c7cbc6\">Exchanger</span> (Pendrin)</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/QTDyCxQL0qt06krTZx281743769687.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 60-year-old male with chronic kidney disease presents with electrolyte abnormalities. He undergoes renal function tests revealing impaired reabsorption in his proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). All the following ions are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Amino Acids", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phosphate", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bicarbonate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hydrogen Ions", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Hydrogen Ions", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/k8Tm2IXLZPZPWIOq7xXJ1736136651.png"], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sodium</li>\n<li>Glucose</li>\n<li>Phosphate</li>\n<li>Amino Acids</li>\n<li>Citric Acid</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Potassium</li>\n<li>Calcium</li>\n<li>Chloride</li>\n<li>Bicarbonate</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/h0JZ0ceCLDfq3ntsJnPq1743769455.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male patient with chronic hypertension undergoes renal function tests. His glomerular filtration rate (GFR) fluctuates due to his condition, but the percentage of sodium reabsorption at the proximal tubule remains constant. This renal phenomenon ensures stable sodium reabsorption relative to GFR changes and is primarily mediated by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Renal Autoregulation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Modulating GFR based on feedback from sodium concentrations.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Glomerulo-tubular balance", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulating sodium reabsorption", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Glomerulo-tubular balance", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/ECQtQYfEafz8nY491Fdp1736152764.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vbsKNiYPER2dVXM0IRt01745946223.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman presents with complaints of excessive thirst and frequent urination. Laboratory tests reveal hypernatremia (elevated serum sodium levels) and low urine osmolality. Further investigation shows undetectable levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). What is the location of minimum urine tonicity expected in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "End of the collecting duct", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Descending thin limb of the loop of Henle", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ascending limb of the loop of Henle", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. End of the collecting duct", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/UH7sC3oeoyEJCZjOQPuN1736149862.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Condition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Maximum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">Urine</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e17dff110169277720097f083b99b\">Tonicity</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Minimum <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0096f2a7631692777201eb9f21d5a7\">Urine</span> Tonicity</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>In the Presence of ADH</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>End of the Collecting Duct(CD) / Tip of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c66af26d51692777191285c6180d9\">Loop of Henle</span> (LOH)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Distal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3ddb367f1c16927771854815522adf\">Convoluted</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ba1c48e851692777201a91713191e\">Tubule</span> (DCT)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>In the Absence of ADH</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tip of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c66af26d51692777191285c6180d9\">Loop of Henle</span> (LOH)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>End of Collecting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6198b5f22b16927771867e4ef8108f\">Duct</span> (CD)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/G9i3kXslrdOdeUpaROnj1743768198.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of excessive thirst and polyuria. Further investigation reveals a diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus. What is the approximate tubular fluid-to-plasma osmolality ratio expected in this patient's collecting duct?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Less than 1", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Equal to 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Greater than 1", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Between 1 and 2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Less than 1", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/2VwxjObPca9o23dWe2tM1736136446.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IDvQyonNrLWCEvW6NETR1743767965.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 30 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 2 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "During spermatogenesis, which of the following hormones inhibits Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) secretion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Testosterone", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Inhibin", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Luteinizing Hormone (LH)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Androgen", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Inhibin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the accurate order of muscle utilization during ejaculation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ischiocavernosus relaxation-external urethral sphincter relaxation-Bulbospongiosus contraction", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ischiocavernosus relaxation-External urethral sphincter contraction-Bulbospongiosus relaxation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ischiocaveernosus contraction- external urethral sphincter relaxation- Bulbospongiosus relaxation", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ischiocavernosus contraction- External urethral sphincter relaxation- Bulbospongiosus relaxation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Ischiocaveernosus contraction- external urethral sphincter relaxation- Bulbospongiosus relaxation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 12 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 10 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A patient is being evaluated for male infertility. The fertility specialist explains the changes sperm undergo in the epididymis. Which of the following statements correctly describes a change that sperm undergo in the epididymis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ability to bind to zona pellucida develops after ejaculation.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Cytoplasm and cell volume increases in the epididymis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sperm gain motility and chemotaxis ability.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Capacitation for fertilization happens in the epididymis.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Sperm gain motility and chemotaxis ability.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:616px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Change</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Motility Acquisition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sperm leaving the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52d0e8b461169277720097e2175a05\">testes</span> are not fully mobile.</li>\n<li>They gain progressive <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> in the epididymis.</li>\n<li>Motility is suppressed by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> proteins until ejaculation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cation Channel Activation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Activation of CatSper family <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"299c6a693916927771832f0615b65d\">cation</span> channels occurs. Alkaline-sensitive Ca2+ channels become active as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> move to more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b95c7f7b821692777181df660ee7ff\">alkaline</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"25c6ce766c1692777184ab9a40305c\">cervical</span> mucus.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chemotaxis Development</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Develop the ability to sense chemical signals from the ovaries, helping guide them toward the ovary.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Concentration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Become concentrated due to fluid reabsorption.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Epididymal Fluid Contribution</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Epididymis and Sertoli cells <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b8c92219216927771981950fdd0e8\">secrete</span> nutrient-rich fluid containing hormones, enzymes, and nutrients essential for maturation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sperm Storage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Epididymis serves as the primary storage site.</li>\n<li>Sperm can maintain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2238ef34bc16927772024c3becf614\">fertility</span> for at least a month.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Timeframe for Motility</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sperm gain the capability for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> after 18 to 24 hours in the epididymis.</li>\n<li>Full <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76948f718016927771924774ade7e9\">maturation</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"67bb86d8a416927771894a2507530c\">hypermotility</span> occur in the female <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0e919a208b16927771885d9c1f6662\">genital</span> tract.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acrosome Maturation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The acrosome, located at the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> head and containing enzymes for fertilization, matures while <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> are stored in the epididymis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728bb228361692777185b98c34534b\">Cytoplasm</span> and Cell Volume</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sperm lose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a1ae24f701692777187a7f60bbd9f\">excess</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"728bb228361692777185b98c34534b\">cytoplasm</span> and decrease in overall cell volume as they <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0472620c171692777192c655af9c57\">mature</span> in the epididymis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zona Pellucida Binding Ability</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sperm acquire receptors during epididymal transit that enable them to bind to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce703232dd1692777202121148f8ee\">zona</span> pellucida, facilitating <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"31dd0b58bb1692777195e6016ecd51\">penetration</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a8e411e2116927772022dd4b365bc\">fertilization</span> of the egg.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Capacitation Post-Epididymis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Full <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2a8e411e2116927772022dd4b365bc\">fertilization</span> capacity (capacitation) occurs after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> leave the epididymis. This involves removal of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> factors and changes to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> membrane.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/i2u3jegusRD9JtX3DHfE1745256809.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 15-year-old male is undergoing puberty and starts experiencing physical and hormonal changes associated with this developmental stage. Which hormonal changes and effects are typical during puberty in males?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decreased testosterone reduces muscle mass.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased LH boosts testosterone production.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Elevated FSH enlarges penis and scrotum.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Higher inhibin increases FSH secretion.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Increased LH boosts testosterone production.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GkmyNGKWu9O2U5dHN75j1736158843.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:615px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Puberty and Male <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11e24b369816927771974383c7e17c\">Reproductive</span> System Changes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e54a6646c1169277720031d162bd75\">Testosterone</span> Production</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Surge in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e54a6646c1169277720031d162bd75\">testosterone</span> by Leydig cells in testes. Stimulated by LH from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> pituitary. <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Sexual Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Growth of penis, scrotum, and testes. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Secondary Sexual Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Body Hair:</strong> Increased growth on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fff48ca9da16927771966fd16bbacc\">pubic</span> area, face, chest, etc.</li>\n<li><strong>Voice Changes:</strong> Deeper voice due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"80452d1746169277719165b097dc7a\">larynx</span> hypertrophy.</li>\n<li><strong>Skin Changes:</strong> Thicker skin, increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"359edf0778169277719886070af9db\">sebaceous</span> secretion, acne.</li>\n<li><strong>Muscle Development:</strong> Increased muscle mass (50% greater than females). <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Bone Growth:</strong> Enhanced thickness, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"54de8b79a91692777183e608bc0dd4\">calcium</span> retention.</li>\n<li><strong>Metabolic Effects:</strong> Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> rate (5-10%), potential increase in red blood cells.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spermatogenesis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sperm production begins and continues throughout life within <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1406286c02169277719897928fb9f1\">seminiferous</span> tubules of testes.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Role of Hormones in Spermatogenesis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>FSH:</strong> Stimulates Sertoli cells for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> support.</li>\n<li><strong>Testosterone:</strong> Essential for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b3623bc67216927771889eb144d9ed\">germ</span> cell growth.</li>\n<li><strong>Inhibin:</strong> Produced by Sertoli cells to regulate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"02315055441692777203a721dd9b19\">FSH</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a3b0e644a6169277719912525dffae\">spermatogenesis</span> rate. <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sperm <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76948f718016927771924774ade7e9\">Maturation</span> and Storage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Immature <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8dc15ef09e1692777198320917e46b\">sperm</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0472620c171692777192c655af9c57\">mature</span> in the epididymis, gaining <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> (suppressed until ejaculation), stored for at least a month.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/CBf82RawW5CZ2eSTDXcz1745257195.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Sertoli cells and Leydig cells together form the blood-testis barrier", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Leydig cells secrete testosterone and androgen-binding protein", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Leydig cells can synthesize cholesterol de novo within them", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sertoli cells secrete Inhibin B to suppress the release of LH", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Leydig cells can synthesize cholesterol de novo within them", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SEirCalFlLJchIxSC2eW1745257579.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 14-year-old male presents with delayed puberty. Physical examination reveals small testicular volume and a lack of secondary sexual characteristics. Hormonal tests indicate low testosterone levels but elevated FSH levels. Which of the following functions of Sertoli cells is most likely compromised in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Secretion of testosterone in response to LH stimulation", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Production of inhibin, leading to increased FSH levels", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone by 5α-reductase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Support of spermatogenesis through FSH-mediated stimulation", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Support of spermatogenesis through FSH-mediated stimulation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/aGvKfg8CmFtPrjhrpG3j1745340194.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following components is most accurately matched with its contribution to the total volume of semen?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Seminal vesicles contribute 20% of the total volume.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Prostate contributes 60% of the total volume.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bulbourethral glands contribute the majority of the semen volume.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Seminal vesicles contribute 60% of the total volume.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Seminal vesicles contribute 60% of the total volume.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Component</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Color</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>White, opalescent</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Specific Gravity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1.028</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>pH</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7.35–7.50</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sperm Count</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~100 million/mL, &lt;20% <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"458e050fdc16927771809854c9fd53\">abnormal</span> forms</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Other Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Fructose</li>\n<li>Phosphorylcholine</li>\n<li>Ascorbic acid</li>\n<li>Flavins</li>\n<li>Prostaglandins</li>\n<li>Spermine</li>\n<li>Citric acid</li>\n<li>Cholesterol</li>\n<li>Phospholipids</li>\n<li>Fibrinolysin</li>\n<li>Fibrinogenase</li>\n<li>Zinc</li>\n<li>Acid phosphatase</li>\n<li>Phosphate</li>\n<li>Bicarbonate</li>\n<li>Buffers</li>\n<li>Hyaluronidase</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/x1KNz1zLaF3HMLMrPuRn1745339844.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "At which phase of the menstrual cycle does the primary oocyte complete meiosis I to become a secondary oocyte?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Follicular phase", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ovulation", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Luteal phase", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Menstrual phase", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ovulation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xwzdebah9CVuH8tvxv3a1727513463.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tmrRPwerWGt6MCCvSFQF1727513502.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ptHT0lU8hCzHFHaO2Y2u1727513526.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tpsaaVGEKJvz60Gr7E3q1727513548.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JB7n0vqzUD6srFid4SVx1736158989.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:402px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stage</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Events</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Before Birth</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"4167\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/xwzdebah9CVuH8tvxv3a1727513463.png\" width=\"3666\"/></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Puberty</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pituitary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4744bb90c21692777188c8957f9faa\">gland</span> secretes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"02315055441692777203a721dd9b19\">FSH</span> and LH</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Follicular Phase</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"3186\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/tmrRPwerWGt6MCCvSFQF1727513502.png\" width=\"4167\"/></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ovulation</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"3547\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/ptHT0lU8hCzHFHaO2Y2u1727513526.png\" width=\"4167\"/></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Luteal Phase</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Corpus luteum secretes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183d374ac91692777196c63c850299\">progesterone</span> and some <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58dd68b011692777187eb72633aac\">estrogen</span> → If no fertilization, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58dd68b011692777187eb72633aac\">estrogen</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183d374ac91692777196c63c850299\">progesterone</span> levels decline</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fertilization</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"\" data-source=\"\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"2732\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/tpsaaVGEKJvz60Gr7E3q1727513548.png\" width=\"4167\"/></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7ehTxpup5Jm2uz3e1UM11745339590.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 27-year-old woman with a regular 30-day cycle is in the luteal phase. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the hormonal environment and physiological changes during this phase?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Corpus luteum breaks down, leading to decreased estrogen and progesterone.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Progesterone levels increase significantly due to the activity of the corpus luteum", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Granulosa and theca interna cells secrete estrogen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Initiated by increased follicle-stimulating hormone", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Progesterone levels increase significantly due to the activity of the corpus luteum", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:643px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hormones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Duration &amp; Events</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Menstrual Phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Occurs when the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c1d9800e2169277719426cf66bb68\">ovum</span> is not fertilized. <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Corpus luteum breaks down, leading to decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58dd68b011692777187eb72633aac\">estrogen</span> and progesterone.</li>\n<li>Endometrium regresses and sheds.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Decreased Estrogen</li>\n<li>Decreased Progesterone</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Duration: 4-7 days</li>\n<li>Blood loss: ~40 mL</li>\n<li>Serous fluid loss: ~35 mL</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Follicular Phase (Pre-ovulatory)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Initiated by increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1ba6a9cfe11692777181950edd7a6d\">anterior</span> pituitary. <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>Stimulates growth of 6-12 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d6bf3684a11692777196d1db55af2f\">primordial</span> follicles.</li>\n<li>Granulosa and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2ae158b0bc1692777200039e41de96\">theca</span> interna cells <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7b8c92219216927771981950fdd0e8\">secrete</span> estrogen. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Estrogen promotes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"02315055441692777203a721dd9b19\">FSH</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e4959f6f316927771978bb152d440\">receptor</span> formation and accelerates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"031a38f17a16927772036476ede2ae\">follicular</span> growth.</li>\n<li>One <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0c3f6b8901692777203d0446fe1f4\">follicle</span> becomes dominant (preovulatory follicle).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)</li>\n<li>Estrogen</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Duration: Variable</li>\n<li>Follicle growth and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76948f718016927771924774ade7e9\">maturation</span> occur</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Luteal Phase (Post-ovulatory)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Begins after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"264a9eb50d1692777194427a13247b\">ovulation</span> with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> luteum formation.</li>\n<li>Corpus luteum secretes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183d374ac91692777196c63c850299\">progesterone</span> and some estrogen.</li>\n<li>Prepares <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f1603da6716927771878d0cbdd372\">endometrium</span> for implantation.</li>\n<li>If no implantation, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> luteum involutes, decreasing hormone levels and triggering menstruation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Luteinizing Hormone (LH)</li>\n<li>Progesterone</li>\n<li>Estrogen</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Duration: About 12 days</li>\n<li>Decline in hormones leads to menstruation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/BXT5VIa1lQK71luvUyJu1745338923.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "According to the Two-Cell-Two-Gonadotropin Hypothesis, which of the following hormones primarily stimulates granulosa cells in the ovaries to promote the production of estrogen?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "LH", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "FSH", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Progesterone", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Prolactin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. FSH", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/Y7WZJiXL8rX8W7sahyXc1736159090.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UujySpbMRtdP8juYRacK1745257960.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman presents with hot flashes, night sweats, and irregular menstrual cycles, suggesting a decrease in estrogen levels. Which of the following is a primary source of estrogen in premenopausal women, and which of the following is an effect of estrogen on the body?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Adrenal cortex; Maintenance of bone density", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hepatocytes; enlargement of breast", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Granulosa cells, proliferation of endometrium", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Corpus luteum, decreases HDL cholesterol", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Granulosa cells, proliferation of endometrium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:634px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Estrogen</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Progesterone</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Source</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Granulosa cells <strong>(Option C)</strong>, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7e902103fb16927771857729aade8b\">corpus</span> luteum, and placenta</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Corpus luteum, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5276da31d11692777195f0e82f5e1d\">placenta</span> and ovarian follicles</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effects on female genitalia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Growth of ovarian follicle</li>\n<li>Proliferation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2f1603da6716927771878d0cbdd372\">endometrium</span> <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n<li>Increase the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8c1db40c9169277719258df1a6b43\">motility</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> tubes</li>\n<li>Increase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> in the uterus</li>\n<li>Increase the amount of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"59ff8b38191692777201150e72ebc3\">uterine</span> muscle and contractility.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Antiestrogenic effect on the myometrium, decreasing their excitability</li>\n<li>Secretory effect on the endometrium</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Female Secondary Sex Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enlargement of breasts</li>\n<li>Female distribution of fat</li>\n<li>Wide carrying angle</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stimulates the development of lobules and alveoli</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effects on the Central Nervous System</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increase libido</li>\n<li>Increase the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8eedb6cec61692777196a6a3b93d3f\">proliferation</span> of dendrites on neurons and the number of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5c4592475a1692777199991c761d11\">synaptic</span> knobs</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Thermogenic and responsible for the rise in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"923af580cf16927771829606bce2a7\">basal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a7581c8b01692777183819f38c633\">body temperature</span> during ovulation</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effects on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d8216cf7571692777187baa94b8612\">Endocrine</span> Organs</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8fc9055c71169277718179180bdfdf\">angiotensinogen</span> and thyroid-binding globulin</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Large doses of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"183d374ac91692777196c63c850299\">progesterone</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6b3de87b7c16927771901326efbcd2\">inhibit</span> LH <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9b0ae3750916927771986c15d4ff4d\">secretion</span> and potentiate the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6bd49bf11692777190214aa47f99\">inhibitory</span> effect of estrogens, preventing ovulation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Other effects</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Retention of salt and water and gain weight just before menstruation</li>\n<li>Plasma cholesterol-lowering action</li>\n<li>Vasodilation by increasing the local production of NO.</li>\n<li>Maintains bone mineral density</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stimulates respiration, and the alveolar PCO2</li>\n<li>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4e4438ab5c16927771919ca536a59f\">LDL</span> and decreases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ceb81d29516927771884c732da32e\">HDL</span> (Option D)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/x5dpxwwgY243p7OzF7kT1745255021.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following best describes the feedback regulation mechanism of ovarian function involving estrogen and the hypothalamus-pituitary axis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "High levels of estrogen stimulate the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland .", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Low levels of estrogen inhibit the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "High levels of estrogen inhibit the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Low levels of estrogen stimulate the release of progesterone from the ovaries", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. High levels of estrogen inhibit the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/rquwZHnDeIjx4kkNSkeI1736159200.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/iH3gAUgb46oxXg9h7mbu1745338522.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 20 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 15 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following oxygen-sensitive channels is present in peripheral chemoreceptors?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "K+", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Na+", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ca++", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cl-", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. K+", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which type of ion channel is affected by mutations in the CFTR gene?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Chloride", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sodium", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Potassium", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Calcium", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Chloride", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the presented spirometry image, what term corresponds to the point labeled F?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vital capacity", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Total lung capacity", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Expiratory reserve volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inspiratory capacity", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Vital capacity", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/zu1c75QNmLLzUy2wpNnh1747662643.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/yhPV27UPBlC3UYFlrCol1747662716.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:644px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lung Volume/Capacity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Typical Volume (mL)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Formula</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tidal Volume (TV)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breath</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>500</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3000</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Additional air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1200</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Residual Volume (RV)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Air remaining in the lungs after a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> exhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1200</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anatomical Dead Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Volume of air in conducting airways where no gas exchange occurs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>150</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Total Lung Capacity (TLC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maximum amount of air the lungs can hold</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>6000</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>TLC = TV + IRV + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a6905fdca16927771879daba1b8d2\">ERV</span> + RV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vital Capacity (VC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maximum air exhaled after a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> inhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4800</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>VC = TV + IRV + ERV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inspiratory Capacity (IC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maximum air inhaled after a normal exhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3500</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>IC = TV + IRV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2400</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FRC = <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a6905fdca16927771879daba1b8d2\">ERV</span> + RV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which ion channels are affected in cystic fibrosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Na+", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ca2+", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cl-", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "K+", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Cl-", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/c0wcWKNPjs1GiHZpySdN1745929042.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following statements best describes the appropriate mechanism involved in coughing? Forceful expiration against a closed glottis Expiration against an open glottis Normal inspiration Removing harmful substances", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1,4", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1,2,3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "2,4", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2,3", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1,4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following methods is used for the calculation of anatomical dead space?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Multiple breath nitrogen test", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bohr's method", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spirometry", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Single-breath nitrogen test", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Single-breath nitrogen test", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which change is least likely to occur among a group of colleagues taking an excursion to a high-altitude mountain region?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increase PaO2", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increase in RBC &amp;amp; Hb", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased mitochondria", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hyperventilation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Increase PaO2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black\">\n<p><strong>Changes during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ceeb0cef2169277718080f29afe8d\">Acclimatization</span> in high altitudes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Respiratory</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>At high altitudes, lower oxygen levels stimulate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> chemoreceptors, increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> ventilation. <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>This leads to enhanced CO2 removal, causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> alkalosis.</li>\n<li>Kidneys respond by excreting more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> to stabilize blood pH, causing a sustained increase in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58f1f33f81692777201ad5e0d60ca\">ventilation</span> and supporting prolonged acclimatization.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Haematological</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>At high altitudes, lower PO2 boosts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec50ec51401692777187009530441d\">erythropoietin</span> production, increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"248111ded81692777197946454db52\">red blood cell</span> count. <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>This also raises <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d86c8e863216927771855ee709d548\">2,3-diphosphoglycerate</span> (2,3-DPG) levels in red blood cells.</li>\n<li>Initially, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0dae4cbf251692777181bd4fb21a24\">alkalosis</span> shifts the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe0bb103fc1692777194ee9f85bd86\">oxyhemoglobin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18fb34ab321692777186e9bc95a726\">dissociation</span> curve to the left but increased 2,3-DPG shifts it to the right, improving oxygen release to tissues.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cardiovascular</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Hypoxia activates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e7b585936a16927771994fc66d486f\">sympathoadrenal</span> axis, increasing heart rate, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output, and blood pressure.</li>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output leads to an increase in blood flow, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a249eeb5551692777189661d39c1b2\">hypoxia</span> causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7aa9f8d34616927772018c11493bbc\">vasodilation</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f2e7fd96116927771995b451b5c90\">systemic</span> circulation, further contributing to increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> and oxygen supply to the tissues.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tissue</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>In acclimatization, skeletal muscles undergo several changes, including an increase in the number of capillaries and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18c9e7b9721692777192bd042528cc\">mitochondria</span> and an increase in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42cd6f8fc316927771931f5a10bb5f\">myoglobin</span> content. <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Further, chemicals released from the hypoxic tissues stimulate angiogenesis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is indicated by the curve labeled as 'A' in the given oxygen dissociation curves graph?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Myoglobin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Carboxyhemoglobinemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Methemoglobin", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Fetal hemoglobin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Myoglobin", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/Uoqg4acYtJJ3zpWjKa721746704846.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/310sUYPvDnhixzgLPykV1745338472.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "If the pH is reduced from 7.4 to 7.3 with the PO2 being constant at 100 mmHg, which line would PaCO2 follow?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 1", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/hzYZaJAhTMl0f85S7MKY1746701737.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chemoreceptor Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Contribution</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Central Chemoreceptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medulla oblongata</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Detect <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99a9bf133e1692777184ec4b1011fe\">cerebrospinal</span> fluid (CSF) pH changes.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>~85% of response</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Peripheral Chemoreceptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carotid/aortic bodies</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Respond to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b905d8d51416927771821f9cceb3a3\">arterial blood</span> gas changes (pH, O2).</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lesser response</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which physiological adaptation does not happen at high altitudes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alkaline urine", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Polycythemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Respiratory acidosis", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hypoxia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Respiratory acidosis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/cckuuw8U7wsDkyqtszw51746701872.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "2, 3-BPG causes the unloading of oxygen to tissues by", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increasing ATP production", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Binding to the beta subunit of Hb", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inhibiting taut structure", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreasing ATP production", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Binding to the beta subunit of Hb", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/i3sMXRIkX8IL0gitICai1745297861.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following does not cause a right shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased HbF", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Raised 2,3 DPG", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Acidosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased CO2", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Increased HbF", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/82a6ztnEl3HwdoinluyP1745388526.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:657px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Steep phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Plateau phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Range</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10-60 mm Hg</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>60-100 mm Hg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A rapid increase in Hb saturation.</li>\n<li>Hb ~90% <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd2ac838bb16927771983dd9afc74c\">saturated</span> at PO<sub>2</sub> of 60 mm Hg.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Curve flattens.</li>\n<li>Small increases in Hb <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4696a0f8d169277719865588e55c7\">saturation</span> despite PO<sub>2</sub> rise.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Curve flattens.</li>\n<li>Small increases in Hb <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4696a0f8d169277719865588e55c7\">saturation</span> despite PO<sub>2</sub> rise.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It provides a safety buffer.</li>\n<li>It maintains high Hb <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4696a0f8d169277719865588e55c7\">saturation</span> (~90%) despite moderate PO<sub>2</sub> decreases.</li>\n<li>It ensures stable oxygen delivery under varying conditions.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What makes CPDA superior to ACD for blood storage, except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The fall in 2,3 DPG is less", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B) Improved Viability of Red Blood Cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased Potassium Load", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "It is less acidic", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increased Potassium Load", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Respiratory distress syndrome is caused due to defective?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type 1 pneumocytes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type 2 pneumocytes", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Alveolar capillary endothelial cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bronchial mucosal epithelial cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Type 2 pneumocytes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A person develops headache and breathlessness on a trekking expedition following a rapid ascent to over 3000 meters above the sea level. Which of the following is not used in the treatment of this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "IV digoxin", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Immediate descent", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Administration of oxygen", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tablet acetazolamide", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. IV digoxin", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acute Mountain Sickness</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Headache</li>\n<li>Nausea</li>\n<li>Fatigue</li>\n<li>Insomnia</li>\n<li>Appear hours to days after rapid ascent</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Associated with cerebral oedema, caused by increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89e3252d5b16927771833fb9b432ae\">capillary</span> pressure in the brain due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d141b433d2169277718681e3ff6bc3\">dilation</span> of blood vessels in response to low oxygen levels.</li>\n<li>The increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c7103a9b516927771955682b6aaa4\">permeability</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d89cb634601692777183adec401a59\">blood-brain barrier</span> contributes to fluid leakage into brain tissue.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Descending to a lower altitude <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Supplemental oxygen <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Acetazolamide to facilitate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ceeb0cef2169277718080f29afe8d\">acclimatization</span> <strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>In severe cases, corticosteroids may be used to reduce cerebral oedema.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 25 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 24 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following formulas gives the oxygen extraction ratio (OER) of a substance?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "(Arterial Concentration+Venous Concentration) / Arterial Concentration", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "(Arterial Concentration−Venous Concentration) / Arterial Concentration", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Venous Concentration / Arterial Concentration", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "(Venous Concentration−Arterial Concentration) / Venous Concentration", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. (Arterial Concentration−Venous Concentration) / Arterial Concentration", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:666px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Key Influences</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Impact on OER</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oxygen Delivery (DO<sub>2</sub>)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cardiac output, Hemoglobin, SpO₂</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decrease leads to increased OER</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oxygen Consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Metabolic demands (exercise, sepsis)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increase without DO₂ increase elevates OER</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Blood Flow</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vascular diseases, Shock states</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Altered <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> dynamics affect OER</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Physiological Conditions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypoxia, Anemia, Hypercapnia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypoxia increases OER</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Dialysis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hemodynamic changes during dialysis</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Higher OER <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d0fca798b1692777191b6cd41880f\">linked</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fd62943ef1169277719047f8b84f88\">intradialytic</span> hypotension</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Age and Health Status</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Age-related cardiovascular/respiratory changes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad2073fe6716927771885f3c1ec652\">hemoglobin</span> levels impact OER</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medications/<br/>\n\t\t\tTreatments</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vasodilators, Inotropes, Mechanical ventilation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Influence <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> and oxygen delivery, affecting OER</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vnT0269c9oGdtHZBmekG1744898834.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following contributes to the higher hematocrit in venous blood than arterial blood?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Lower Plasma Volume in venous blood", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Chloride shift causing red blood cell swelling", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Greater carbon dioxide content in venous blood", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All of the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:606px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chloride shift</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reverse <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7dbd0ab551692777184f9b1a73c6d\">chloride</span> shift</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tissues</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lungs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Process</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CO₂ enters RBCs, forming H₂CO₃ → H⁺ + HCO₃⁻. HCO₃⁻ exits in exchange for Cl⁻</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CO₂ exits RBCs. HCO₃⁻ re-enters RBCs in exchange for Cl⁻</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on RBCs</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chloride influx causes water influx, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3d212ebd316927771996e0c472d4a\">swelling</span> RBCs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chloride efflux balances HCO₃⁻ re-entry, CO₂ is released</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Impact on haematocrit</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e114d4cdc169277718882a0a01076\">hematocrit</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8790b4667016927771979066e8958c\">RBC</span> swelling</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primarily facilitates CO₂ release, indirectly affecting hematocrit</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ATvhTI2d1LyuG8EvSAic1744824382.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the significance of the Haldane effect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Oxygenation promotes CO₂ release in the lungs.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Deoxygenation enhances oxygen uptake in tissues.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "CO₂ binding boosts oxygen release in tissues.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Haemoglobin buffers blood pH by binding hydrogen ions.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Oxygenation promotes CO₂ release in the lungs.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/ttDEwZcbfssqsiFThPIA1735979188.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:632px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Concept</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The binding of oxygen (O2) to haemoglobin in the lungs promotes the release of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c32b3a9fac16927771831530888fdf\">carbon dioxide</span> (CO2) from the blood.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mechanism</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>When O2 binds to haemoglobin, it becomes a stronger acid.</li>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"038f5d38b41692777180a957459f95\">acidity</span> reduces haemoglobin's tendency to bind CO2 (carbaminohemoglobin), releasing CO2 into the blood.</li>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"038f5d38b41692777180a957459f95\">acidity</span> causes haemoglobin to release <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">hydrogen</span> ions (H+), which combine with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> ions (HCO3-) to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1b06f401f1692777203a53393ba98\">form</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95585a69c21692777183b817f72e70\">carbonic acid</span> (H2CO3).</li>\n<li>Carbonic acid dissociates into water and CO2, exhaling into the alveoli.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Effects</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>In the lungs, high <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66961ad3a16927771941f00c5ed57\">partial pressure</span> of oxygen (PO2) shifts the CO2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18fb34ab321692777186e9bc95a726\">dissociation</span> curve, causing more CO2 to be released from the blood.</li>\n<li>This effect approximately doubled the amount of CO2 released in the lungs and picked up in the tissues compared to without this shift.</li>\n<li>The CO2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18fb34ab321692777186e9bc95a726\">dissociation</span> curve shows the effect quantitatively.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Significance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"23b62a127716927771880514f80102\">Haldane Effect</span> is more quantitatively significant in promoting CO2 transport compared to the Bohr effect's role in promoting O2 transport.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/HQefshCyn9MIA8XbpzHr1744824603.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which phenomenon explains the release of oxygen from haemoglobin in response to high carbon dioxide concentrations at the tissue level?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Haldane Effect", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bohr Effect", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Chloride Shift", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Root Effect", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Bohr Effect", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/dZeX0ZTMuGQtpIDIFZQa1735979840.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:606px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Bohr Effect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18fb34ab321692777186e9bc95a726\">dissociation</span> curve to the right in response to increases in blood CO2 and H+ levels has a significant effect by enhancing the release of O2 from the blood in the tissues and enhancing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"db3aca8a9a16927771948a3ff7512d\">oxygenation</span> of the blood in the lungs</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mechanism</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increase in CO<sub>2</sub>: CO<sub>2</sub> diffuses from tissues into the blood, forming <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"95585a69c21692777183b817f72e70\">carbonic acid</span> (H₂CO₃), dissociating into H+ and HCO<sub>3</sub>-. This increase in H+ lowers blood pH.</li>\n<li>Decrease in pH: Lower pH shifts the oxygen-haemoglobin <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18fb34ab321692777186e9bc95a726\">dissociation</span> curve to the right, causing haemoglobin to release O2 more readily.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Effects in Tissues</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Higher CO2 and lower pH cause haemoglobin to release O2, delivering more O2 to metabolically active tissues.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Effects in Lungs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Expelling CO2 in the lungs decreases blood CO2 levels and increases pH, shifting the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18fb34ab321692777186e9bc95a726\">dissociation</span> curve to the left and allowing haemoglobin to bind O2 more readily for transport.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Factors Influencing the Bohr Effect</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased CO2 concentration</li>\n<li>Increased blood temperature</li>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5eb010f3041692777182726fdec300\">2,3-bisphosphoglycerate</span> (BPG) concentration: BPG binds to haemoglobin, reducing its <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"227269f3ec1692777180d76a7898dd\">affinity</span> for O2 and promoting O2 release.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:613px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Double bohr effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Location</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Placenta where <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a191a950d7169277719148e72a75e2\">maternal</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"337d16dac5169277718474b97f6e4a\">circulation</span> meet.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fetal Blood Flow</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood with high CO<sub>2</sub> from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"421fecf0e21692777202704942ac48\">fetus</span> to placenta</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CO<sub>2</sub> Diffusion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CO<sub>2</sub> diffuses from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a191a950d7169277719148e72a75e2\">maternal</span> blood</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Effect on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">Fetal</span> Blood</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>CO<sub>2</sub> decreases, blood becomes alkaline</li>\n<li>Oxygen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18fb34ab321692777186e9bc95a726\">dissociation</span> curve shifts left</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Effect on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a191a950d7169277719148e72a75e2\">Maternal</span> Blood</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>CO<sub>2</sub> increases, blood becomes acidic</li>\n<li>Oxygen <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18fb34ab321692777186e9bc95a726\">dissociation</span> curve shifts right</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Clinical Significance</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enhances oxygen transfer from mother to fetus, improving <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f375a3584316927772020efa386e3e\">fetal</span> oxygenation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RCIfXFikap31PqiuQYuG1744824904.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In which form is carbon dioxide predominantly transported in the blood?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dissolved CO 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Carbaminohemoglobin", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 ⁻)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Protein bound", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 ⁻)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KphgeBmMuUepdpaGrBA41744824755.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following solutions is considered best for blood storage?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "ACD (Acid Citrate Dextrose)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "CPDA (Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine)", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "CPD (Citrate Phosphate Dextrose)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. CPDA (Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/KYMgCQfPhybkccKLKeIQ1744913136.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve for myoglobin?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rectangular Hyperbolic", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sigmoidal", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Linear", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Exponential", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Rectangular Hyperbolic", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/otssAm7jTGPw7xsoSqUk1744912307.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true regarding the Luebering-Rapoport pathway?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen by producing 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG).", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "It generates NADPH as a key product and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "It functions to increase the ATP yield of glycolysis in red blood cells.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "It involves the enzyme hexokinase to initiate the pathway.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. It reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen by producing 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG).", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YLOT1ISuObxR2Z9nSUHK1736588846.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/j76m8NKfirdz0iCYV2l11744911413.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient has a haemoglobin concentration of 15 g/dL. Calculate the oxygen-carrying capacity of the patient's blood.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "20.1 mL O2/g", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "22.5 mL O2/g", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "19.8 mL O2/g", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "15.0 mL O2/g", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 20.1 mL O2/g", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Eb6fzlPMHrD4nHW5JZat1744910995.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the cause of this shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen (Hb-O 2 ) dissociation curve given below?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased pH", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased temperature", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased metabolic rate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased carbon dioxide levels", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Increased pH", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/G0RMsNbl9YYedRh743In1735978821.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/xFVRvM9Cmuh49Uu1q12Y1736589359.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:598px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Left Shift - Higher O</strong><strong><sub>2</sub></strong><strong> affinity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Right Shift - <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">Reduced</span> O</strong><strong><sub>2</sub></strong><strong> affinity</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Alkalosis.</li>\n<li>Decreased pCO<sub>2</sub>.</li>\n<li>Decreased 2,3-DPG.</li>\n<li>Hypothermia.</li>\n<li>Methaemoglobin.</li>\n<li>Carboxyhaemoglobin.</li>\n<li>Foetal haemoglobin.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"5\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Acidosis.</li>\n<li>Increased pCO<sub>2</sub>.</li>\n<li>Increased 2,3-DPG.</li>\n<li>Hyperthermia.</li>\n<li>Sulfhaemoglobin.</li>\n<li>Chronic anaemia.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VEeF4MXKOUqsj3uDDbM11744909686.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Select the correct statements from the following The binding of one oxygen molecule to Hb decreases the affinity of the remaining heme groups for oxygen. Hb shifts from the Tense (T) state to the Relaxed (R) state upon oxygen binding, increasing oxygen affinity. At low PO 2 , small changes in PO 2 lead to large changes in oxygen saturation. At moderate PO 2 , the dissociation curve is steep, meaning small increases in PO 2 results in large increase in oxygen saturation.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 and 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2 and 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "2 and 4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "3 and 4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 2 and 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:477px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>PO2 Levels</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Oxygen Saturation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Affinity for Oxygen</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slow increase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low (T state)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Moderate</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Steep increase</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High (cooperative)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>High</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plateau</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Approaching full saturation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/67eMmmELWjYFoYGAZoXH1744909037.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following are true regarding the oxygen-hemoglobin (O 2 -Hb) dissociation curve except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "It is a sigmoid-shaped curve.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The plateau phase ranges from 10-60 mm Hg.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "The steep phase ensures efficient oxygen delivery to tissues even with small drops in PO 2 .", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "P 50 assesses the binding affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. The plateau phase ranges from 10-60 mm Hg.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/v2lwzhRlMpRm2166dCMY1735978623.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:657px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Steep phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Plateau phase</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Range</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10-60 mm Hg</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>60-100 mm Hg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A rapid increase in Hb saturation.</li>\n<li>Hb ~90% <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd2ac838bb16927771983dd9afc74c\">saturated</span> at PO<sub>2</sub> of 60 mm Hg.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Curve flattens.</li>\n<li>Small increase in Hb <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4696a0f8d169277719865588e55c7\">saturation</span> despite PO<sub>2</sub> rise.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The steep phase (10-60 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"66ae2626ae169277719278edf9936d\">mm Hg</span> PO₂) ensures efficient oxygen unloading, where small PO₂ drops cause significant O₂ release, crucial for active muscles and hypoxic conditions <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>It provides a safety buffer.</li>\n<li>It maintains high Hb <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4696a0f8d169277719865588e55c7\">saturation</span> (~90%) despite moderate PO<sub>2</sub> decreases.</li>\n<li>It ensures stable oxygen delivery under varying conditions.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/R4BUZKbed4a5gSVYCcd51744899094.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is not a component of the respiratory unit?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Respiratory bronchiole", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alveolar duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Terminal bronchiole", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alveolus", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Terminal bronchiole", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hiNhmhTJDpStR8QojaBb1744822533.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the major mode of transport for oxygen in the blood?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dissolved directly in plasma", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "As bicarbonate ions in plasma", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Bound to plasma proteins", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/vXhuMlFX9ZEP0eFQi5NI1744898581.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following describes Henry's law?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "A gas's effusion rate is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid at a constant temperature.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid at a constant temperature.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:405px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Gas</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Solubility Coefficient</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Oxygen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.024</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carbon Dioxide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.57</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Carbon Monoxide</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.018</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Nitrogen</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.012</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Helium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>0.008</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RGW4nTZormB4oubef7qQ1744892007.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of high altitude on gas diffusion?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Diffusion capacity increases", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Diffusion capacity decreases", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Diffusion capacity remains constant", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Any of the above, depending on the type of gas", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Diffusion capacity increases", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/klA1jcwYQq1vYQGAP6b61735978516.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/n13gYqmNB7U0Rkbvc16i1744891669.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old female patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is admitted to the hospital with severe shortness of breath. Arterial blood gas analysis shows an oxygen content of 16 ml/dl, while the mixed venous blood sample shows an oxygen content of 12 ml/dl. The pulmonary capillary oxygen content is determined to be 20 ml/dl. Calculate the percentage of cardiac output shunt for this patient.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "25%", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "10%", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "15%", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "50%", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 50%", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/y12RDDqin7ShcLY0eyCI1744891347.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Nitrous oxide is classified as a perfusion-limited gas. What does this imply about its diffusion properties in the lungs?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "N 2 O uptake into pulmonary capillaries is dependent on the amount of blood flowing through it", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "N 2 O uptake into pulmonary capillaries is dependent on temperature", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "N 2 O uptake into pulmonary capillaries is dependent on atmospheric pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. N 2 O uptake into pulmonary capillaries is dependent on the amount of blood flowing through it", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Gas Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Explanation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Example</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Diffusion-Limited Gas</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> process limits the transfer</li>\n<li>Diffusing capacity for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44758fcec31692777184e24fa84582\">CO</span> (DLCO) is used to measure the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"68325001361692777186184e298e9d\">diffusing capacity</span> of the lungs</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>CO</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Perfusion-Limited Gas</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The amount of gas taken up is dependent on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> (perfusion) through <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> capillaries</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>N<sub>2</sub>O</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intermediate Case</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Uptake is primarily perfusion-limited under normal conditions.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>O<sub>2</sub></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Bc0n7w22JZyFgcs4TuXQ1744889488.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Calculate the alveolar oxygen tension (PAO 2 ) for a patient with a barometric pressure (P atm ) of 760 mmHg, a water vapour pressure (P H2O ) of 47 mmHg, an inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) of 0.21, and an arterial carbon dioxide tension (PACO 2 ) of 40 mmHg. Assume the respiratory quotient (R.Q) is 0.8.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "80 mmHg", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "90 mmHg", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "100 mmHg", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "70 mmHg", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 100 mmHg", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/eEseSS8S39IuquthiTUk1744888845.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "During a pulmonary function test, it is noted that the diffusion equilibrium for oxygen is reached at ⅓ rd of the transit time in the pulmonary capillary. Based on the information provided in the diagram, at what point during the red blood cell's transit through the pulmonary capillary is diffusion equilibrium for oxygen reached?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "0.75 second", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 second", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "0.25 second", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "0.1 second", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 0.25 second", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/FwU4CsqLccdyDMu2YaP01727523326.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/PW6FjwS1KdaStXj3gyaz1744888376.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) diffuses more rapidly than oxygen (O 2 ) primarily due to which of the following properties?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Higher molecular weight", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Higher solubility in water", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Smaller molecular size", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Higher partial pressure in the alveoli", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Higher solubility in water", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/80WHN8AA53TC26fsOqdq1744824007.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old male has had progressive difficulty breathing over the past year. He reports a persistent dry cough and fatigue. He has no history of smoking or exposure to occupational hazards. On examination, he has fine crackles at the lung bases and clubbing of the fingers. PFT reveals a restrictive pattern. An HRCT scan of the chest shows honeycombing and reticular opacities, predominantly in the lower lobes. This condition primarily affects which aspect of the respiratory membrane?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alveolar epithelium", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Capillary endothelium", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Interstitial space", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Surfactant layer", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Interstitial space", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pDU2m1iIZhlwYX5lyIyZ1744823568.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old male with a 40-year history of heavy smoking presents with progressive shortness of breath and a chronic cough. On examination, he has a barrel-shaped chest and decreased breath sounds bilaterally. Pulmonary function tests show an FEV1/FVC ratio of 0.55 and a significantly decreased DL CO . Which of the following is the most likely reason for the decreased DLCO in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Loss of alveolar surface area", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased thickness of the alveolar-capillary membrane", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decreased pulmonary blood flow", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hyperinflation of the lungs", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Loss of alveolar surface area", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:617px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Procedure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inhale gas mixture (CO and helium)</li>\n<li>Hold breath for ~10 seconds</li>\n<li>Exhale and measure <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44758fcec31692777184e24fa84582\">CO</span> concentration</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Factors Affecting DL</strong><strong><sub>CO</sub></strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lung Volume: Lower volumes decrease DL<sub>CO</sub> (e.g., restrictive lung diseases)</li>\n<li>Hemoglobin Level: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53bee2a41216927771814d7ec3a67f\">Anemia</span> lowers DL<sub>CO</sub>; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7fd466a9c016927771962d5b061b0f\">polycythemia</span> increases DL<sub>CO</sub></li>\n<li>Carboxyhemoglobin Levels: Elevated in smokers, reducing DL<sub>CO</sub></li>\n<li>Alveolar Surface Area: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">Reduced</span> in emphysema, decreasing DL<sub>CO</sub></li>\n<li>Pulmonary Blood Flow: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">Reduced</span> flow (e.g., <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> hypertension) decreases DL<sub>CO</sub></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Interpretation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Reduced DL<sub>CO</sub>: <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f46ba26d111692777190def3b1d80a\">Interstitial</span> lung disease, emphysema, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> fibrosis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> disease, anemia</li>\n<li>Increased DL<sub>CO</sub>: Polycythemia, asthma, left-to-right <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> shunts</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Significance in Clinical Practice</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Differentiate obstructive vs restrictive lung diseases</li>\n<li>Assess disease extent in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4acddc3cf5169277718996440e2e14\">idiopathic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> fibrosis, sarcoidosis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gjs5yUmz9gYTzxvapS4k1744823203.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of diffusion in the lung according to Fick's Law? Thickness of the alveolar-capillary membrane Diameter of the bronchiole Surface area of the alveolar-capillary membrane Partial pressure gradient of the gases Temperature Solubility of the Gas", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 and 2", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2 and 5", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "4 and 5", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2 only", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 2 only", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/6Yk7vXkX0IeKocWs3W3q1735977934.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Surface Area of the Membrane</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The greater the surface area available for diffusion, the higher the rate of gas exchange.</li>\n<li>In diseases like emphysema, where alveolar surface area is reduced, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> capacity decreases.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Concentration Gradient</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A steeper <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"04136f692516927771888cf07d46a4\">gradient</span> (difference in partial pressures between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0dd428c12116927771819285c8849c\">alveoli</span> and the blood) increases the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> rate.</li>\n<li>For example, if the alveolar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66961ad3a16927771941f00c5ed57\">partial pressure</span> of oxygen is high compared to the blood, oxygen will <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89275101301692777186567d1912a0\">diffuse</span> more rapidly.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Thickness of the Membrane</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The thinner the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> (alveolar-capillary membrane), the faster the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> rate.</li>\n<li>Conditions like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21e2d5a70616927772021fcdec0ca9\">fibrosis</span> increase <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"facd67f6341692777200653d383689\">thickness</span> and reduce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> capacity.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diffusion <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b530604f9d1692777184cf1541ae41\">Coefficient</span> of the Gas</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Different gases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89275101301692777186567d1912a0\">diffuse</span> at different rates.</li>\n<li>For example, CO<sub>2</sub> diffuses more readily than O<sub>2</sub> due to its higher <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> coefficient.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Temperature and Pressure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Higher temperatures increase the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> rate, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11780a9ef716927771825d082fc9a5\">barometric pressure</span> changes can also influence <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">diffusion</span> rates.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Solubility of the Gas</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Gases more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"845fedd06d16927771989597afa034\">soluble</span> in blood (like CO<sub>2</sub>) will <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89275101301692777186567d1912a0\">diffuse</span> more readily than gases with lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a9295e67a41692777198dce0de3f34\">solubility</span> (like O<sub>2</sub>).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/A23hezOrSc3QZfoGGoF51744822954.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 34 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 25 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "A 45-year-old male presents with a persistent dry cough and shortness of breath. A CT scan of the chest reveals localized airway obstruction at the level of the terminal bronchioles. Based on Weibel's classification of the respiratory system, which generation of airways is most likely affected in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Generation 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Generation 8", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Generation 16", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Generation 20", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Generation 16", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ol87CCyqeJ2dxUh9NWK21744116176.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements about intra-alveolar pressure changes during normal breathing is incorrect?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The maximum and minimum intra-alveolar pressure is at start of expiration and start of inspiration respectively", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Minimum Intra-alveolar pressure is approximately -1 mm Hg during inspiration.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Maximum Intra-alveolar pressure is approximately +1 mm Hg during expiration.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "At the end of both inspiration and expiration, intra-alveolar pressure is 0 mm Hg.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. The maximum and minimum intra-alveolar pressure is at start of expiration and start of inspiration respectively", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/Pw3ygCyfCkqSizmNJ4kL1735920305.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:372px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:159px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Phase of Respiration</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:213px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Intra-Alveolar Pressure (IAP)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:159px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Resting Condition</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:213px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">0 mm Hg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:159px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Start of Inspiration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:213px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">0 mm Hg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:159px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Middle of Inspiration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:213px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">-1 mm Hg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:159px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">End of Inspiration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:213px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">0 mm Hg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:159px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Start of Expiration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:213px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">0 mm Hg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:159px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Middle of Expiration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:213px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">+1 mm Hg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:159px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">End of Expiration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:213px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">0 mm Hg</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/t6jJ0UmXghX3gu4O3HDf1744735836.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Uptake of various substances during their transit through a pulmonary capillary is shown here. Curve B represents:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "N2O", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "O2", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "CO2", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "CO", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. O2", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/VzAczCVRr572ZhQLmG4P1735921340.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/i3XnkSeoi4uJpW1WCWuz1744720864.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old patient with a history of asthma presents with complaints of shortness of breath and wheezing. Pulmonary function tests are performed and indicate that the patient's dynamic compliance is significantly reducd, while static compliance remains relatively unchanged. What is the most likely explanation for these findings?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Surfactant deficiency leading to increased alveolar surface tension", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Reduced chest wall compliance due to muscle weakness", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased airway resistance due to bronchospasm", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Presence of fibrotic tissue in the lungs, restricting lung expansion", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increased airway resistance due to bronchospasm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/hr99zreOLkHRR6yjHUSG1744721301.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following correctly depicts A ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Emphysema", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Lung fibrosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Myasthenia Gravis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Kyphoscoliosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Emphysema", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/f4wzSfyTjnQ64xbBMGAu1735920940.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/0wVI3jxTPh21zbJeZaFe1735921031.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/87MHLxzDCNutNj6ErjiD1744721500.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following denotes the compliance curve depicting both inspiratory and expiratory phase? (Y-axis denotes volume and x-axis denotes pressure)", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "No text content", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "Unknown", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/dZzl3MhVE1Occs2iyLBq1735920840.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/JSlsvXZDDE4MuH3bl4XP1735920554.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pDx147AxOnxRwQVK7Opa1744721741.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the alveoli, surfactant primarily reduces surface tension by:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increasing the viscosity of the alveolar fluid, thereby reducing the tendency to collapse", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Interfering with the diffusion of water molecules across the alveolar lining.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spreading phospholipids and proteins uniformly across the alveolar surface.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Forming a film that alters the behavior of water molecules at the air-liquid interface", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Forming a film that alters the behavior of water molecules at the air-liquid interface", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FuadwJ61TVl0VX1fBean1744721914.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is false?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Old-age lung has high compliance", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Elastic tissue recoil and surface tension oppose each other during expansion of alveoli", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hyaline membrane disease has low compliance and high surface tension", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Low compliance of the lungs is seen in Atelectasis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Elastic tissue recoil and surface tension oppose each other during expansion of alveoli", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/F4w9ZGBTAaizEtngMCTb1744722267.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient's lung volume increases by 500 ml when their transpulmonary pressure increases from 3 cm H2O to 5.5 cm H2O. What is the compliance of the patient's lungs?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "100 ml/cm", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "150 ml/cm", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "200 ml/cm", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "250 ml/cm", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 200 ml/cm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5alELAQmvUCbCMTh4gZF1744722705.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Match the following zones of the lungs with their corresponding pressure relationships and blood flow characteristics. Zone Pressure Relationship Blood Flow Characteristic 1 A) Pulmonary artery pressure &amp;gt; Pulmonary venous pressure &amp;gt; Alveolar pressure i) Continuous blood flow 2 B) Alveolar pressure &amp;gt; Pulmonary artery pressure &amp;gt; Pulmonary venous pressure ii) No blood flow 3 C) Pulmonary artery pressure &amp;gt; Alveolar pressure &amp;gt; Pulmonary venous pressure iii) Intermittent blood flow (only during systole)", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 - A - i, 2 - B - ii, 3 - C - iii", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 - B - ii, 2 - C - iii, 3 - A - i", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1 - C - iii, 2 - B - ii, 3 - A - i", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1 - B - ii, 2 - A - i, 3 - C - iii", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 1 - B - ii, 2 - C - iii, 3 - A - i", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/b1CC15R6FwQ3QoEjJKv91735920414.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:609px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zone</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pressure Relationship</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Blood Flow Characteristic</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alveolar pressure &gt; Pulmonary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> pressure &gt; Pulmonary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> pressure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>No blood flow, as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27238235f01692777181c84e3bef55\">alveolar pressure</span> occludes the capillaries.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pulmonary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> pressure &gt; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"27238235f01692777181c84e3bef55\">Alveolar pressure</span> &gt; Pulmonary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> pressure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Intermittent <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> occurs during systole.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pulmonary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> pressure &gt; Pulmonary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> pressure &gt; Alveolar pressure</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Continuous blood flow.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/N61gcKIWmQ4nq873FeMc1744722498.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Two separate patients are being considered for respiratory distress. Imaging reveals an obstruction in the right bronchus in one patient and an embolism in the pulmonary arteriole in another patient. Based on these findings, what are the expected changes in the ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio and the partial pressures of oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the affected alveoli?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "In the obstructed bronchus, the V/Q ratio is infinite, and the partial pressures are PO2 = 149 mmHg and PCO2 = 0.3 mm Hg.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "In the embolized vessel, the V/Q ratio is zero, and the partial pressures are PO2 = 40 mmHg and PCO2 = 46 mm Hg.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "In the obstructed bronchus, the V/Q ratio is zero, and the partial pressures are PO2 = 40 mmHg and PCO2 = 46 mm Hg.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "In the embolized vessel, the V/Q ratio is infinite, and the partial pressures are PO2 = 40 mmHg and PCO2 = 46 mm Hg.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. In the obstructed bronchus, the V/Q ratio is zero, and the partial pressures are PO2 = 40 mmHg and PCO2 = 46 mm Hg.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pm6LolmkPF1FI2UALHcf1744734277.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old male patient with a history of shortness of breath on exertion presents to the OPD. During the examination, it is noted that his ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio varies significantly in different regions of the lungs. What are the expected partial pressures of oxygen (pO2) and carbon dioxide (pCO2) at the apex, middle, and base of the lungs in the upright position?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "At the apex: pO2 is lowest and pCO2 is highest.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "At the base: pO2 is highest and pCO2 is lowest.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "At the middle: pO2 is highest and pCO2 is lowest.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "At the base: pO2 is lowest and pCO2 is highest.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. At the base: pO2 is lowest and pCO2 is highest.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Region of Lungs</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>V/Q Ratio</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>PO2 (mm Hg)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>PCO2 (mm Hg)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>pH of blood</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Apex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Highest (3.3)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Highest (132)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lowest (28)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7.51 (slightly alkaline)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Middle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Moderate (0.8)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>100-104</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>40</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7.4</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Base</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lowest (0.6)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lowest (89)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Highest (42)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>7.39 (slightly acidic)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/5XezeuUZwtlt8pfxV7d41744735448.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old female patient is evaluated for differences in ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratios in various positions. In the upright position, the V/Q ratios at the apex, middle, and base of the lungs differ due to gravitational effects. Which of the following statements correctly describes the V/Q ratio at these lung regions in the upright vs. supine position?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "In the upright position, the V/Q ratio is highest at the base of the lungs.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "In the upright position, the V/Q ratio is highest at the apex of the lungs.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "In the supine position, the V/Q ratio difference between the apex and base is more pronounced than in the upright position.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "In the supine position, the V/Q ratio is highest at the middle of the lungs.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. In the upright position, the V/Q ratio is highest at the apex of the lungs.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:646px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:78px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong> Position</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:95px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Region</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:157px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>V/Q </strong></p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Ratio</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:316px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Explanation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:78px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong> Upright</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:95px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Apex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:157px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">3.3 </p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"> (highest)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:316px\">\n<p>Perfusion decreases drastically at the apex, making the V/Q ratio highest despite lower ventilation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:78px\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:95px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Middle</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:157px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">0.8 </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:316px\">\n<p>Both <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58f1f33f81692777201ad5e0d60ca\">ventilation</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33dfead74b1692777195931780bd9e\">perfusion</span> are moderate, resulting in a balanced V/Q ratio.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:78px\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:95px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Base</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:157px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">0.6 </p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">(lowest)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:316px\">\n<p>Perfusion is highest at the base, causing the V/Q ratio to be lowest despite higher ventilation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:78px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong> Supine</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:95px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">All </p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">regions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:157px\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"> Relatively uniform</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top; width:316px\">\n<p>In the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0976ea1fd16927771995d5c700a21\">supine</span> position, gravitational effects are minimized, leading to </p>\n<p>a more uniform V/Q ratio.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/TCT9ObwETKxsMbZZ3Aan1744737365.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old male patient presents with shortness of breath and fatigue. His respiratory rate is 16 breaths per minute, and his tidal volume is 400 mL. The dead space is estimated to be 150 mL. Which of the following statements about ventilation and perfusion is/are correct? 1) Pulmonary ventilation refers to the amount of air entering the lungs in a minute, while alveolar ventilation is the volume of air reaching the alveolar zone for gas exchange. 2) Pulmonary ventilation for this patient is approximately 6.4L/min. 3) Alveolar ventilation for this patient is approximately 4L/min. 4) Perfusion is the blood flow at the level of the alveoli which is approximately equal to cardiac output from the right ventricle.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1, 2 and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1, 2, 3 and 4", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "1, 3 and 4", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 1, 2, 3 and 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Statement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Explanation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">Pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58f1f33f81692777201ad5e0d60ca\">ventilation</span> refers to the amount of air entering the lungs in a minute, while <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"97e790e7ec1692777181fa5efb11d3\">alveolar ventilation</span> is the volume of air reaching the alveolar zone for gas exchange.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Correct</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pulmonary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58f1f33f81692777201ad5e0d60ca\">ventilation</span> </strong>= TV x RR;</p>\n<p><strong>Alveolar ventilation</strong> = (TV - Dead Space) x RR.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">Pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58f1f33f81692777201ad5e0d60ca\">ventilation</span> for this patient is approximately 6.4 L/min.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Correct</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Pulmonary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58f1f33f81692777201ad5e0d60ca\">ventilation</span> = 400 mL x 16 = 6.4 L/min.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"97e790e7ec1692777181fa5efb11d3\">Alveolar ventilation</span> for this patient is approximately 4 L/min.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Correct</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alveolar <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58f1f33f81692777201ad5e0d60ca\">ventilation</span> = (400 mL - 150 mL) x 16 = 4.0 L/min.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4) <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33dfead74b1692777195931780bd9e\">Perfusion</span> is the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> at the level of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0dd428c12116927771819285c8849c\">alveoli</span> which is approximately equal to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output from the right ventricle.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Correct</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Perfusion is typically equal to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output of the right ventricle, approximately 5.4 L/min.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/lMravjcQxE7xoHuuNrqA1744736556.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which statement correctly describes normal inspiration?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Diaphragm relaxation leads to decreased intrapleural pressure, allowing air to enter the lungs.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Diaphragm contraction creates negative intrapleural pressure, causing air to enter the lungs.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased intra-alveolar pressure from diaphragm contraction draws air into the lungs.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "External intercostal muscle relaxation decreases intrapleural pressure, expanding the alveoli.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Diaphragm contraction creates negative intrapleural pressure, causing air to enter the lungs.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/QFTZUqYxakl4zwvGzc3M1744719205.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old male presents with severe shortness of breath and chest pain after being involved in a motor vehicle accident. On examination, he is tachycardic and hypotensive, with decreased breath sounds on the right side and tracheal deviation to the left. Which of the following pressure changes most accurately explains the underlying mechanism of his condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased intrapulmonary pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased intrapleural pressure", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decreased intrapleural pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased intrapulmonary pressure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Increased intrapleural pressure", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/mnay3LcaDfhZfq7oMP1i1735920168.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/rN3mWbyHlPdW6ZPXbK8f1744718911.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35-year-old male holds his breath at the end of normal expiration. Which of the following accurately describes the condition of his lungs at this moment?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The alveolar pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The intrapleural pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The functional residual capacity is at its minimum.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The elastic recoil forces of the lungs and chest wall are in equilibrium.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. The elastic recoil forces of the lungs and chest wall are in equilibrium.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/h8TyPrMVowUMihJdaa0A1744651336.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old woman with a history of asthma presents to the emergency department with severe dyspnea. On examination, she is using accessory muscles to breathe and her oxygen saturation is reduced. Arterial blood gas analysis shows a high level of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂) despite increased ventilation. A bedside pulmonary function test reveals that her physiological dead space has increased compared to her last visit. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the increase in physiological dead space in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased alveolar dead space due to poorly ventilated but well-perfused alveoli, leading to reduced effective gas exchange.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anatomical dead space has increased due to an obstruction in the conducting airways, causing less air to reach the alveoli.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased alveolar dead space due to poorly perfused but well-ventilated alveoli, reducing the amount of air available for gas exchange.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "A reduction in anatomical dead space due to inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to a decrease in overall physiological dead space", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increased alveolar dead space due to poorly perfused but well-ventilated alveoli, reducing the amount of air available for gas exchange.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/JmrtTFudckWQ38lQx2hY1744650837.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the Nitrogen Washout Method for measuring lung volumes, what does the phase III observed in the graph represent?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The volume of air in the conducting zone.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The mixed air from the conducting zone and alveoli.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The pure alveolar air coming from the alveolar region.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The closing volume of the lungs.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The pure alveolar air coming from the alveolar region.", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/juksnXmWA97zOEGeS43P1735919725.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/e3ltIB660f2Hgwlni8jP1735919800.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/LAicyihCHwW3Fuclhw9H1735919869.png", "https://image.prepladder.com/notes/g3AIZwOuXeUsx8CNj9lt1735920010.png"], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/eYgtN9ndVNFttzghVG5p1744650256.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old woman undergoes elective surgery under general anesthesia. During the procedure, her respiratory parameters are closely monitored. Which of the following statements best explains how general anesthesia typically affects anatomical dead space?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "General anesthesia increases alveolar ventilation by reducing dead space.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "General anesthesia decreases anatomical dead space by promoting bronchoconstriction.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "General anesthesia does not affect anatomical dead space but increases alveolar dead space.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "General anesthesia increases anatomical dead space due to the loss of bronchial tone, leading to bronchial dilation.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. General anesthesia increases anatomical dead space due to the loss of bronchial tone, leading to bronchial dilation.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/pi0WIoG4FMBXft4zM0Bp1744649814.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 60-year-old man with a history of smoking presents with a persistent cough and occasional wheezing. During a physical examination, you notice that the patient has increased breath sounds over the central airways. In which part of the respiratory system is the velocity of airflow is high, leading to turbulent airflow in this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alveoli", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Trachea", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Terminal bronchioles", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Respiratory bronchioles", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Trachea", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/3yYemE70Jdpka5dwZ3Zd1735919484.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/WfLCL3vra6PYZlRQBeLA1744619209.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55-year-old male with a history of chronic bronchitis presents with increased difficulty in breathing. Based on Poiseuille's law and the distribution of airway resistance, which part of the respiratory system contributes the most to the total resistance to airflow?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alveolar ducts", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Small airways (bronchioles)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Medium to large-size bronchi (lobar and segmental bronchi)", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Upper airways (pharynx and larynx)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Medium to large-size bronchi (lobar and segmental bronchi)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dIIT0TzekQ6E7hw8avyt1744270002.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A premature infant presents with severe respiratory distress shortly after birth. The neonate is diagnosed with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS). Which type of alveolar cell is most likely deficient in this condition, leading to inadequate surfactant production?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type I pneumocytes", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type II pneumocytes", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Alveolar macrophages", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Endothelial cells", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Type II pneumocytes", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/yqzBVJ29UUn5LbTQmkUq1744618548.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following statements about Clara cells of the respiratory tract are true except:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "They are found in the bronchioles.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "They stabilise surfactant proteins", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "They have cilia.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "They detoxify harmful substances.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. They have cilia.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/RlIYSnVlYLCwIUsNhecV1744116868.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A biopsy from a segment of the respiratory tree reveals pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. From which part of the respiratory tract was this sample most likely taken?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alveoli", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Terminal bronchioles", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Trachea", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Respiratory bronchioles", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Trachea", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/GlxQYwhhxVtyS9OZzwQO1735919376.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VzKLr7CxHcklqPejD3R01744116421.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 35 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
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Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. 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Blood tests reveal normal arterial PO2 but significantly elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels, indicating impaired oxygen transport. Which of the following types of hypoxia does not stimulate chemoreceptors?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypoxic hypoxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anemic hypoxia", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stagnant hypoxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Histotoxic hypoxia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Anemic hypoxia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:NaN\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of Hypoxia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Chemoreceptor stimulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypoxic hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Decreased PO2</li>\n<li>Dissolved O2 is low</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chemoreceptor stimulated (+)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anemic hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>PO2 normal</li>\n<li>Dissolved O2 is normal</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chemoreceptor is not stimulated</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stagnant hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Stagnation of flow (Low blood flow) to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dcd971226c16927771887a3627684d\">glomus</span> cells</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chemoreceptor stimulated (++)</p>\n<p><strong>(Option C)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Histotoxic hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tissue unable to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"387ff6837a16927771876363756d5a\">extract</span> oxygen</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Chemoreceptor stimulated (++) due to impaired tissue oxygen extraction</p>\n<p><strong>(Option D)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/kQyvZDRZzUi0FQ1SeEfP1745597594.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 35 year old female hiker ascends to 5,000m in 2 days. Within 24 hours, she develops severe headaches, nausea, coordination difficulties, confusion, and occasional hallucinations. On examination, she is ataxic, with a GCS score of 10 and signs of papilledema. What is the next best step in managing this patient?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Immediate descent to a lower altitude and start oxygen therapy.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Start dexamethasone and monitor for improvement", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Provide hydration, antiemetics, and continue the ascent", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Administer acetazolamide and maintain current altitude for the next 24 hours at least.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Immediate descent to a lower altitude and start oxygen therapy.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:620px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>HIGH-ALTITUDE <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ab8536ded1692777184e946b21fa2\">CEREBRAL EDEMA</span> (HACE)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Capillary leakage leads to brain swelling, often due to rapid ascent to high altitudes.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Severe headache, nausea, vomiting, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0842a8a59f1692777182f44d334dda\">ataxia</span> (lack of coordination), disorientation, confusion, hallucinations, papilledema, and potentially <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e39842f67b1692777184171cd1852a\">coma</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7133d43878169277718890fcb091d5\">herniation</span> of the brain through tentorium.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89e3252d5b16927771833fb9b432ae\">capillary</span> pressure is caused by hypoxia-induced local <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7aa9f8d34616927772018c11493bbc\">vasodilation</span> of cerebral blood vessels, leading to fluid leakage into brain tissues.</li>\n<li>Chemical factors like <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"526ede3fee169277720184378acc5e\">vascular</span> endothelial growth factor and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9d21dd5d3116927771907405b181bc\">inflammatory</span> cytokines may also increase endothelial permeability.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Onset</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Typically within 8-24 hours after rapid ascent to high altitude; symptoms can progress quickly over the next 4-8 days if untreated.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>First Step - </strong>Immediate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9449b4d7a16927771867eb16e2878\">descent</span> to a lower altitude</li>\n<li>Administration of oxygen</li>\n<li>High-dose <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b969bdd951692777186a2a131511d\">dexamethasone</span> to reduce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ab8536ded1692777184e946b21fa2\">cerebral edema</span> and inflammation</li>\n<li>Acetazolamide to promote <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4ceeb0cef2169277718080f29afe8d\">acclimatization</span> and reduce <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"123c47549916927771854892334fb9\">CSF</span> formation.</li>\n<li>Portable <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b1cc7f2861692777189c9bd7d9b81\">Hyperbaric</span> Chamber: Symptoms will return when the patient leaves the chamber, but they may improve briefly, allowing the patient to help with evacuation.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xGVvQ0Xqcfj0fpIUu5hJ1745600627.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30 year old hiker arrives at a clinic complaining of severe headache, nausea, and fatigue 12 hours after a rapid ascent to 3,500 meters. Physical examination reveals signs of mild confusion. Based on these symptoms, what is the most likely underlying mechanism contributing to his condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased cerebral blood flow leading to cerebral edema", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decreased capillary pressure in the brain due to hypoxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased oxygen levels in the brain causing vasoconstriction", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased blood-brain barrier permeability due to hypoxia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Increased cerebral blood flow leading to cerebral edema", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:576px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acute Mountain Sickness</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Headache</li>\n<li>Nausea</li>\n<li>Fatigue</li>\n<li>Insomnia</li>\n<li>Appear hours to days after rapid ascent</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathophysiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Associated with cerebral edema, caused by increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89e3252d5b16927771833fb9b432ae\">capillary</span> pressure in the brain due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d141b433d2169277718681e3ff6bc3\">dilation</span> of blood vessels in response to low oxygen levels.</li>\n<li>The increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1c7103a9b516927771955682b6aaa4\">permeability</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d89cb634601692777183adec401a59\">blood-brain barrier</span> contributes to fluid leakage into brain tissue.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Descending to a lower altitude</li>\n<li>Supplemental oxygen, and</li>\n<li>Acetazolamide to facilitate acclimatization.</li>\n<li>In severe cases, corticosteroids may be used to reduce cerebral edema.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zkTN2u3PaFbR1Ve7UbHx1745600118.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 55 year old man who recently relocated to a high-altitude region presents with worsening breathlessness and signs of right-sided heart failure. His examination reveals elevated pulmonary arterial pressure and symptoms of pulmonary edema. Given these findings, which vascular response to hypoxia is most likely responsible for his condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Systemic vasoconstriction causing increased blood pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pulmonary vasoconstriction leading to elevated pulmonary arterial pressure", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Systemic vasodilation resulting in decreased oxygen delivery", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decreased pulmonary blood flow due to systemic vasoconstriction", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pulmonary vasoconstriction leading to elevated pulmonary arterial pressure", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/hS6dW6uQP0JKKprKlvHj1735960238.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/K0pQK5AypbMCwfHuWIwp1745599806.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which adaptation is associated with long-term high-altitude exposure and helps to enhance oxygen delivery?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Elevated systemic blood pressure and reduced capillary surface area", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased production of erythropoietin and enhanced hemoglobin levels", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decreased number of red blood cells and lower 2,3-DPG concentration", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increased pulmonary blood flow and increased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Increased production of erythropoietin and enhanced hemoglobin levels", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Changes to Hypoxia</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cardiovascular</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pulmonary vasoconstriction</li>\n<li>Systemic vasodilation</li>\n<li>Increased Heart Rate, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">Cardiac</span> Output, Blood Pressure</li>\n<li>Angiogenesis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>RBC</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Increased Production (EPO, RBC)</li>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2e114d4cdc169277718882a0a01076\">Hematocrit</span> and Hemoglobin</li>\n<li>Increased 2,3 - DPG</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p><u>Note:</u> Significant Polycythemia→ increased blood viscosity→ increased workload of heart→ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> hypertrophy.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/R5kDmD47kY2k3OFrheos1745599607.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What primary physiological change sustains increased ventilation over several days of high-altitude exposure?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Initial rapid increase in breathing rate.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Compensatory renal excretion of bicarbonate.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decrease in cerebrospinal fluid pH.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Decrease in respiratory rate over time.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Compensatory renal excretion of bicarbonate.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/mhdIbYZZhBXVOpNkPW7w1735959876.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/V6PONVMBZa7Ja9jvPd9I1745599150.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "When a person ascends to high altitudes, their body undergoes several adaptive changes to cope with lower oxygen levels, a process known as acclimatization. Which of the following correctly describes these physiological changes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased pulmonary ventilation with respiratory acidosis, elevated EPO levels, higher cardiac output, and angiogenesis in skeletal muscles.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased pulmonary ventilation with respiratory alkalosis, increased RBC production, higher cardiac output, and increased mitochondrial content in skeletal muscles.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Decreased pulmonary ventilation with respiratory acidosis, decreased RBC production, lower cardiac output, and decreased capillary density in skeletal muscles.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Unchanged pulmonary ventilation, no changes in blood pH, constant RBC production, and unchanged skeletal muscle characteristics.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Increased pulmonary ventilation with respiratory alkalosis, increased RBC production, higher cardiac output, and increased mitochondrial content in skeletal muscles.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Changes during Acclimatization</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Respiratory</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>At high altitudes, lower oxygen levels stimulate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> chemoreceptors, increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> ventilation.</li>\n<li>This leads to enhanced CO2 removal, causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> alkalosis.</li>\n<li>Kidneys respond by excreting more <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2311c3b4ac16927771831d4c919043\">bicarbonate</span> to stabilize blood pH, causing a sustained increase in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58f1f33f81692777201ad5e0d60ca\">ventilation</span> and supporting prolonged acclimatization.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Hematological</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>At high altitudes, lower PO2 boosts <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ec50ec51401692777187009530441d\">erythropoietin</span> production, increasing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"248111ded81692777197946454db52\">red blood cell</span> count.</li>\n<li>This also raises <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d86c8e863216927771855ee709d548\">2,3-diphosphoglycerate</span> (2,3-DPG) levels in red blood cells.</li>\n<li>Initially, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0dae4cbf251692777181bd4fb21a24\">alkalosis</span> shifts the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fe0bb103fc1692777194ee9f85bd86\">oxyhemoglobin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18fb34ab321692777186e9bc95a726\">dissociation</span> curve to the left but increased 2,3-DPG shifts it to the right, improving oxygen release to tissues.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Cardiovascular </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>The heart rate, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"263ee5444e1692777183a7e8e704da\">blood pressure</span> increase due to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ba6b77f29316927771807350f86ce2\">activation</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e7b585936a16927771994fc66d486f\">sympathoadrenal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c28fd47f71692777182efbbaa5f6d\">axis</span> by hypoxia.</li>\n<li>Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output leads to an increase in blood flow, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a249eeb5551692777189661d39c1b2\">hypoxia</span> causes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7aa9f8d34616927772018c11493bbc\">vasodilation</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8f2e7fd96116927771995b451b5c90\">systemic</span> circulation, further contributing to increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> and oxygen supply to the tissues.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Tissue</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>In acclimatization, skeletal muscles undergo several changes, including an increase in the number of capillaries and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18c9e7b9721692777192bd042528cc\">mitochondria</span> and an increase in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"42cd6f8fc316927771931f5a10bb5f\">myoglobin</span> content.</li>\n<li>Further, chemicals released from the hypoxic tissues stimulate angiogenesis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/FMW36mZU1jMarLwplKJ91745598767.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 28-year-old climber at 4,500 meters (14,764 feet) develops severe headache, nausea, and breathlessness after 36 hours. Even with supplemental oxygen, his symptoms worsen with confusion and coordination loss, prompting his team to descend.What likely caused his symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS).", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE).", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE).", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "An increase in alveolar PCO2.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE).", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Condition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acute <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0fe458146b16927771923e5742e418\">Mountain Sickness</span> (AMS)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A common condition, developing within 8-24 hours of ascent, lasting 4-8 days.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Headache, irritability, insomnia, breathlessness, nausea, vomiting.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>High-Altitude <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0ab8536ded1692777184e946b21fa2\">Cerebral Edema</span> (HACE)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Develops within 1-3 days. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c305b384216927771969ca4166493\">Progression</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3d28bcc7ff1692777181c794b346cd\">AMS</span> with significant brain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e3d212ebd316927771996e0c472d4a\">swelling</span> due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89e3252d5b16927771833fb9b432ae\">capillary</span> leakage.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ataxia, disorientation, potential coma, death.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>High-Altitude <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">Pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18b452e75916927771864c9ad533e1\">Edema</span> (HAPE)</strong><strong> </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Patchy <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18b452e75916927771864c9ad533e1\">edema</span> in lungs from increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> arterial pressure.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fluid accumulation, and increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89e3252d5b16927771833fb9b432ae\">capillary</span> pressure- causing cough, dyspnea, and chest pain.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/S8CmLsltmYTIbzMgX76G1745598556.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "On a hike, a healthy 35 year old mountaineer starts feeling severe dizziness, confusion, and shortness of breath at a high altitude (12,000 meters or 39,370 feet) despite using supplemental oxygen. His team measures his alveolar oxygen levels and finds them significantly low. They choose to descend to a lower altitude promptly. What is the likely reason for his symptoms and the team's decision to descend?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The barometric pressure at 12,000meters is too low to maintain adequate PO2 even with supplemental oxygen.", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The barometric pressure at 12,000 meters causes body fluids to boil.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The composition of the air changes drastically at high altitudes.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The mountaineer's alveolar PCO2 increases due to increased ventilation.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. The barometric pressure at 12,000meters is too low to maintain adequate PO2 even with supplemental oxygen.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/SOu0qBz8VRDTrTsf8C5h1745598306.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50 year old man is found unconscious after a fire in a closed space. Upon investigation of the scene, it was discovered that there was a cyanide gas attack and the patient is severely hypoxic The doctor suspects that he is suffering from histotoxic hypoxia. Which of the following is NOT seen in this condition?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Inhibition of cellular metabolism", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "High venous PO2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Normal arterial PO2", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cyanosis", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Cyanosis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:636px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type of Hypoxia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Cyanosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypoxic hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Low O2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4696a0f8d169277719865588e55c7\">saturation</span> in arterial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> blood</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cyanosis ++</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Anemic hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li>Anemia</li>\n<li>Methemoglobinemia</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cyanosis seen rarely</li>\n<li>Cyanosis-like appearance</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stagnant hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Reduced O2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4696a0f8d169277719865588e55c7\">saturation</span> in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> blood</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cyanosis ++</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Histotoxic hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>O2 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e4696a0f8d169277719865588e55c7\">saturation</span> is normal in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b905d8d51416927771821f9cceb3a3\">arterial blood</span> and high in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> blood</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Cyanosis never seen</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fh9tVwUtMdIaBvvb2ZXd1745597864.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 50-year-old man experiences severe shortness of breath and dizziness while climbing a mountain. Which of the following is the most common form of hypoxia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypoxic hypoxia", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stagnant hypoxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anemic hypoxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Histotoxic hypoxia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Hypoxic hypoxia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/uBUQ7jKCeKXRJuWLeBLz1745322730.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements is true?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Stagnant hypoxia is where tissues cannot utilize O2 despite a normal supply", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Heart failure causes histotoxic hypoxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stagnant hypoxia is due to the inhibition of tissue oxidative processes", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Artery venous oxygen difference increases in stagnant hypoxia", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Artery venous oxygen difference increases in stagnant hypoxia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stagnant Hypoxia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Histotoxic hypoxia</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypoxia due to decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> to tissues</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Hypoxia where tissues cannot utilize O2 despite normal O2 supply <strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Normal arterial O2 content, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a249eeb5551692777189661d39c1b2\">hypoxia</span> due to stagnation of blood circulation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibition of tissue <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"60d563fe241692777194203742bf5b\">oxidative</span> processes <strong>(Option C)</strong>.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Conditions associated </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Heart failure (decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output) <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Shock</li>\n<li>Vascular <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"39f44b27bf169277719416f29a74ee\">obstruction</span> (decreased blood flow)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><u>Cyanide poisoning</u>- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cf30efe831692777185e200487656\">Cyanide</span> inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">cytochrome</span> oxidase. Tissue <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"224ea8a9e41692777194e81be113d8\">oxidation</span> is paralyzed.</li>\n<li><u>Severe diphtheria- </u><br/>\n\t\t\t\tDiphtheria <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"41329dc9381692777200a9b6d57cf4\">toxin</span> inhibits <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"29e8e2a5dd16927771855db589c581\">cytochrome</span> synthesis.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Consequences</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Local <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6caf3a39f416927771807e122b9032\">acidosis</span> from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a751dc161169277719123aae1b764\">lactate</span> accumulation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inhibition of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> metabolism</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Address underlying cause (e.g., improve <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e1fb96fd2416927771830dfed40e14\">cardiac</span> output)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><u>Cyanide poisoning: </u>Methylene blue or nitrites, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b1cc7f2861692777189c9bd7d9b81\">Hyperbaric</span> O2 therapy</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Arterial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">Venous</span> blood oxygen</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>With no adequate blood supply, the tissue will keep extracting more and more oxygen from the same blood leading to a low oxygen level in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> blood.</p>\n<p>The arterial and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> blood oxygen difference will increase.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tissues cannot <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"387ff6837a16927771876363756d5a\">extract</span> oxygen from the blood hence level of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> blood oxygen will be higher than normal.</p>\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"96e7e3fecc16927772018cb9f8c8cd\">venous</span> oxygen difference will decrease.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ih22M1Jo6qgbzWymP0yF1745343659.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A diver experiences joint pain, dizziness, and motor weakness after rapidly ascending from a deep dive. Which of the following best explains the pathophysiology of his symptoms and outlines the immediate management?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Nitrogen bubbles formed during rapid ascent obstruct small blood vessels; treatment is high-flow oxygen therapy", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "High atmospheric pressure increases nitrogen dissolution in tissues; immediate recompression followed by slow decompression is essential.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Oxygen toxicity due to high partial pressures; reducing oxygen concentration and administering IV fluids is required.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Dehydration from prolonged diving; rehydration and analgesics for joint pain are the primary treatments", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. High atmospheric pressure increases nitrogen dissolution in tissues; immediate recompression followed by slow decompression is essential.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Occurs when subjects exposed to high atmospheric pressures are suddenly brought to low atmospheric pressures</li>\n<li>Include deep-sea divers or workers in caissons returning to the surface rapidly or rapid ascent in an unpressurized airplane cabin.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pressure Changes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Sea Level: 1 atmosphere.</li>\n<li>Depth: Pressure increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters</li>\n<li>Nitrogen at Sea Level: 1 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c564651d16927771919bebdace3c\">liter</span> dissolved in the body (half in water, half in fat).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nitrogen Dissolution</strong>: Divers breathe 80% <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391d32291016927771932bab695579\">nitrogen</span> from gas mixtures. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391d32291016927771932bab695579\">Nitrogen</span> dissolves in body fluids and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> structures of tissues, proportional to the depth of descent.</li>\n<li><strong>Slow Ascent</strong>: Gases <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89275101301692777186567d1912a0\">diffuse</span> into the blood and are eliminated by the lungs.</li>\n<li><strong>Rapid Ascent</strong>: Rapid escape of gases forms bubbles in tissues and blood, causing damage.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Onset</strong>: Symptoms usually appear within half an hour of surfacing.</li>\n<li><strong>Mild</strong>: Severe pain in muscles and joints (decompression <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"73c1caf8d11692777198b1248373d3\">sickness</span> or caisson disease)-<strong>bends</strong></li>\n<li><strong>Severe</strong>:\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Bubbles decrease <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> to the brain and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d816ba952f1692777199fc69bd7c56\">spinal</span> cord causing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> and motor deficits (paresthesia, motor weakness, paralysis, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> failure).</li>\n<li>Bubbles in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> vessels cause <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c92aa64edb16927771867805a38cc6\">dyspnea</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> compression.-<strong>chokes</strong></li>\n<li>Bubbles in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bc8bc758371692777185eff2ccabb7\">coronary</span> vessels cause myocardial ischemia</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Immediate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f39e11218016927771978b0f540a81\">recompression</span> in a pressurized cabin followed by slow decompression.</li>\n<li>Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is helpful.</li>\n<li>Recovery is usually complete, though some <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a459f313d9169277719789fdfb7ada\">residual</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b00388be25169277719369b3ab059f\">neural</span> deficits may persist.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:419px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Decompression Time</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Depth</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10 minutes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>50ft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>17 minutes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>40ft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>19 minutes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>30ft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>50 minutes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>20ft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>84 minutes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>10ft</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9GjbgQv6xQDptwgCtpmN1745588695.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A diver at 150 feet depth begins to exhibit signs of drowsiness and impaired coordination, likely experiencing nitrogen narcosis. Which of the following statements is incorrect about nitrogen narcosis at this depth?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Nitrogen narcosis can cause euphoria at depths around 120 feet.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Symptoms of nitrogen narcosis worsen progressively with increasing depth.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The effects of nitrogen narcosis are irreversible even after ascending to a shallower depth.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Nitrogen narcosis occurs due to nitrogen dissolving in fatty neuronal membranes.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The effects of nitrogen narcosis are irreversible even after ascending to a shallower depth.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/XMiwaeBbIvXfzkQ2uSr11745588098.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 40 year old deep-sea diver experiences shortness of breath and dizziness after prolonged use of a rebreathing apparatus. His symptoms worsen despite increased breathing efforts, indicating possible CO2 buildup in his equipment. What is the tolerable level up to which alveolar CO2 pressure (Pco2) can go for a diver?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "40mm Hg", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "60mm Hg", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "80mm Hg", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "100mm Hg", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 80mm Hg", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qQOpsZdEeIfi1DYGqGVk1745430753.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 38-year-old diver, after a deep dive with a partial pressure of oxygen of 5 atm for 50 minutes, develops sudden muscle twitching, visual disturbances, and seizures upon surfacing, necessitating urgent medical attention. What is the most likely mechanism responsible for the diver’s symptoms?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Excessive production of oxygen-free radicals leading to cellular damage", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Direct damage to lung tissue from high partial pressure of oxygen", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypoxia caused by inadequate oxygen supply to the brain", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Barotrauma due to pressure changes affecting air-filled spaces", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Excessive production of oxygen-free radicals leading to cellular damage", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:626px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Acute Oxygen Toxicity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Chronic Oxygen Toxicity</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Pressure</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Breathing O2 at ≧4 atm</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Exposure to 1 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"17b09d09f81692777182bb007591a1\">atm</span> pressure of O2 for about 12 hours</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Seizures, coma, nausea, muscle twitching, dizziness, visual disturbances, irritability, disorientation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Lung congestion, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> edema, atelectasis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Overproduction of oxygen free radicals (superoxide, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">hydrogen</span> peroxide) overwhelms <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0f160e4e42169277718771b715516a\">enzyme</span> systems</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Direct exposure of lung tissues to high O2 pressure damages <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4a371bd76e16927771835d6c738d1d\">bronchi</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0dd428c12116927771819285c8849c\">alveoli</span> linings</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Affected Tissues</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Nervous system (high <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a99114a6c216927771916f45ffc66c\">lipid</span> content)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Lungs (direct exposure)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Onset</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Symptoms appear within 30 to 60 minutes, often without warning</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Develops after prolonged exposure (around 12 hours)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Severity with Exercise</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Exercise increases the severity and earlier onset of symptoms</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Exercise does not significantly affect the development of symptoms</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>In gas mixtures intended for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b1500fcd816927771900b59d16bde\">inhalation</span> at high pressures, the oxygen concentration is <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> to approximately 20% to prevent oxygen toxicity</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/LB4Bv71uJSzmk8t9kcQr1745428658.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "How does the SCUBA demand system ensure that air is supplied to the diver only when needed?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The air is continuously supplied to the mask at a constant pressure.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The first-stage reducing valve maintains a constant high pressure on the mask.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Air is supplied to the mask only during inhalation through a demand valve.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Exhaled air is redirected back into the tank for reuse.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Air is supplied to the mask only during inhalation through a demand valve.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/VzdJZuJZwiKaDzDU8YsT1735906684.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:619px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Self-contained underwater breathing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a70fb96bf1692777181823f42fcf0\">apparatus</span> (SCUBA)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Components</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>1. Tanks of compressed air or breathing mixture of oxygen and helium</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>2. First-stage reducing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> (lowers high tank pressure to low pressure)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>3. Combination <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b1500fcd816927771900b59d16bde\">inhalation</span> demand <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b8e1ca39d61692777187254f3cc140\">exhalation</span> valve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>4. Mask and tube system with small “dead space”</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Principle</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"3\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>The reducing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"416dd1004a169277720177d9a6adc5\">valve</span> lowers tank pressure to a few <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"66ae2626ae169277719278edf9936d\">mm Hg</span> above surrounding water pressure.</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Air is delivered to the mask only during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b1500fcd816927771900b59d16bde\">inhalation</span> through the demand valve.</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Exhaled air is expelled into the water, not back into the tank.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Uses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Popular in sports and commercial diving (99% of cases).</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Limited time underwater, e.g., a few minutes at 200 <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"32656dc8ba1692777202fc49f9ed13\">feet</span> depth due to the high <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99caf903791692777180bc28743310\">airflow</span> needed to remove CO2.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Image</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><img alt=\"\" data-author=\"NA\" data-hash=\"\" data-license=\"NA\" data-source=\"NA\" data-tags=\"\" height=\"328\" src=\"https://image.prepladder.com/content/VzdJZuJZwiKaDzDU8YsT1735906684.png\" width=\"300\"/></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/xioF6PpGJIkLhUH3rrkj1745343306.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A diver descends to a depth of 300 feet in the sea. If the atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mmHg (1 atm), what is the total pressure experienced by the diver at this depth?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "31 atm", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "30 atm", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "11 atm", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "10 atm", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 10 atm", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/db0zTYJHBZxoqGGNY64w1745342407.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45 year old female climber, who reached 5,200m in 36 hours, presents with severe dyspnea, persistent cough with pink, frothy sputum, fatigue, cyanosis, and oxygen saturation of 75% on room air. Despite supplemental oxygen, her condition does not improve. The team is considering interventions. Which treatment option is least effective for severe HAPE in this scenario?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Immediate descent to a lower altitude and administration of supplemental oxygen.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Use of a portable hyperbaric chamber and provide high-flow oxygen.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Providing aggressive hydration and using diuretics to reduce pulmonary edema.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Starting nifedipine and preparing for emergency evacuation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Providing aggressive hydration and using diuretics to reduce pulmonary edema.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:623px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>High-Altitude <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">Pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18b452e75916927771864c9ad533e1\">Edema</span> (HAPE)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Category</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Marked <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"45372f6c361692777189ff3209e642\">hypertension</span> that develops at high altitude due to severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a249eeb5551692777189661d39c1b2\">hypoxia</span> causing uneven <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3f0b42b17016927772014c586d44b7\">vasoconstriction</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> arterioles.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Symptoms</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Patchy <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18b452e75916927771864c9ad533e1\">edema</span> of the lungs,</li>\n<li>Severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> dysfunction,</li>\n<li>Cough</li>\n<li>Dyspnea</li>\n<li>Chest pain</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Severe <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a249eeb5551692777189661d39c1b2\">hypoxia</span> causes powerful <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4880e9b3761692777185e64eba797c\">constriction</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> arterioles, but the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4880e9b3761692777185e64eba797c\">constriction</span> is uneven, leading to increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> and high <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89e3252d5b16927771833fb9b432ae\">capillary</span> pressure in unconstricted areas, resulting in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"89e3252d5b16927771833fb9b432ae\">capillary</span> wall <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5744dac7511692777186db6f8e0c28\">disruption</span> (stress failure).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Onset</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>From a few hours to up to 5 days after rapid ascent to high altitude.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Prophylaxis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Only started for people with a previous history of HAPE, specifically with recurrence.</li>\n<li>Gradual Ascent.</li>\n<li>Extended-release Nifedipine, 30 mg every 12 hours, starting the day before ascent and continuing for 4-7 days after reaching the target <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a1f256489a16927771870ddd296574\">elevation</span> or until descent.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Treatment</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Immediate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e9449b4d7a16927771867eb16e2878\">descent</span> to a lower altitude <strong>(Option A)</strong></li>\n<li>Administration of oxygen</li>\n<li>Use of a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b1cc7f2861692777189c9bd7d9b81\">hyperbaric</span> chamber, if available <strong>(Option B)</strong></li>\n<li>Nifedipine (a Ca2+ channel <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"adecdf9cb2169277718363b8a0e491\">blocker</span> that lowers <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66cd3adaa1692777182e77cb23021\">artery</span> pressure) <strong>(Option D)</strong></li>\n<li>Diuretics and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd1418cfce1692777180087a9f293c\">Acetazolamide</span> are <strong>not recommended </strong>for HAPE. <strong>(Option C)</strong></li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wU2ryc95br94dN06HgX31745341804.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45 year old woman presents with fatigue and dyspnea. Her blood tests reveal a low hemoglobin concentration and despite normal arterial oxygen saturation. Which type of hypoxia is most consistent with patients' findings?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypoxic hypoxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stagnant hypoxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Anemic hypoxia", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Histotoxic hypoxia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Anemic hypoxia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/YZmVyrFPTdbqOLUBBqWZ1735958764.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/7AVdK4JzTkNDO2Y3GN831745323057.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 30 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 34 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Respiratory distress syndrome is due to the deficiency of?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidylcholine", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Phosphatidylserine", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Phosphatidylethanolamine", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Phosphatidylinositol", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidylcholine", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Phospholipids </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Synthesis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phosphatidylserine </strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inner <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c3d2d86ec1692777191af6eda4772\">leaflet</span> of the <strong>plasma membrane</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Involved in <strong>apoptosis</strong>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>It flips to the outer <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c3d2d86ec1692777191af6eda4772\">leaflet</span> of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a0e40688fa169277719572bdb48c92\">plasma</span> membrane, serving as a <strong>signal for phagocytes</strong> to engulf the dying cell.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Synthesized in the <strong>endoplasmic <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1b6498ff211692777197ae0981e366\">reticulum</span> (ER)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Plays a role in <strong>blood clotting</strong> by facilitating the binding of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"58c17961c71692777184ab55a9c4df\">clotting</span> factors.</p>\n<p>Supports neuronal function.</p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phosphatidylethanolamine</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>All <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> membranes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Important for<strong> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> fusion</strong> and the structural integrity of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> membranes.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Serves as a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae13cdc5c3169277719683e9f6bda5\">precursor</span> for the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3fda45538a1692777199ec2a5478a5\">synthesis</span> of phosphatidylserine.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Synthesized in the <strong>ER</strong> via the <strong>cytidine diphosphate-ethanolamine (CDP-ethanolamine) pathway</strong> or by <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"52adc3ebf01692777185395a8b1e8c\">decarboxylation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ae93185bf016927771958c234af6d9\">phosphatidylserine</span> in the mitochondria.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Plays a role in <strong>lipid metabolism</strong> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> dynamics.</li>\n<li>Deficiencies can impact <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> functions and are associated with various neurological disorders.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Phosphatidylinositol</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n<p> </p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>plasma <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a621be29da16927771901bc91014d1\">intracellular</span> membranes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Involved in <strong>cell <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9016f36fd1692777198b0fd5e9c6d\">signaling</span> pathways</strong>, particularly through the production of <strong>secondary messengers</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p>Plays a role in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"34cd707428169277719272942b7905\">membrane</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4c550b1d7a1692777200641b5f4e28\">trafficking</span> and cytoskeletal organization.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Produced in the <strong>ER and Golgi apparatus</strong> from CDP-DAG and inositol.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Crucial for the function of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b47c9c6144169277719010eaa1a0ee\">insulin</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f9016f36fd1692777198b0fd5e9c6d\">signaling</span> and other receptor-mediated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"28f5a05c8b1692777198471034364a\">signal transduction</span> pathways.</li>\n<li>Defects in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"26d585d1e41692777195144f4452a8\">phosphatidylinositol</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5b1a045f5f169277719210c0ac7a1e\">metabolism</span> are <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8d0fca798b1692777191b6cd41880f\">linked</span> to various diseases, including diabetes and cancer.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The diagram below shows the pressure–volume curves for 3 different lungs. Which of the following is the best representation of compliance between the three lungs?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A&amp;lt;B&amp;lt;C", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "B&amp;gt;A&amp;gt;C", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "B&amp;gt;C&amp;gt;A", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "C&amp;gt;A&amp;gt;B", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. B&gt;A&gt;C", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/DA4kqIukUpLX12myiw9q1691490659.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In which of the subsequent situations does oxygen therapy prove to be ineffective?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Asthma", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Acute myocardial infarction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pulmonary edema", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Central respiratory depression", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Central respiratory depression", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D: Central &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\"&gt;respiratory&lt;/span&g\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In peripheral oxygen sensing chemoreceptors, which ion is implicated?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Potassium", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Calcium", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sodium", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Chlorine", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Potassium", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Comment on the breathing pattern of a patient with prolonged inspiratory spasms that resemble breath holding?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cheyne stokes breathing", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Kussmaul breathing", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Apneustic breathing", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Biot breathing", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Apneustic breathing", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Apneustic breathing\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Hypoxic Hypoxia is seen in which of the following?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "CO poisoning", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "HCN poisoning", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Ischemia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A-V shunt", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. A-V shunt", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Type of Hypoxia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Etiology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>PaCO2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>PaO2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Cyanosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Hypoxic Hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Inadequate oxygen supply or impaired utilization</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>High altitude, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"44758fcec31692777184e24fa84582\">CO</span> poisoning, HCN poisoning, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> diseases</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Normal</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Anemic Hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Anemia, blood loss, hemoglobinopathies, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bb021d26d3169277718336718849a5\">carbon monoxide</span> poisoning</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Normal</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Stagnant Hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> circulation</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Heart failure, shock, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3739d892c1692777184b2e134615c\">circulatory</span> disorders, vasoconstriction</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Normal</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Low</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Present</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Histotoxic Hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Inability of cells to utilize oxygen effectively due to toxic substances or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> disorders</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Cyanide poisoning, certain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> disorders</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Variable</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Variable</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>May be absent or mild</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Hypoxic hypoxia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Low SaO2 and low SvO2 </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Cyanosis ++</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>2.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Anemic hypoxia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1. Anaemia (Low Hb)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>2. CO- <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"072b8af16e1692777196f21b086f92\">poisoning</span> </strong></p>\n<p><strong>3. Meth- Hb (brown colour)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3b66d8ec4169277718566066add68\">Cyanosis</span> is rare</strong></p>\n<p><strong>2. No cyanosis</strong></p>\n<p><strong>3. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f3b66d8ec4169277718566066add68\">cyanosis</span> like appearance can be seen as not true cyanosis.</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>3.</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Stagnant <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a249eeb5551692777189661d39c1b2\">hypoxia</span> </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Very low SvO2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Cyanosis ++</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>4. </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Histotoxic hypoxia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>SaO2 is Normal and high SvO2</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Cyanosis never seen</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What would be the resulting lung volume if the chest wall is excluded and the lung is allowed to undergo elastic recoil?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Minimum volume", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Zero", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Functional residual capacity", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Residual volume", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Minimum volume", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Lung Volumes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Tidal Volume</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Maximum volume of air that can be inspired above <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9de1765e531692777200d737a38c98\">tidal</span> volume</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Maximum volume of air that can be expired below <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9de1765e531692777200d737a38c98\">tidal</span> volume</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Residual Volume (RV)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Volume of air remaining in the lungs after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> expiration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Inspiratory Capacity</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Total volume of air that can be inspired after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9de1765e531692777200d737a38c98\">tidal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cbabc42d21692777187c451566867\">expiration</span> (TV + IRV)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Functional <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a459f313d9169277719789fdfb7ada\">Residual</span> Capacity (FRC)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cbabc42d21692777187c451566867\">expiration</span> (ERV + RV)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vital Capacity</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Maximum volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> inspiration (TV + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cea17d64b16927771905278e8ea88\">IRV</span> + ERV)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Total Lung Capacity</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Maximum volume of air the lungs can hold (TV + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cea17d64b16927771905278e8ea88\">IRV</span> + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a6905fdca16927771879daba1b8d2\">ERV</span> + RV)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Surfactant is secreted by which of the following?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type I pneumocyte", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Type Il pneumocyte", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Sertoli cell", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Leydig cell", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Type Il pneumocyte", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "The O 2 saturation with respect to PO₂ is marked as A. What happens to the Oxygen Hb dissociation curve upon transfusion of stored RBC?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "B", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "C", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "D", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "E", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. B", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/XBB771OTEJjaV8txFlKz1741774793.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:625px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Factor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Effect on O₂ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"18fb34ab321692777186e9bc95a726\">Dissociation</span> Curve</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Impact</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Low 2,3-BPG</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Leftward shift (B)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increased O₂ affinity, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> unloading</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acidosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rightward shift</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enhances oxygen unloading</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alkalosis</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Leftward shift</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increases oxygen binding</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypercapnia (↑ CO₂)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rightward shift</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enhances oxygen release</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypothermia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Leftward shift</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreases oxygen unloading</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In which of the following situations is the equation V/Q = infinity accurate?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Foreign body obstruction in the bronchus", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Equal to dead space", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "When O2 and CO2 ratio is equal", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "The PO2 of alveolar air is 159 mmHg and PCO2 is 40 mmHg", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Equal to dead space", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the subsequent factors experiences an elevation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? 1. FRC 2. TLC 3. VC 4. FEV1/FVC", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1 only", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "1 and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1 and 3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1 and 2", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. 1 and 2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/MMmpiPJuFnbwr2hG0Ikf1746601233.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Flow-volume parameter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Obstructive lung disease(e.g.COPD)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Restrictive lung disease</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>RV (Residual Volume)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">↑</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">↓</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>FRC (Functional <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a459f313d9169277719789fdfb7ada\">Residual</span> Capacity)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">↑</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">↓</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>TLC (Total Lung Capacity)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">↑</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">↓</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>FEV₁</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">↓↓</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">↓</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>FVC (Forced Vital Capacity)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">↓</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">↓</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>FEV₁/FVC Ratio</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">↓</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Normal or ↑</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Key insight</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">FEV₁ decreased more than FVC</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">FEV₁ decreased proportionately to FVC</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Determine the respiratory quotient (RQ) of a patient weighing 50 kg who exhales 200 ml/min of CO 2 and consumed 250 ml/min 02 .", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "0.8", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "1.25", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1.5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. 0.8", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During exercise, once a state of balance is achieved, it was observed that the body's oxygen consumption rate was 1500 ml/min. To determine the MET score, consider a baseline oxygen consumption rate of 250 ml/min.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "5", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "6", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1/5", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "1/6", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 6", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which ion is primarily involved in the function of O2-sensitive channels in peripheral chemoreceptors?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Potassium (K+)", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Sodium (Na+)", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Bicarbonate (HCO3-)", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Chloride (Cl-)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Potassium (K+)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Peripheral chemoreceptors are most sensitive to?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypercapnia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypoxia", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Acidosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Alkalosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Hypoxia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/fw9trWN2MZkr7Tegewse1741774859.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Stimulus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Effect on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">Peripheral</span> Chemoreceptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypoxia (↓ PaO₂)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Strongest stimulus</strong>, leading to increased ventilation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Hypercapnia (↑ PaCO₂)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Weak response; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"579693a0121692777184c972741ee0\">central chemoreceptors</span> dominate.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acidosis (↓ pH)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Peripheral response occurs, but <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"579693a0121692777184c972741ee0\">central chemoreceptors</span> are more significant.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alkalosis (↑ pH)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Minimal effect; detected mainly by central chemoreceptors.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Physiological dead space?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Can be measured by spirometry", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Is lesser than anatomical dead space", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Represents inadequately ventilated alveoli", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Represents inadequately perfused alveoli", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Represents inadequately perfused alveoli", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:614px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Concept</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anatomical Dead Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Conducting airways where no gas exchange occurs (e.g., trachea, bronchi).</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alveolar Dead Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Alveoli that are ventilated but <strong>not perfused</strong>, contributing to wasted ventilation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Physiological Dead Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Sum of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"116f86834a1692777181a914379270\">anatomical</span> and alveolar dead space; reflects ineffective ventilation.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient presents with respiratory difficulty and a history of chronic smoking. Pulmonary function testing shows a decrease in FEV1%. What is the most probable diagnosis?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pulmonary Fibrosis", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Interstitial Lung Disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Asthma", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which among the following has the highest airway resistance?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Alveolar duct", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bronchi", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Respiratory bronchioles", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Small bronchioles", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Bronchi", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Carbon monoxide causes which type of hypoxia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anemic hypoxia", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypoxic hypoxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stagnant hypoxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Histotoxic hypoxia", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Anemic hypoxia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/jxEJ0KNLfkxGSBGStBBK1745215180.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Identify the marked region in the given spirometry.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Functional residual capacity", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Tidal volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Expiratory reserve volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Inspiratory reserve volume", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Functional residual capacity", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/U3bYWwE9VlTdXxMdNwa31745906236.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/NDZfOxHwnGn14hW0tsfT1747629365.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Lung Volume/Capacity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Typical Volume (mL)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\"><strong>Formula</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tidal Volume (TV) </strong><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breath</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>500</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) </strong><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3000</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) </strong><strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Additional air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1200</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Residual Volume (RV)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Air remaining in the lungs after a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> exhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1200</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anatomical Dead Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Volume of air in conducting airways where no gas exchange occurs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>150</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Total Lung Capacity (TLC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maximum amount of air the lungs can hold</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>6000</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>TLC = TV + IRV + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a6905fdca16927771879daba1b8d2\">ERV</span> + RV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vital Capacity (VC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maximum air exhaled after a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> inhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4800</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>VC = TV + IRV + ERV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inspiratory Capacity (IC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maximum air inhaled after a normal exhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3500</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>IC = TV + IRV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functional <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a459f313d9169277719789fdfb7ada\">Residual</span> Capacity (FRC) </strong><strong>(Option A)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2400</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FRC = <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a6905fdca16927771879daba1b8d2\">ERV</span> + RV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A preterm baby who was delivered at 28 weeks developed respiratory distress syndrome. Which of the following is true about surface tension and compliance in this baby?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Surface tension - decreased; Compliance - increased", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Surface tension - increased; Compliance decreased", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both surface tension and compliance decreased", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both surface tension and compliance increased", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Surface tension - increased; Compliance decreased", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following conditions will shift the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve to the left?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypoxia", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hypercarbia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Alkalosis", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Increase in 2,3-DPG", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Alkalosis", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the lungs, which type of cells are responsible for the secretion of surfactant?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Type 1 pneumocyte", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Alveolar macrophage", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dust cells", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Type 2 pneumocyte", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Type 2 pneumocyte", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following methods is used for calculation of anatomical dead space ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Multiple breath nitrogen test", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Bohr’s method", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Spirometry", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Single breath nitrogen test", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Single breath nitrogen test", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Single breath &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"391d32291016927771932bab695579\"&gt;nitrogen&lt;/span&gt; test: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What would be the least likely condition to happen if a group of colleagues took an excursion to a high altitude-mountain region?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increase PaO2", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increase in RBC &amp;amp; Hb", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased mitochndria", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Hyperventilation", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Increase PaO2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - Increase PaO2: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Adequate oxygen delivery at cellular level is present in which type of hypoxia ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Anemic", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Stagnant", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Hypoxic", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Histotoxic", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Histotoxic", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - H\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Adequate O 2 oxygen delivery at cellular level occurs in which type of hypoxia?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hypoxic", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Anaemic", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Stagnant", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Histotoxic", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Histotoxic", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - H\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Type of Hypoxia</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Cause</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Hypoxic Hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Decreased inspired oxygen or impaired gas exchange in lungs</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Insufficient <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c07e2d09e9169277719405252db970\">oxygen tension</span> in arterial blood</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Anaemic Hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Reduced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad2073fe6716927771885f3c1ec652\">hemoglobin</span> levels or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"458e050fdc16927771809854c9fd53\">abnormal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ad2073fe6716927771885f3c1ec652\">hemoglobin</span> function</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Stagnant Hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Impaired blood circulation</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Reduced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"82cc227a1c169277718387905b50c6\">blood flow</span> to tissues</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Histotoxic Hypoxia</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Cellular inability to utilize oxygen</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Disruption in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d92cbff33316927771927b4de10a5b\">metabolic</span> process</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following breathing patterns have prolonged inspiratory spasms that resemble breath-holding ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Biot breathing", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Apneustic breathing", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cheyne stokes breathing", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Kussmaul breathing", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Apneustic breathing", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - Apneustic breathing: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Functional residua l capacity is:", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Volume expired after normal inspiration", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Volume that remains after forced expiration", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Expiratory reserve volume + &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a459f313d9169277719789fdfb7ada\"&gt;residual&lt;/span&gt; volume: \n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lung Volume/Capacity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Typical Value (in adults)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Tidal Volume (TV)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>500 mL</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Additional volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9de1765e531692777200d737a38c98\">tidal</span> inspiration</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>2,500-3,000 mL</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Additional volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9de1765e531692777200d737a38c98\">tidal</span> expiration</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>1,000-1,200 mL</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Residual Volume (RV)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Volume of air remaining in the lungs after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> expiration</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>1,200-1,300 mL</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Total Lung Capacity (TLC)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Maximum volume of air the lungs can hold, including inspiratory reserve volume, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9de1765e531692777200d737a38c98\">tidal</span> volume, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"632c0c215816927771878b6e818a11\">expiratory</span> reserve volume, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a459f313d9169277719789fdfb7ada\">residual</span> volume</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>5,000-6,000 mL</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Vital Capacity (VC)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> inspiration, including inspiratory reserve volume, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9de1765e531692777200d737a38c98\">tidal</span> volume, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"632c0c215816927771878b6e818a11\">expiratory</span> reserve volume</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>4,500-5,000 mL</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Functional <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a459f313d9169277719789fdfb7ada\">Residual</span> Capacity (FRC)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9de1765e531692777200d737a38c98\">tidal</span> expiration, including <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"632c0c215816927771878b6e818a11\">expiratory</span> reserve volume and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a459f313d9169277719789fdfb7ada\">residual</span> volume</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>2,400-2,800 mL</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Inspiratory Capacity (IC)</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9de1765e531692777200d737a38c98\">tidal</span> expiration, including <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9de1765e531692777200d737a38c98\">tidal</span> volume and inspiratory reserve volume</p>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p>3,500-3,800 mL</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "During forceful expiration, which type of neurons primarily exhibit increased firing ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dorsal group of neurons", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Caudal Ventral group of neurons", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pneumotaxic center", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Apneustic center", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Caudal Ventral group of neurons", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a49829e8ef1692777183bc64f40412\"&gt;Caudal&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\"&gt;Ventral&lt;/span&gt; group of neu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the affinity of carbon monoxide to hemoglobin in comparison to oxygen ?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "100", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "4", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "250", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "150", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 250", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - 250: \n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "V/Q = infinity means ____________", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Partial pressure of O2 becomes zero", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "No exchange of O2 &amp;amp; CO2", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "CO2 alone equilibrates with the venous blood", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Partial pressure of both CO2 and O2 remain normal", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. No exchange of O2 &amp; CO2", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - No exchange of O2 &amp;amp; CO2\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Pacemaker generating the rhythm for breathing is ______________", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pneumotaxic centre", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Dorsal group of neurons in the medulla", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pre-Botziger complex", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Apneustic centre", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pre-Botziger complex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option C - Pre-Botzig\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Single breath nitrogen method is used for measuring _____________", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Physiological dead space volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Residual volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Tidal volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Anatomical dead space volume", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Anatomical dead space volume", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"116f86834a1692777181a914379270\"&gt;Anatomical&lt;/span&gt; dead space volu\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 44 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 14 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Which of the following parameters belong to static lung volumes and capacities? Maximum Voluntary Ventilation Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) Dead space Residual Volume (RV) Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1)", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1, 3, and 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "2, 3, and 4", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "1, 2, and 5", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "2, 4, and 5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 2, 3, and 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:657px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Static Lung Volumes &amp; Capacities</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dynamic Lung Volumes &amp; Capacities</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Measurement Focus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lung volume without the recording of time</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lung volume to time</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Units of Measurement</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Measured in millilitres (ml) or litres</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Measured in millilitres per second (ml/second)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Volume:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tidal Volume (TV)</li>\n<li>Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)</li>\n<li>Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)</li>\n<li>Residual Volume (RV)</li>\n<li>Anatomical Dead Space</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p><strong>Capacity:</strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Total Lung Capacity (TLC)</li>\n<li>Vital Capacity (VC)</li>\n<li>Inspiratory Capacity (IC)</li>\n<li>Functional <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a459f313d9169277719789fdfb7ada\">Residual</span> Capacity (FRC)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Forced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"187bb6b3f61692777201956c59ce72\">Vital Capacity</span> (FVC)</li>\n<li>Forced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"632c0c215816927771878b6e818a11\">Expiratory</span> Volume in 1 second (FEV1)</li>\n<li>FEV1/FVC Ratio</li>\n<li>Peak <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"632c0c215816927771878b6e818a11\">Expiratory</span> Flow Rate (PEFR)</li>\n<li>Inspiratory Flow Rate</li>\n<li>Expiratory Flow Rate</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Assess the maximum air volume the lungs can hold and the different capacities during various breathing phases.</li>\n<li>Diagnosis of restrictive lung diseases such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"21e2d5a70616927772021fcdec0ca9\">fibrosis</span> and sarcoidosis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Assess the rate of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99caf903791692777180bc28743310\">airflow</span> and lung function over time.</li>\n<li>Diagnosis of obstructive lung diseases such as <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"76891bb6e91692777182cda16e1db6\">asthma</span> and COPD</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/bJ6jxUhDo76dyrpTwHyB1744802524.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following parameters cannot be measured by spirometry?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Vital capacity", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Residual volume", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Inspiratory reserve volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Tidal volume", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Residual volume", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:633px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parameter</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Method for Measurement</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Residual Volume (RV)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<ul>\n<li>Body <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e7bc7da6d16927771950fcdea984a\">Plethysmography</span> (Best).</li>\n<li>Gas <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"409e887c94169277718652d5db3c32\">Dilution</span> (Helium <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"409e887c94169277718652d5db3c32\">dilution</span> Method).</li>\n<li>Nitrogen Washout</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functional <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a459f313d9169277719789fdfb7ada\">Residual</span> Capacity (FRC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Total Lung Capacity (TLC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Body Plethysmography.</li>\n<li>Gas <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"409e887c94169277718652d5db3c32\">Dilution</span> (Helium <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"409e887c94169277718652d5db3c32\">Dilution</span> Method)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Alveolar Dead Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Single-Breath Tests.</li>\n<li>Imaging Studies.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diffusing Capacity (DLCO)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>DLCO Test (Carbon <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"03077f6c8716927771923763487a9e\">Monoxide</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9c760dcb641692777186f4cda5dc95\">Diffusion</span> Test)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ghQUd1CSziIyYyB5RG031744802688.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following formulas correctly represents the Vital Capacity (VC) of the lungs?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "TV + IRV + ERV + RV", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "TV + IRV + ERV", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "TV + IRV", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "ERV + RV", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. TV + IRV + ERV", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:644px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lung Volume/Capacity</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Typical Volume (mL)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Formula</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Tidal Volume (TV)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breath</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>500</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3000</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Additional air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1200</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Residual Volume (RV)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Air remaining in the lungs after a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> exhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1200</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Anatomical Dead Space</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Volume of air in conducting airways where no gas exchange occurs</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>150</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>-</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Total Lung Capacity (TLC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maximum amount of air the lungs can hold</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>6000</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>TLC = TV + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cea17d64b16927771905278e8ea88\">IRV</span> + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a6905fdca16927771879daba1b8d2\">ERV</span> + RV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vital Capacity (VC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maximum air exhaled after a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> inhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>4800</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>VC = TV + <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9cea17d64b16927771905278e8ea88\">IRV</span> + ERV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Inspiratory Capacity (IC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maximum air inhaled after a normal exhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>3500</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>IC = TV + IRV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Functional <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a459f313d9169277719789fdfb7ada\">Residual</span> Capacity (FRC)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>2400</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FRC = <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5a6905fdca16927771879daba1b8d2\">ERV</span> + RV</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/9miruZ5PTxoBw20tQnmi1744802829.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the true statement regarding Closing Volume (CV)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "CV is the lung volume at which large airways begin to close during inspiration.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "CV measurement is typically performed using a Multi-Breath Helium Dilution Test.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased CV is seen in conditions such as ageing, obstructive lung diseases, obesity, and smoking.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "A normal CV indicates small airway dysfunction and abnormal lung mechanics.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Increased CV is seen in conditions such as ageing, obstructive lung diseases, obesity, and smoking.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/V1BeiComScjiXPzLpRqc1735959515.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/aVSIQPC9VPyAR1tRz7X51744803113.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 60-year-old man with a history of smoking presents with shortness of breath. During spirometry, dynamic compression of the airways is observed during forceful expiration. Which of the following statements best describes the point at which dynamic compression occurs?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Early expiration, high lung volume.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Mid expiration, FRC reached.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Late expiration, pleural pressure &amp;gt; airway pressure.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "End expiration, near RV.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Late expiration, pleural pressure &gt; airway pressure.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/OPKQQCOQCH0GjjNqWh9h1744803611.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A healthy 35-year-old male undergoes pulmonary function tests as part of a routine health check-up. Which of the following findings is most likely to be observed?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Tidal volume 400 ml", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "FEV 1 /FVC 0.65", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Residual volume 1200 ml", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Vital capacity 3500 ml", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Residual volume 1200 ml", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Spirometry</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"187bb6b3f61692777201956c59ce72\">Vital Capacity</span> (FVC)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Total air exhaled forcefully after deep breath.</li>\n<li>Approximately 4-6 liters (depending on age, sex, height, and weight)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Forced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"632c0c215816927771878b6e818a11\">Expiratory</span> Volume in 1 Second (FEV<sub>1</sub>)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Air exhaled in the first second of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"321620bde416927772037669a00aa5\">FVC</span> manoeuvre.</li>\n<li>Approximately 80% of FVC</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC Ratio</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Percentage of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"321620bde416927772037669a00aa5\">FVC</span> exhaled in the first second.</li>\n<li>Approximately 70-80%</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Peak <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"632c0c215816927771878b6e818a11\">Expiratory</span> Flow (PEF)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Maximum speed of expiration.</li>\n<li>Varies by age, sex, and height (e.g., 400-600 L/min for adults)</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Lung Volumes</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Total Lung Capacity (TLC)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>The total volume of air in the lungs after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> inhalation</li>\n<li>Approximately 6-8 liters</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Residual Volume (RV)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Air remaining in the lungs after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> exhalation</li>\n<li>Approximately 1.2-1.5 litres</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Vital Capacity (VC)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Air that can be exhaled after <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c678bddb1d1692777192d2ee1ebd92\">maximal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0b1500fcd816927771900b59d16bde\">inhalation</span> (FVC minus RV)</li>\n<li>Approximately 4-5 liters</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Additional air inhaled after normal inhalation</li>\n<li>Approximately 2-3 liters</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Additional air exhaled after normal exhalation</li>\n<li>Approximately 1-1.5 liters</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Diffusing Capacity (DLCO)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Lung’s ability to transfer gases (e.g., CO)</li>\n<li>Approximately 20-30 mL/min/mmHg</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/4rUaQzmTPD1V13NungVY1744803902.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old male, lifelong smoker, presents with chronic shortness of breath and a persistent cough. Imaging studies confirm hyperinflation and destruction of alveolar walls. He was diagnosed with emphysema. What are the expected results of his Pulmonary Function Test?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased Residual Volume", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Increased Total Lung Capacity", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Increased FEV/FVC", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Both A and B", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Both A and B", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/Ca0iQc9ZcxPJseOUg5NU1735959821.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/gea1GTCQj0IDCNuq2KOq1744804105.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is false on the findings of restrictive lung disease?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Decreased TLC", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decreased VC", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Preservation of Forced Expiratory Flow Rates", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All are true", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All are true", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Definition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lung disorders are characterised by a <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"381ab780231692777186a9011d8a74\">distensibility</span> of the lungs, compromising lung expansion, and, in turn, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> lung volumes</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Features</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ol>\n<li>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"15d4ce5bf21692777200543fdf4d2f\">TLC</span> (Total Lung Capacity)</li>\n<li>Decreased VC (Vital Capacity)</li>\n<li>Decreased RV (Residual Volume)</li>\n<li>Preservation of Forced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"632c0c215816927771878b6e818a11\">Expiratory</span> Flow Rates.</li>\n</ol>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathology</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a6795c876e169277719057a1099465\">Intrinsic</span> Conditions:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Destruction of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5ff25303a01692777186731f6a4f5c\">Distal</span> Lung Parenchyma</li>\n<li>Inflammatory Changes in the Alveolar Interstitium</li>\n<li>Interstitial Lung Diseases</li>\n<li>Alterations from Within the Alveolus(oedema or haemorrhage)</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p>2. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"810de80cac1692777187a436b4315b\">Extrinsic</span> Conditions:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Limitations in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8b19cd5e161692777193ad958e52e0\">Neuromuscular</span> Function</li>\n<li>Chest Wall Movement Impairments</li>\n</ul>\n<p>(pleural disorders, obesity, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dca72e4c3d1692777185113e3e3101\">costosternal</span> or <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ecbf7f7a131692777185dd34ae6309\">costovertebral</span> fusion, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> vertebral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a7dfeb385e1692777203302bcf142d\">fusion</span> or deviation)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Parenchymal Restrictive Dysfunction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pulmonary fibrosis</li>\n<li>Pneumoconiosis</li>\n<li>Radiation-induced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f46ba26d111692777190def3b1d80a\">interstitial</span> lung disease</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Extra-parenchymal Restrictive Dysfunction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>1. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8b19cd5e161692777193ad958e52e0\">Neuromuscular</span> Diseases:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Myasthenia gravis</li>\n<li>Paralysis of diaphragm</li>\n<li>Muscular dystrophy</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\t \n\n\t\t\t<p>2. <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"06e0403a9c16927771846fde1c53f8\">Chest Wall</span> Diseases</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kyphoscoliosis</li>\n<li>Obesity</li>\n<li>Ankylosing spondylitis</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NFELLhLPAafaIKVyXHXI1744804285.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is false about Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Maximum velocity of flow in litres per minute with air being forced out of the lungs", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Recorded by using the peak-flow meter", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The normal value is 400 to 600 L/min", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All are true", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All are true", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ld5iXthLA9jdjowsXhg21744804723.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the most sensitive indicator of small airway diseases?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "PEFR", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "FEV1", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "FEV1/FVC", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "MMEFR", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. MMEFR", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/Df5ppzqdBxTnpVIhMjL81744805081.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In the image given below what does the yellow curve represent?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Normal lung function", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Obstructive lung disease", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Restrictive lung disease", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Respiratory failure", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Obstructive lung disease", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/MgK3y06CIl1UjlIs93Gv1736321104.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/GWrv1je0uI3CoDa9VrJB1736321164.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:635px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Condition</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p><strong>Curve Characteristics</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Restrictive diseases</p>\n<p>(Constricted lung)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Curve is smaller and shifted to the right <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong></li>\n<li>Peak flow is lower, and the volume is less due to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"15d4ce5bf21692777200543fdf4d2f\">TLC</span> and RV</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Obstructive diseases</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Curve is smaller and shifted to the left</li>\n<li>Lower peak flow</li>\n<li>Scooped-out appearance during expiration</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/UAaVhfRRRVsxhgNvx9fS1744821485.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A patient underwent pulmonary function testing, and the flow-volume loop is shown below. What does it show?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fixed upper airway obstruction", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Variable intra-thoracic obstruction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Normal lung functioning", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Fixed upper airway obstruction", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/qxatx17vpcMOVBIegyAP1735960314.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/uLxszcPdNDu7Kugv7va11735960363.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/uA12ai2WljBfoxR6nRe51744821660.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Analyse the following flow volume loop diagram. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding this flow volume loop?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The loop demonstrates flatness in the expiratory portion", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "This loop occurs in variable intrathoracic obstruction", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The \"box pattern\" indicates fixed upper airway obstruction.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The loop shows a reduction in peak expiratory flow (PEF) due to the obstruction.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The \"box pattern\" indicates fixed upper airway obstruction.", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/jwhfru7OmJgSInfZSM9T1735960454.png"], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/miRnhdLYfshFbzXsLejj1735960666.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:651px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Variable <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"09d1aa62351692777190c98d0dbb12\">Intrathoracic</span> Obstruction</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Variable <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"46208b1eba1692777187c85196194d\">Extrathoracic</span> Obstruction</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Location</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Within the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> (trachea, bronchi)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Outside the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3c6021096816927772007954fcc158\">thoracic</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ddba4206eb169277718335596e86da\">cavity</span> (larynx, pharynx)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Causes</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tracheobronchomalacia, mainstem bronchial obstruction, lower <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"3b9dd3166f1692777180b697887ccb\">airway</span> obstructions</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Laryngeal oedema, vocal cord dysfunction, tumours in the upper airway</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flow-Volume Loop Characteristics</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flattened <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"632c0c215816927771878b6e818a11\">expiratory</span> portion<strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong>; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> peak <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"632c0c215816927771878b6e818a11\">expiratory</span> flow (PEF)<strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Flattened inspiratory portion; <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cbabc42d21692777187c451566867\">expiration</span> may remain relatively unaffected</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fqjiJ2ByeUSOtIA7vEbl1744821867.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "The volume of gas expired by a normal adult man during a forced expiration, demonstrating the FEV1 and the FVC. Calculate the FEV1/FVC of this person.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "60%", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "70%", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "80%", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "90%", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. 80%", "question_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/8N8XShXkgzMI1tUZYAi61735960840.png"], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/fxVObT4quoOuEII69kUQ1744822232.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 24 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 18 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "The true statement regarding central chemoreceptors is?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Detects H+ in brain interstitial fluid", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Gets stimulated to decrease respiration", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Located above the surface of the ventrolateral medulla", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All are true", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Detects H+ in brain interstitial fluid", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:622px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p>Bilaterally below <strong>(Option C ruled out)</strong> the surface of the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fca8e80d221692777201c2f3961e87\">ventrolateral</span> medulla, immediately <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a49829e8ef1692777183bc64f40412\">caudal</span> to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a455fdae721692777196a0fb2f8c30\">pontomedullary</span> junction.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Synonyms </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<ul>\n<li>Medullary chemoreceptors.</li>\n<li>Chemosensitive areas.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Mechanism of Stimulation</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:bottom\">\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Arterial PCO<sub>2</sub> increases</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">↓</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">H<sup>+</sup> ions in the brain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f46ba26d111692777190def3b1d80a\">interstitial</span> fluid increases.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">↓</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">Central chemoreceptors get stimulated to increase respiration <strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/mN6D0ChOEFXklpin1mI61744966450.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "All of the following are true regarding the J receptor reflex except?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "They are located near the pulmonary capillaries.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Activation of J receptors causes rapid breathing.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "They are stimulated by hyperinflation of the lungs.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "They are exclusively involved in regulating airway smooth muscle tone.", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. They are exclusively involved in regulating airway smooth muscle tone.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:644px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Receptor</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Afferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>J-receptor reflex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Pulmonary edema.</li>\n<li>Pulmonary congestion.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Juxtapulmonary receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Unmyelinated <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5fb29f3cd516927772017bd29c2581\">vagal</span> C fibres</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Rapid breathing.</li>\n<li>Bradycardia.</li>\n<li>Hypotension.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/zVGWXQb8BUggUqnM9RRR1745256117.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is undergoing a respiratory assessment in the clinic. The patient is asked to take a deep breath and hold it for an extended period. During this maneuver, the clinician observes that the patient’s inspiratory phase extends rather than transitioning to expiration. Which reflex is most likely responsible for this observation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Hering-Breuer reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Head's paradoxical reflex", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Cough reflex", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Sneeze reflex", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Head's paradoxical reflex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aspect</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Rapidly adapting <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10e2dee19e1692777196673db90c23\">pulmonary</span> stretch receptors (RARs)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Response</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Brief burst of action potentials in response to lung inflation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feedback Mechanism</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Enhances inspiration, especially during <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve recovery</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Clinical Significance</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Initiates first breath in newborns</strong>, generates augmented breaths, prevents lung collapse</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Implications</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Relevant for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> physiology, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"77493a5b781692777193df12530299\">neonatal</span> resuscitation, and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> control mechanisms</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/t2npaP0TrmAB2UAZmAkT1745255788.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is the receptor for Herring-Breur reflexes?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Chemoreceptors", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Baroreceptors", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pulmonary stretch receptors", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Proprioceptors", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pulmonary stretch receptors", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:681px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Reflex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Receptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Stimulus</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Afferent</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Inflation Reflex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Slowly adapting stretch receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lung stretching (inhalation)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd79d3db911692777193c60304ef85\">myelinated</span> nerve fibres</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inhibits inspiration.</li>\n<li>↑ Inspiration duration.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Deflation Reflex</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stretch receptors</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Lung deflation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Large <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dd79d3db911692777193c60304ef85\">myelinated</span> nerve fibres</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inhibits expiration.</li>\n<li>↓ <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"2cbabc42d21692777187c451566867\">Expiration</span> duration.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/lsvb0K7whuwxcdXTepMa1744968942.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What happens if a person inhales a gas mixture containing 5% carbon dioxide (CO2) during voluntary hyperventilation?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The person will experience a significant drop in arterial PCO 2 , leading to apnea.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "The person will maintain a normal arterial PCO₂ and prevent respiratory alkalosis.", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "The person will experience increased alveolar and arterial PCO 2 , preventing apnea.", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "The person will experience decreased ventilation due to the stimulation of medullary chemoreceptors.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. The person will experience increased alveolar and arterial PCO 2 , preventing apnea.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/LsxqoPJmp8vWqUFWVLfb1727779488.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:687px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Physiological Change </strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Increase in Alveolar CO₂</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inhalation of 5% CO₂ increases the alveoli's <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a66961ad3a16927771941f00c5ed57\">partial pressure</span> of CO₂ (PCO₂).</li>\n<li>Elevated alveolar PCO₂ leads to an increase in arterial PCO₂.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Stimulation of Ventilation</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A rise in arterial PCO₂ stimulates the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0a36e18386169277719259641cf29b\">medullary</span> chemoreceptors.</li>\n<li>This results in an increase in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58f1f33f81692777201ad5e0d60ca\">ventilation</span> (hyperventilation continues) to eliminate <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7a1ae24f701692777187a7f60bbd9f\">excess</span> CO₂.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Avoidance of Apnea</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Without additional CO₂, hyperventilation-induced <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"56d51dcb5f16927771899bfc934624\">hypocapnia</span> can lead to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"22b9ee5b2b16927771814b5d8d34ac\">apnea</span> (temporary cessation of breathing).</li>\n<li>Inhaling 5% CO₂ prevents a significant drop in arterial PCO₂, avoiding apnea.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Maintaining Blood pH</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>Inhaled CO₂ helps maintain blood pH closer to normal by preventing <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> alkalosis.</li>\n<li>This balance is crucial to avoid adverse effects on <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"12a6f23332169277718402ca6703e2\">cellular</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11d4157da4169277718762144a4fe7\">enzymatic</span> functions.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>New Equilibrium</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li>A new <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"d52b8551541692777187be85e4bb2f\">equilibrium</span> is established with slightly elevated alveolar and arterial PCO₂.</li>\n<li>The person continues to hyperventilate as long as CO₂ is inhaled.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tRLvjPGSJggZk4A7ngjJ1744968520.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "In which of the following conditions does the sensitivity of chemoreceptors decrease?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Emphysema", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Asthma", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Acute bronchitis", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pulmonary fibrosis", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Emphysema", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:658px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Consequence</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Description</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Complications</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dyspnea</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Difficulty breathing due to impaired <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"64f968d2251692777184286bce1af6\">chemoreceptor</span> function</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Occurs even with non-critically <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"458e050fdc16927771809854c9fd53\">abnormal</span> blood gas levels</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Acidosis and Mental Status Changes</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Respiratory <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"6caf3a39f416927771807e122b9032\">acidosis</span> from inadequate CO₂ expulsion</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mental status changes, need for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f14b6fe4d3169277720152885b1b38\">ventilatory</span> support</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ventilation-</strong><br/>\n<strong>Perfusion Mismatch</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #cccccc; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mismatch due to structural lung changes <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8c77461be01692777184e67e678209\">compensatory</span> mechanism</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #cccccc; border-left:1px solid #cccccc; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #cccccc; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complicates breathing regulation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/DeGUwniSrvzF9NAdqZ2o1744968274.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Arrange the following in the correct sequence regarding the mechanism of activation of a glomus cell: Depolarisation Calcium influx Reduced K+ conductance Increased ventilation Dopamine release", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "1, 3, 2, 5, 4", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "3, 1, 2, 5, 4", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "2, 1, 3, 4, 5", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "4, 3, 1, 2, 5", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. 3, 1, 2, 5, 4", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/qspsYVDyzcjvg8eVLvCb1744967693.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Decreased arterial blood pressure leads to?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Increased ventilation", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Decreased ventilation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "No effect at all", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Depends on the temperature", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Increased ventilation", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:707px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Peripheral Chemoreceptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Central Chemoreceptors</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pathway</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e831262a7169277718263c34e2dc1\">arterial pressure</span> → decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"33dfead74b1692777195931780bd9e\">perfusion</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> tissues, including the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> and aortic bodies → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a249eeb5551692777189661d39c1b2\">hypoxia</span> (decreased oxygen levels) → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> chemoreceptors.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Decreased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9e831262a7169277718263c34e2dc1\">arterial pressure</span> → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"10c83adb331692777197f775bec1aa\">reduced</span> removal of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c32b3a9fac16927771831530888fdf\">carbon dioxide</span> (CO<sub>2</sub>) → CO<sub>2</sub> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b668aed705169277719744b6db8f8e\">retention</span> → increased arterial P<sub>CO2</sub> → increased concentration of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"11f7bcb8da16927771898e93932195\">hydrogen</span> ions (H<sup>+</sup>) in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"99a9bf133e1692777184ec4b1011fe\">cerebrospinal</span> fluid (CSF) due to the conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> to HCO<sub>3</sub>- and H<sup>+</sup> → <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7f3792072b1692777199fd8e2c4f59\">stimulation</span> of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"579693a0121692777184c972741ee0\">central chemoreceptors</span> in the medulla.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Result</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> chemoreceptors send signals to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> centres in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4004f1f7241692777183d200f866da\">brainstem</span> to increase the rate and depth of breathing to improve oxygen delivery and restore homeostasis.</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>The <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"579693a0121692777184c972741ee0\">central chemoreceptors</span> also stimulate the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> centres to enhance ventilation, thereby increasing the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"86c65ffa40169277718763f4072c2f\">elimination</span> of CO<sub>2</sub> and improving blood gas levels.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/3us6FWh6lzNgMOp0FV0P1744967272.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 65-year-old patient, Mr Kumar, is admitted to the hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation. He appears short of breath and has a low oxygen saturation of 88% on room air. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis reveals: pH: 7.32 PaCO 2 : 55 mm Hg PaO 2 : 55 mm Hg HCO3-: 24 mmol/L What will most likely activate Mr. Kumar's peripheral chemoreceptors?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "pH: 7.32", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "PaCO 2 : 55 mm Hg", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "PaO 2 : 55 mm Hg", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "All of the above", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. All of the above", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Topic</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Details</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Carotid bodies:</strong> At bifurcations of common <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> arteries</li>\n<li><strong>Aortic bodies: </strong>Along the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"62f0d7c8491692777182ab7cc82edb\">ascending</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ce68eab48a1692777181c719b4344e\">aorta</span> and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9a89dd67841692777182ee412af263\">arch</span> of the aorta</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Send signals to the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"51b29c48291692777186b488ac8cd9\">dorsal</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> group (DRG) in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"53abb386551692777192c4d1f1f5ed\">medulla</span> to increase ventilation</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Carotid Bodies</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Type I (glomus) cells and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"bd04ba63bc1692777201f54e0ee060\">Type II</span> (sustentacular) cells</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Type I Cells (Glomus Cells)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Release <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9194a239ed1692777186bfe41c0e87\">dopamine</span> in response to hypoxia, triggering an <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"1313ac90ca16927771807502911c57\">action potential</span> in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"b0046463171692777198e0beea83e7\">sinus</span> nerve</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Aortic Bodies</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Contain <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"dcd971226c16927771887a3627684d\">glomus</span> cells similar to <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"8593e48e0416927771834eaedb0bfd\">carotid</span> bodies but are less effective in regulating respiration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Responses</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hypoxia:</strong> Increased <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"0c2d898b0b1692777202c5d43d5e78\">firing</span> rate of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"4dd3bdfe1d1692777180deb3103555\">afferent</span> nerves when PaO2 &lt; 60 mm Hg</li>\n<li><strong>Hypercapnia: </strong>Linear increase in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"64f968d2251692777184286bce1af6\">chemoreceptor</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9dd87431ba1692777186ecfb21d258\">discharge</span> rate with increased PaCO2</li>\n<li><strong>Acidosis:</strong> Stimulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a58f1f33f81692777201ad5e0d60ca\">ventilation</span> independently of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"a249eeb5551692777189661d39c1b2\">hypoxia</span> and hypercapnia</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/dR0LEeiIQehcBmtrmZB81744966903.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Where is the pneumotaxic centre, which regulates respiratory rate, located in the brain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Medulla oblongata", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Pons", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Midbrain", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cerebellum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Pons", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/iDt3fzHVmidYJ59lQzzC1735961104.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/ggEgeaEsY7KiBUEAm2XO1744963146.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "The apneustic centre is inhibited by?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dorsal respiratory group", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ventral respiratory group", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Central pattern generator", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pneumotaxic center", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Pneumotaxic center", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/wCDTBwyiMZWRxhP3IWFI1744966129.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which group of neurons is involved in controlling forceful expiration?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Dorsal respiratory group of neurons", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Ventral respiratory group of neurons", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Both A and B", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "None of the above", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Ventral respiratory group of neurons", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/VjXM5oEPMYFJw56X6O2I1744965898.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "What is the structure responsible for the voluntary control of respiration?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cerebral cortex", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Medulla", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pons", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cerebellum", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Cerebral cortex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/NaE8BJfOf1CQUwhYQzIU1744965588.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 45-year-old male was involved in a severe motor vehicle accident resulting in multiple injuries, including a traumatic brain injury. Imaging studies revealed a complete transection of the brain stem below the medulla. Given this anatomical disruption, what would be the most likely effect on the patient's respiratory activity?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Cessation of spontaneous breathing", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Hyperventilation", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Apneustic breathing", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Cheyne-Stokes respiration", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Cessation of spontaneous breathing", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/h420uCakCOPkzKd3F6Z21735961344.png"], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:624px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\"> </td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Level of transection</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vagus intact</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Vagus cut</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48ff530c761692777200c1afac0052\">transection</span> above the pons</p>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Regular breathing continues</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Regular breathing continues; the depth of inspiration increases.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>B</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Mid-pontine level section</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Apneusis</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>C</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Transection midway between the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"5e4684038e16927771967a14f73f37\">pons</span> and the medulla</p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Irregular and rhythmic respiration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>D</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Complete <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"48ff530c761692777200c1afac0052\">transection</span> below the medulla</p>\n</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:middle\">\n<p>Cessation of <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f71e485d131692777199151d1076d2\">spontaneous</span> respiration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/CmPuQVF2wCbXWn0Q78mu1744965198.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Ondine's curse, or Ondine's syndrome, is a rare disorder of the respiratory control centre. Which of the following is true about Ondine's curse?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Loss of voluntary, but intact automatic control", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Loss of automatic, but intact voluntary control", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Loss of both automatic and voluntary control", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Loss of reflective control only", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Loss of automatic, but intact voluntary control", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/IoVQycrBGAWEHwrEpp7G1744964768.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following is considered the primary pacemaker for respiration in the brainstem?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Rostral Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Botzinger Complex", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Pre-Bötzinger Complex", "correct": true}, {"label": "D", "text": "Caudal Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "C. Pre-Bötzinger Complex", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:642px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Zones</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Pre-Bötzinger Complex</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Ventrolateral medulla</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>A primary <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"e70797a893169277719467eb262506\">pacemaker</span> for <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"aea081ceb416927771976e2c17be74\">respiration</span> that generates the basic rhythmic pattern of breathing.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Bötzinger Complex</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option B ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medulla oblongata, dorsal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Modulates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> rhythm; involved in <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"632c0c215816927771878b6e818a11\">expiratory</span> phase regulation and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f03ca2d2a716927771901227bc175a\">inhibition</span> of inspiration.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Rostral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">Ventral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">Respiratory</span> Group (VRG)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option A ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medulla oblongata, rostral</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>It contributes to rhythm generation and integrates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">respiratory</span> signals; it is involved in the inspiratory and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"632c0c215816927771878b6e818a11\">expiratory</span> phases.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Caudal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"9ccb2fd2f31692777201e231bfda74\">Ventral</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">Respiratory</span> Group (VRG)</strong></p>\n<p><strong>(Option D ruled out)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medulla oblongata, caudal</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Primarily involved in controlling the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"632c0c215816927771878b6e818a11\">expiratory</span> phase of respiration.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/tjpZ8r0XKAl20KF51tB51744964230.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statements accurately describes the functions of the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) of neurons in the medulla? The DRG primarily regulates the rhythmic pattern of breathing. The DRG receives sensory input from peripheral chemoreceptors and baroreceptors. The DRG mainly influences the expiratory phase of respiration. The DRG integrates information from the vagus nerve to adjust breathing depth. The DRG controls voluntary breathing movements during speech.", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Statements 1 and 2 are correct.", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Statements 2 and 4 are correct.", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Statements 3 and 5 are correct.", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Statements 1 and 4 are correct.", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Statements 2 and 4 are correct.", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse; width:636px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Feature</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Dorsal <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">Respiratory</span> Group (DRG)</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Ventral <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"cfad80a0f716927771979aae100f95\">Respiratory</span> Group (VRG)</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medulla oblongata, primarily in the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"65decc8b65169277720160605b350f\">tractus</span> solitarius (NTS)</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Medulla oblongata, <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fca8e80d221692777201c2f3961e87\">ventrolateral</span> region, including <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> ambiguus and <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"ff628904401692777193c8a9f9159e\">nucleus</span> retroambiguus</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Primary Function</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Controls basic rhythmic breathing; initiates and regulates respiration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Modulates rhythm and force of breathing; involved in complex breathing patterns</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Breathing Pattern</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Generates and maintains rhythmic breathing; primarily active during inspiration</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Modifies breathing patterns; active during both inspiration and expiration</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Connection with Other Centers</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Integrates <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"408bcde7f01692777198acadb8e1c6\">sensory</span> input from <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"255674f3271692777195c172d86daf\">peripheral</span> chemoreceptors and baroreceptors to adjust breathing</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Coordinates with <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"57a935da1f169277719651e8dbec8c\">pneumotaxic</span> and apneustic centres; adjust breathing for varying demands</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Sensory Input</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives input from lung stretch receptors and chemoreceptors detecting CO₂ and O₂ levels and integrates information from the <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"c8da04ed171692777201da65246acd\">vagus</span> nerve to adjust breathing depth</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Receives input from higher brain centres</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Effect on Breathing</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Establishes and regulates basic breathing rhythm; adjusts rate and depth</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid #000000; border-left:1px solid #000000; border-right:1px solid #000000; border-top:1px solid #000000; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Fine-tune breathing patterns and force; adjust breathing during different activities</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/uIOjujvWlcw0hraMy64P1744964018.mp3", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following controls the depth of breathing?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Pneumotaxic center", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "Apneustic center", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Dorsal respiratory group", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Ventral respiratory group", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. Pneumotaxic center", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/notes/cXFiB80o5DOlJSjLdl7E1735961188.png"], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "https://image.prepladder.com/content/2tggULfShV1b2RlXTfrv1744963373.mp3", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 28 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">
<div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Instructions</h2> <h4 class="text-gray-800 text-lg font-semibold mt-6 mb-4">Test Features:</h4> <ul class="space-y-3"> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Multiple choice questions with single correct answers </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Timer-based testing for realistic exam conditions </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mark questions for review functionality </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Comprehensive results and performance analysis </li> <li class="flex items-center gap-3"> <i class="fa-solid fa-circle-check text-green-500"></i> Mobile-optimized interface for learning on-the-go </li> </ul> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="start-test">Start Test</button> </div> <div class="error-message hidden" id="error-message"></div> </div> </section> <!-- Quiz Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="quiz"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <!-- Progress Bar --> <div class="w-full bg-gray-200 rounded-full h-3 mb-4"> <div class="progress-bar h-3 rounded-full" id="progress-bar" style="width: 0%"></div> </div> <!-- Question Header --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center mb-4"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold" id="question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h2> <p class="text-lg font-semibold mt-2 md:mt-0" id="timer">Time Remaining: <span>00:00</span></p> </div> <!-- Question Content --> <div class="mb-6" id="question-content"> <p class="text-gray-800 mb-4" id="question-text"></p> <div class="flex flex-wrap gap-4 mb-4" id="question-images"></div> <div class="space-y-3" id="options"></div> </div> <!-- Navigation Buttons --> <div class="flex flex-col md:flex-row justify-between items-center gap-2 md:gap-4"> <div class="flex gap-2 w-full md:w-auto"> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="previous-btn">Previous</button> <button class="bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-4 py-3 w-full md:w-32 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-btn">Next</button> </div> <div class="flex items-center gap-2"> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="mark-review"> Review <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="h-5 w-5" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M10 2a1 1 0 00-1 1v14l3.293-3.293a1 1 0 011.414 0L17 17V3a1 1 0 00-1-1H10z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="bg-transparent text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-100 transition flex items-center gap-1" id="nav-toggle"> Question 🧭 </button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-3 w-44 h-14 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition w-full md:w-auto" id="submit-test">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Results Section --> <section class="container mx-auto px-4 md:px-6 pt-4 md:pt-6 pb-1 hidden section-transition" id="results"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg shadow-md p-4 md:p-6"> <h2 class="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Anaesthesia Machine - Results</h2> <div class="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4 mb-6"> <p><strong>Correct:</strong> <span id="correct-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Wrong:</strong> <span id="wrong-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> <p><strong>Unanswered:</strong> <span id="unanswered-count" class="text-[#000000]-500">0</span></p> <p><strong>Marked for Review:</strong> <span id="marked-count" class="text-[#000000]">0</span></p> </div> <h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4" id="result-question-number">Question <span>1</span> of 4</h3> <div class="space-y-6" id="results-content"></div> <div class="result-nav"> <button aria-label="Previous question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" disabled="" id="prev-result">Previous</button> <button aria-label="Toggle results navigation panel" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="results-nav-toggle">Result 🧭</button> <button aria-label="Next question result" class="result-nav-btn bg-[#2c5281] text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-[#2c5281] transition" id="next-result">Next</button> </div> <div class="mt-6 flex space-x-4 button-group md:flex-row flex-col"> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-6 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="take-again">Take Again</button> </div> </div> </section> <!-- Exit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="exit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Leave Test?</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4">Your progress will be lost if you leave this page. Are you sure you want to exit?</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="continue-test">No, Continue</button> <button class="bg-red-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-red-600 transition" id="exit-test">Yes, Exit</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Submit Confirmation Modal --> <div class="fixed inset-0 bg-black bg-opacity-50 flex items-center justify-center hidden" id="submit-modal"> <div class="bg-white rounded-lg p-6 max-w-sm w-full"> <h2 class="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Confirm Submission</h2> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-2">You have attempted <span id="attempted-count">0</span> of 6 questions.</p> <p class="text-gray-700 mb-4"><span id="unattempted-count">0</span> questions are unattempted.</p> <div class="flex justify-end space-x-4"> <button class="bg-gray-300 text-gray-700 px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-400 transition" id="cancel-submit">Cancel</button> <button class="bg-green-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-green-600 transition" id="confirm-submit">Submit Test</button> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Quiz Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Questions Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- Results Navigation Panel --> <div class="fixed inset-y-0 right-0 results-nav-panel bg-white shadow-lg p-4 hidden overflow-y-auto" id="results-nav-panel"> <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-4">Results Navigation</h2> <div class="mb-4"> <select class="w-full p-2 border rounded-lg text-gray-700" id="results-nav-filter"> <option value="all">All Questions</option> <option value="answered">Answered</option> <option value="unanswered">Unanswered</option> <option value="marked">Marked for Review</option> </select> </div> <div class="grid grid-cols-5 gap-2 md:gap-3" id="results-nav-grid"></div> <button class="mt-4 bg-gray-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg hover:bg-gray-600 transition w-full" id="close-results-nav">Close</button> </div> <!-- JavaScript Logic --> <script> // Enable debug mode for detailed logging const DEBUG_MODE = true; // Log debug messages function debugLog(message) { if (DEBUG_MODE) { console.log(`[DEBUG] ${message}`); } } // Initialize questions with error handling let questions = []; let currentResultQuestion = 0; // State for current question in results try { debugLog("Attempting to parse questions_json"); questions = [{"text": "Sour taste is perceived by which receptors?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "T1R1", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "T1R2", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "T1R3", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "TRPP3", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. TRPP3", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/o10BCKK6cld0j1BxGRtx1724905387.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - TRPP3\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which tongue papillae does not have taste buds?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Fungiform", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Filiform", "correct": true}, {"label": "C", "text": "Circumvallate", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Foliate", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "B. Filiform", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": ["https://image.prepladder.com/content/TpAwP8UMgpJNxZBh0ZeN1724909253.png"], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option B - F\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Papilla Type</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Location</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:1px solid black; vertical-align:top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Number of Taste Buds</strong></p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Fungiform Papilla</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Tongue’s tip</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upto 5</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p><strong>Foliate Papilla</strong></p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Two <span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"fc380e21321692777191739bd99191\">lateral</span> ends of the tongue</p>\n</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">\n<p>Upto 100</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:1px solid black; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\"><strong>Circumvallate Papilla</strong></td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">The base of the tongue</td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom:1px solid black; border-left:none; border-right:1px solid black; border-top:none; vertical-align:top\">Upto 100 (max)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Select the correct option regarding the function of receptors?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Ruffini corpuscle - Sustained pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Merkel cells - stretching", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Meissner’s corpuscle - deep pressure", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Pacinian corpuscle - Vibration", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Pacinian corpuscle - Vibration", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option D - Pacinian &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"7c014f0a121692777185a3c89b4e6a\"&gt;corpuscle&lt;/span&gt; - V\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A woman who suffered a sunburn while enjoying a vacation on the beach now experiences pain when lukewarm water (40°C) touches her back during a shower. What types of receptors were activated by the lukewarm water, and why did she experience pain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "Thermal nociceptors and nociceptive pain", "correct": false}, {"label": "B", "text": "Thermal nociceptors and allodynia", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "Innocuous thermal receptors and hyperalgesia", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "Innocuous thermal receptors and allodynia", "correct": true}], "correct_answer": "D. Innocuous thermal receptors and allodynia", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "A 30-year-old patient who was involved in a road traffic accident presents to the hospital with intense superficial pain in his hand due to the injury. Which type of nerve fiber must be selectively targeted to inhibit his pain?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "A delta", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "A gamma", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A alpha", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "C fibre", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. A delta", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "<p>Correct Option A - &lt;span class=\"customMeta\" data-dictid=\"f7d3133242169277718518c059ad55\"&gt;Delta&lt;/span&g\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}, {"text": "Which of the following statement is accurate regarding a 50-year-old male who was diagnosed with a submandibular gland tumor, underwent tumor removal, and subsequently experienced damage to the lingual nerve?", "options": [{"label": "A", "text": "The taste sensation of the posterior one-third of the tongue is lost", "correct": true}, {"label": "B", "text": "The taste sensation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is lost", "correct": false}, {"label": "C", "text": "A general sensation of the posterior one-third of the tongue is lost", "correct": false}, {"label": "D", "text": "A general sensation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is lost", "correct": false}], "correct_answer": "A. The taste sensation of the posterior one-third of the tongue is lost", "question_images": [], "explanation_images": [], "explanation": "\n\n<p style='font-size: 10px; color: #808080; font-style: italic;'>@dams_new_robot</p>", "bot": "@dams_new_robot", "audio": "", "video": ""}]; if (!Array.isArray(questions) || questions.length === 0) { throw new Error("Questions data is empty or invalid"); } debugLog(`Successfully parsed ${questions.length} questions`); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to parse questions_json:", e); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error loading quiz data. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; // Fallback to sample questions for testing questions = [ { text: "What is 2 + 2?", options: [ { label: "A", text: "3", correct: false }, { label: "B", text: "4", correct: true }, { label: "C", text: "5", correct: false }, { label: "D", text: "6", correct: false } ], correct_answer: "B. 4", question_images: [], explanation_images: [], explanation: "<p>2 + 2 = 4</p><p>@dams_new_robot</p>", bot: "@dams_new_robot", audio: "", video: "" } ]; debugLog("Loaded fallback questions"); } // Quiz state let currentQuestion = 0; let answers = new Array(questions.length).fill(null); let markedForReview = new Array(questions.length).fill(false); let timeRemaining = 16 * 60; // Duration in seconds let timerInterval = null; const quizId = `{title.replace(/\s+/g, '_').toLowerCase()}`; // Unique ID for local storage // Load saved progress function loadProgress() { try { debugLog("Loading progress from localStorage"); const saved = localStorage.getItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); if (saved) { const { savedAnswers, savedMarked, savedTime } = JSON.parse(saved); answers = savedAnswers || answers; markedForReview = savedMarked || markedForReview; timeRemaining = savedTime !== undefined ? savedTime : timeRemaining; debugLog("Progress loaded successfully"); } else { debugLog("No saved progress found"); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to load progress: " + e.message); } } // Save progress function saveProgress() { try { debugLog("Saving progress to localStorage"); localStorage.setItem(`quiz_${quizId}`, JSON.stringify({ savedAnswers: answers, savedMarked: markedForReview, savedTime: timeRemaining })); debugLog("Progress saved successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error saving progress:", e); debugLog("Failed to save progress: " + e.message); } } // Initialize quiz function initQuiz() { try { debugLog("Initializing quiz"); loadProgress(); const startButton = document.getElementById('start-test'); if (!startButton) { throw new Error("Start test button not found"); } startButton.addEventListener('click', startQuiz); debugLog("Start test button listener attached"); document.getElementById('previous-btn').addEventListener('click', showPreviousQuestion); document.getElementById('next-btn').addEventListener('click', showNextQuestion); document.getElementById('mark-review').addEventListener('click', toggleMarkForReview); document.getElementById('nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('submit-test').addEventListener('click', showSubmitModal); document.getElementById('continue-test').addEventListener('click', closeExitModal); document.getElementById('exit-test').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Exiting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('cancel-submit').addEventListener('click', closeSubmitModal); document.getElementById('confirm-submit').addEventListener('click', submitTest); document.getElementById('take-again').addEventListener('click', () => { debugLog("Restarting test"); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); window.location.reload(); }); document.getElementById('review-test').addEventListener('click', () => showResults(currentResultQuestion)); document.getElementById('close-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleNavPanel); document.getElementById('theme-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleTheme); document.getElementById('nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateNavPanel); document.getElementById('prev-result').addEventListener('click', showPreviousResult); document.getElementById('next-result').addEventListener('click', showNextResult); document.getElementById('results-nav-toggle').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('close-results-nav').addEventListener('click', toggleResultsNavPanel); document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').addEventListener('change', updateResultsNavPanel); debugLog("Quiz initialized successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Failed to initialize quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('start-test').disabled = true; } } // Start quiz function startQuiz() { try { debugLog("Starting quiz"); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.remove('hidden'); showQuestion(currentQuestion); startTimer(); updateNavPanel(); debugLog("Quiz started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting quiz:", e); debugLog("Failed to start quiz: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error starting quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('instructions').classList.remove('hidden'); } } // Show question function showQuestion(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing question ${index + 1}`); currentQuestion = index; const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } document.getElementById('question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('question-text').innerHTML = q.text || "No question text available"; const imagesDiv = document.getElementById('question-images'); imagesDiv.innerHTML = q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg">`).join('') : ''; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); optionsDiv.innerHTML = q.options && q.options.length > 0 ? q.options.map(opt => ` <button class="option-btn w-full text-left p-3 border rounded-lg ${answers[index] === opt.label ? 'selected' : ''}" onclick="selectOption(${index}, '${opt.label}')" aria-label="Option ${opt.label}: ${opt.text}"> ${opt.label}. ${opt.text} </button> `).join('') : '<p class="text-red-500">No options available</p>'; document.getElementById('previous-btn').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-btn').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[index]); updateProgressBar(); saveProgress(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying question:", e); debugLog("Failed to display question: " + e.message); } } // Select option function selectOption(index, label) { try { debugLog(`Selecting option ${label} for question ${index + 1}`); answers[index] = label; const optionsDiv = document.getElementById('options'); const optionButtons = optionsDiv.querySelectorAll('.option-btn'); optionButtons.forEach(btn => { const btnLabel = btn.textContent.trim().split('.')[0]; btn.classList.toggle('selected', btnLabel === label); }); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Option ${label} selected for question ${index + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error selecting option:", e); debugLog("Failed to select option: " + e.message); } } // Toggle mark for review function toggleMarkForReview() { try { debugLog(`Toggling mark for review on question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); markedForReview[currentQuestion] = !markedForReview[currentQuestion]; document.getElementById('mark-review').classList.toggle('marked', markedForReview[currentQuestion]); updateNavPanel(); saveProgress(); debugLog(`Mark for review toggled for question ${currentQuestion + 1}`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error marking for review:", e); debugLog("Failed to mark for review: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous question function showPreviousQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion > 0) { currentQuestion--; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous question: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next question function showNextQuestion() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next question from ${currentQuestion + 1}`); if (currentQuestion < questions.length - 1) { currentQuestion++; showQuestion(currentQuestion); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next question:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next question: " + e.message); } } // Handle question navigation click function handleQuestionNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showQuestion(index); toggleNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate via nav panel: " + e.message); } } // Start timer function startTimer() { try { debugLog("Starting timer"); timerInterval = setInterval(() => { if (timeRemaining <= 0) { debugLog("Timer expired, submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); submitTest(); } else { timeRemaining--; const minutes = Math.floor(timeRemaining / 60); const seconds = timeRemaining % 60; document.getElementById('timer').innerHTML = `Time Remaining: <span>${minutes.toString().padStart(2, '0')}:${seconds.toString().padStart(2, '0')}</span>`; saveProgress(); } }, 1000); debugLog("Timer started successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error starting timer:", e); debugLog("Failed to start timer: " + e.message); } } // Update progress bar function updateProgressBar() { try { debugLog("Updating progress bar"); const progress = ((currentQuestion + 1) / questions.length) * 100; document.getElementById('progress-bar').style.width = `${progress}%`; debugLog("Progress bar updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating progress bar:", e); debugLog("Failed to update progress bar: " + e.message); } } // Update quiz navigation panel function updateNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating quiz navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="question-nav-btn ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleQuestionNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Update results navigation panel function updateResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Updating results navigation panel"); const filter = document.getElementById('results-nav-filter').value; const navGrid = document.getElementById('results-nav-grid'); navGrid.innerHTML = questions.map((_, i) => { if (filter === 'answered' && !answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'unanswered' && answers[i]) return ''; if (filter === 'marked' && !markedForReview[i]) return ''; return ` <button class="result-nav-btn-grid ${answers[i] ? 'answered' : 'unanswered'} ${markedForReview[i] ? 'marked-nav' : ''}" onclick="handleResultNavClick(${i})" aria-label="Go to Result for Question ${i + 1}"> ${i + 1} </button> `; }).join(''); debugLog("Results navigation panel updated"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error updating results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to update results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle quiz navigation panel function toggleNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling quiz navigation panel"); const navPanel = document.getElementById('nav-panel'); navPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); debugLog("Quiz navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling quiz navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle quiz navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Toggle results navigation panel function toggleResultsNavPanel() { try { debugLog("Toggling results navigation panel"); const resultsNavPanel = document.getElementById('results-nav-panel'); resultsNavPanel.classList.toggle('hidden'); if (!resultsNavPanel.classList.contains('hidden')) { updateResultsNavPanel(); } debugLog("Results navigation panel toggled"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling results navigation panel:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle results navigation panel: " + e.message); } } // Handle result navigation click function handleResultNavClick(index) { try { debugLog(`Navigating to result for question ${index + 1} via nav panel`); showResults(index); toggleResultsNavPanel(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error handling result navigation click:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to result: " + e.message); } } // Show submit modal function showSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Showing submit modal"); const attempted = answers.filter(a => a !== null).length; document.getElementById('attempted-count').textContent = attempted; document.getElementById('unattempted-count').textContent = questions.length - attempted; document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.remove('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal displayed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error showing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to show submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close submit modal function closeSubmitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing submit modal"); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Submit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing submit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close submit modal: " + e.message); } } // Close exit modal function closeExitModal() { try { debugLog("Closing exit modal"); document.getElementById('exit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); debugLog("Exit modal closed"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error closing exit modal:", e); debugLog("Failed to close exit modal: " + e.message); } } // Submit test function submitTest() { try { debugLog("Submitting test"); clearInterval(timerInterval); document.getElementById('quiz').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('submit-modal').classList.add('hidden'); document.getElementById('results').classList.remove('hidden'); showResults(0); // Start with first question // Trigger confetti animation confetti({ particleCount: 100, spread: 70, origin: { y: 0.6 } }); localStorage.removeItem(`quiz_${quizId}`); debugLog("Test submitted successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error submitting test:", e); debugLog("Failed to submit test: " + e.message); } } // Show result for a single question function showResults(index) { try { debugLog(`Showing result for question ${index + 1}`); currentResultQuestion = index; let correct = 0, wrong = 0, unanswered = 0, marked = 0; answers.forEach((answer, i) => { const isCorrect = answer && questions[i].options.find(opt => opt.label === answer)?.correct; if (answer === null) unanswered++; else if (isCorrect) correct++; else wrong++; if (markedForReview[i]) marked++; }); const q = questions[index]; if (!q) { throw new Error(`Question ${index} is undefined`); } const userAnswer = answers[index]; const isCorrect = userAnswer && q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.correct; const resultsContent = document.getElementById('results-content'); resultsContent.innerHTML = ` <div class="border p-4 rounded-lg ${isCorrect ? 'bg-green-50' : userAnswer ? 'bg-red-50' : 'bg-gray-50'}"> <p class="font-semibold">Question ${index + 1}: ${q.text || 'No question text'}</p> ${q.question_images && q.question_images.length > 0 ? q.question_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Question Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} <p><strong>Your Answer:</strong> ${userAnswer ? `${userAnswer}. ${q.options.find(opt => opt.label === userAnswer)?.text || 'Invalid option'}` : 'Unanswered'}</p> <p><strong>Correct Answer:</strong> ${q.correct_answer || 'Unknown'}</p> <div class="mt-2">${q.explanation || 'No explanation available'}</div> ${q.explanation_images && q.explanation_images.length > 0 ? q.explanation_images.map(url => `<img src="${url}" alt="Explanation Image" class="max-w-full h-auto rounded-lg my-2">`).join('') : ''} ${q.video ? ` <button class="play-video bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadVideo(this, '${q.video}', 'video-${index}')" aria-label="Play explanation video for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Video Explanation </button> <div id="video-${index}" class="video-container mt-2"></div> ` : '<p class="text-gray-500 mt-2">No video available</p>'} ${q.audio ? ` <button class="play-audio bg-blue-500 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded-lg mt-2" onclick="loadAudio(this, '${q.audio}', 'audio-${index}')" aria-label="Play audio explanation for Question ${index + 1}"> Play Audio Explanation </button> <div id="audio-${index}" class="audio-container mt-2"></div> ` : ''} </div> `; document.getElementById('correct-count').textContent = correct; document.getElementById('wrong-count').textContent = wrong; document.getElementById('unanswered-count').textContent = unanswered; document.getElementById('marked-count').textContent = marked; document.getElementById('result-question-number').innerHTML = `Question <span>${index + 1}</span> of ${questions.length}`; document.getElementById('prev-result').disabled = index === 0; document.getElementById('next-result').disabled = index === questions.length - 1; updateResultsNavPanel(); window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: 'smooth' }); debugLog(`Result for question ${index + 1} displayed successfully`); } catch (e) { console.error("Error displaying result:", e); debugLog("Failed to display result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to previous result function showPreviousResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to previous result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion > 0) { showResults(currentResultQuestion - 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to previous result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to previous result: " + e.message); } } // Navigate to next result function showNextResult() { try { debugLog(`Navigating to next result from question ${currentResultQuestion + 1}`); if (currentResultQuestion < questions.length - 1) { showResults(currentResultQuestion + 1); } } catch (e) { console.error("Error navigating to next result:", e); debugLog("Failed to navigate to next result: " + e.message); } } // Lazy-load video function loadVideo(button, videoUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading video for ${containerId}: ${videoUrl}`); if (!videoUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No video available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No video URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <div class="video-loading"></div> <video controls class="w-full max-w-[600px] rounded-lg" preload="metadata" aria-label="Video explanation"> <source src="${videoUrl}" type="${videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') ? 'application/x-mpegURL' : 'video/mp4'}"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Initialize HLS.js for .m3u8 videos const video = container.querySelector('video'); if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && Hls.isSupported()) { const hls = new Hls(); hls.loadSource(videoUrl); hls.attachMedia(video); hls.on(Hls.Events.ERROR, (event, data) => { console.error("HLS.js error:", data); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("HLS.js error: " + JSON.stringify(data)); }); } else if (videoUrl.endsWith('.m3u8') && video.canPlayType('application/vnd.apple.mpegurl')) { video.src = videoUrl; } // Handle video load errors video.onerror = () => { console.error("Video load error for URL:", videoUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; debugLog("Video load error for URL: " + videoUrl); }; // Remove loading spinner when video is ready video.onloadedmetadata = () => { container.querySelector('.video-loading').remove(); debugLog("Video loaded successfully"); }; } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading video:", e); debugLog("Failed to load video: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading video. <a href="${videoUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open video in new tab">Open video</a></p>`; } } // Lazy-load audio function loadAudio(button, audioUrl, containerId) { try { debugLog(`Loading audio for ${containerId}: ${audioUrl}`); if (!audioUrl) { const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-gray-500">No audio available</p>`; button.remove(); debugLog("No audio URL provided"); return; } const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = ` <audio controls class="w-full max-w-[600px]" preload="metadata" aria-label="Audio explanation"> <source src="${audioUrl}" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio tag. </audio> `; container.classList.add('active'); button.remove(); // Handle audio load errors const audio = container.querySelector('audio'); audio.onerror = () => { console.error("Audio load error for URL:", audioUrl); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; debugLog("Audio load error for URL: " + audioUrl); }; debugLog("Audio loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading audio:", e); debugLog("Failed to load audio: " + e.message); const container = document.getElementById(containerId); container.innerHTML = `<p class="text-red-500">Error loading audio. <a href="${audioUrl}" target="_blank" aria-label="Open audio in new tab">Open audio</a></p>`; } } // Toggle dark mode function toggleTheme() { try { debugLog("Toggling theme"); document.documentElement.classList.toggle('dark'); localStorage.setItem('theme', document.documentElement.classList.contains('dark') ? 'dark' : 'light'); debugLog("Theme toggled successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error toggling theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to toggle theme: " + e.message); } } // Load theme preference function loadTheme() { try { debugLog("Loading theme preference"); const theme = localStorage.getItem('theme'); if (theme === 'dark') { document.documentElement.classList.add('dark'); } debugLog("Theme loaded successfully"); } catch (e) { console.error("Error loading theme:", e); debugLog("Failed to load theme: " + e.message); } } // Initialize on DOM content loaded window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { try { debugLog("DOM content loaded, initializing quiz"); loadTheme(); initQuiz(); } catch (e) { console.error("Error during DOMContentLoaded:", e); debugLog("Failed to initialize on DOMContentLoaded: " + e.message); document.getElementById('error-message').innerHTML = "Error initializing quiz. Please check the console for details or contact support."; document.getElementById('error-message').classList.remove('hidden'); } }); </script> </body> </html>" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="2000px">